...1. What were the historical scientific breakthroughs that led to our current understanding of viruses, viroids, and prions? Researchers discovered viruses by studying a plant disease. The discovery of viruses resulted from the search for the infectious agent causing tobacco mosaic disease. In 1935, Wendell Stanley isolated tobacco mosaic virus, making it possible to carry out chemical and structural studies on a purified virus. Viroids are infectious pieces of RNA that cause some place diases such a potato spindle tuber disease. In 1980s Prions were first discovered as infectious proteins. Prions are pathogens that are proteins, and they appear to cause a number of degenerative brain diseases, such as Scrapiein sheep, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. 2. How do viruses, viroids, prions, and bacteria differ in terms of their biological identity and method of infection? Viruses contain both nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA and a protein coat. Viruses cause infection by inserting their genetic material in a host cell. The host cell then reproduces and reads the genetic material, making new viruses that eventually burst out of the cell and leave to infect more. The reason viruses cause disease is that the infected cells can’t carry out the normal functions necessary. Viroids on the other hand have no protein coat, but are only the nucleic acid RNA. Since they have no protein coat and are only the nucleic acid RNA they are often carried around inside...
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...1. Front page Choking is a serious, dangerous and life-threatening hazard. Not only children, but also adult would suffer from choking. Especially in psychiatric setting, it was not uncommon to occur. Indeed, choking has long been recognized as one of the causes of death for patients in psychiatric hospital. But, why did it happen? What factors were contributed to the choking incidents? Is there any way we could avoid the recurrence of those tragedies? In my assessment, I would like to get a deep exploration and purpose some practical suggestion in preventing patient from choking. 2. Event description I worked in a psychiatric intensive care unit. Patients in our ward were not supposed to get outside without case medical officer’s permission. As there was only one visiting period at afternoon in each day, loads of visitors would turn up at that time. In a particular shift last month, I was deployed to perform duty in the visiting room. The room was really crowded, full of relatives, and patients. Mr. Tat, a 60-year-old chronic patient with schizophrenia, was being visited by his mother. His mother had prepared lots of food for Mr. Tat. He enjoyed it very much and gulped down a whole lunch box of dim sum. Suddenly, Mr. Tat’s mum yelled aloud for help. Mr. Tat was found clutching his throat with both hands and couldn’t cry out. I approached him at once and called help from my colleagues. Upon recognizing the universal sign of choking, I started first aid procedure at once...
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...GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY - PERIODS IN DEVELOPING FETUS Embryology studies will develop human from fertilization until birth (gestation-38th weeks, or 40 wks). Periods of fruit development are: preembrionski (lasting from fertilization until the end of the second week), Embryonic (lasts from the third to the end of 8 weeks) and fetal (runs from 9 to 38 weeks). The fruit in the embryonic period is called an embryo, fetus and fetal. The origins of all organs are formed in the embryonic period. In the fetal period comes to strong growth of the fetus, especially in the region of the head, as well as to morphological and functional differentiation of all organs are formed in the embryonic period. Further differentiation processes continue even after birth (postnatal period of development). Part of the embryo and fetus on whose head is referred to as cranial (head), the last part of the caudal (tail), the ventral side of the ventral and dorsal side of the dorsal. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT The main characteristics of development includes processes that occur in the process of creating every tissue and organ in the human body. This includes the following processes: 1. The proliferation - increasing the number of cells that occurs as a result of a number of asymmetric cell division by division (when the mother of one daughter cells are formed identical to the mother cell and daughter cell that directs the differentiation); 2. Growth - weight gain and the size of the formed tissue...
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...5.. IMPLANT RETAINED MANDIBULAR CVERDENTU A RE bstract ll BriefBackground Th^eoaim,of this clinical report is to describe the use of a low_ protite.aftachment system to accommodate limited tnterarch space for a mandibular implant-retatned ovefdenture ll Materials and Methods A 2-implant-retained overdenture whtch js a compreterv edenturous l,,i.oiffS iiHlilJff well-accepted mandrbre was llDiscussion Discussion deals wjth the methodology of implant placement rnctud-ingfabrication of complete deniure whiii,..,"O.r rurgi_ cal gulde template and other treatment mooalitjes. ll Summary and Conclusions supeorted prosthesis provides an exce ent supporr J1:lTpla]r ;!:::1:}1#":*'dentuf e i'rprant'u*""ii'i.' Ji,iv. r,. ll Key Words ffJil::Tffr r-diburar denrure, imptanr supporred Man- t. Indian Joumal of Dental Sciences. September 2013 lssue:3, Vol.:5 All rights are reserved wwwijds.in Indion Journol of Dentol Sciences E Modified Technique For Artificial Saliva Reservoirs In Maxillary Denture P ISSN NO. 0976{003 'Varun Kumar 'Amrinder Sjngh Tuti 'Leena Tomar uaorta Abstrac{ Xerostornia is a relalively common complaint lhalcan make the weanng of complete dentures very uncomfortable for affected individuals. to help overcohe this problem, a number ol techniques have been proposed for incorporating ,es"rvoi'.i, 5"i"".v dentures. These have had varying degrees ot siccess...
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...Microbiology Overview Interpretation of preliminary microbiology data Gram-positive cocci Aerobic In clusters ● Coagulase (+): Staphylococcus aureus ● Coagulase (-): Staphylococcus lugdunensis and other coagulasenegative staphylococci In pairs/chains ● Optochin sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae ● Alpha-hemolytic: Viridans group Streptococcus, Enterococcus ● Beta-hemolytic: ○ Group A Strep (Streptococcus pyogenes) ○ Group B Strep (Streptococcus agalactiae) ○ Group C, D, G Strep Anaerobic: Peptostreptococcus spp. and many others Gram-positive rods Aerobic ● Large: Bacillus spp ● Cocco-bacillus: Listeria monocytogenes, Lactobacillus spp ● Small, pleomorphic: Corynebacterium spp ● Branching filaments: Nocardia spp, Streptomyces spp Gram-negative cocci Aerobic ● Diplococcus: Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, Moraxella catarrhalis ● Cocco-bacillus: Haemophilus influenzae, Acinetobacter Anaerobic: Veillonella spp. Gram-negative rods Aerobic Lactose fermenting (Lactose positive): ● Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp ● Citrobacter spp*, Serratia spp* Non lactose-fermenting (Lactose negative): ● Oxidase (-): Acinetobacter spp, Burkholderia spp, E. coli, Proteus spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Serratia spp*, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ● Oxidase (+): P. aeruginosa, Aeromonas spp. Anaerobic ● Large: Clostridium spp Anaerobic: Bacteroides spp, Fusobacterium spp, Prevotella spp. ● Small, pleomorphic: P. acnes, Actinomyces spp *Serratia and Citrobacter spp...
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...Ackowledgement First of all, I would like to praise ALLAH THE ALL MIGHTHY. His will, I will not be able to complete the assignment. I would like to express my gratitute to all who gave me the possibility to complete this assignment. I want to thank the Dean of Nursing Faculty, I for giving the support, encouragement towards compliting the assignment. I deeply indebted to my tutor who gave an idea and suggestion and encouragement, helped me at the time of writing the assignment. My colleagues from Nursing Faculty who supported me in my assignment work. I thank them for all their support, help, interest and valuable hints. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family especially my husband whose patient love enable me to complete this work. Table of Content | | |Page No. | |1. |Introduction |1 – 2 | |2. |Clinical Assessment |3 – 6 | |3. |Management Related To Head Injury |7 - 8 | |4. |Immediate Care And Management Of Patient ...
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...Course begins | | September 18, 2014 | Exam 1 | 25% | October 16, 2014 | Exam 2 | 25% | November 13, 2014 | Exam 3 | 25% | December 11, 2014 | Exam 4 | 25% | A final average grade of C+ or better (a numerical grade of 74 or higher) is required to pass this course. ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form My Courses --> HNC 310 --> CELL PATHOLOGY print contact faculty contact tech | Pathology - Module 2: Module Two - Unit Number: 1 Unit Title: CELL PATHOLOGY Unit Objectives After reading this chapter, viewing the PowerPoint presentation and the accompanying lecture notes, and completing the study activities, the student will be able to: 1. Describe the normal structure and function of the cell. 2. Discuss the adaptive structural and functional changes that occur in cells as a result of changes in homeostasis. 3. Explain the adaptive structural and functional changes associated with atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. 4. Identify disease processes or pathologies that may result in cell atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. 5. Cite three sources of cellular accumulations 6. List five causes of cell injury. 7. Identify four mechanisms of cell injury. 8. Discuss cellular aging. 9. Compare the two forms of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis 10....
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...Emergency Medical Technician-Basic: National Standard Curriculum EMT-Basic: National Standard Curriculum Instructor's Course Guide ------------------------------------- EMT-BASIC: NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM PROJECT DIRECTOR David J. Samuels, MBA System Director Samaritan AirEvac/Emergency Medical Services Samaritan Health System Phoenix, AZ CO-MEDICAL DIRECTORS Henry C. Bock, MD, FACEP Emergency Physician Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Inc. Indianapolis, IN Kimball I. Maull, MD, FACS Director R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center Baltimore, MD PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR Walt A. Stoy, Ph.D., EMT-P Director of Educational Programs Center for Emergency Medicine Research Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA Contract Number DTNH22-90-C-05189 -------------------------------------United States Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration EMT-Basic: National Standard Curriculum i EMT-Basic: National Standard Curriculum Instructor's Course Guide ------------------------------------- CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT GROUP James Bothwell, EMT-P National Flight Paramedics Association William Brown, RN, NREMT-P National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians Ricky Davidson International Association of Fire Chiefs Karla Holmes, RN National Council of State EMS Training Coordinators Richard Judd, Ph.D., EMSI National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians Kathryn Lewis, RN, Ph...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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...the end of battle returned to the outposts to care for the sick and injured * Army nursing service – organize nurses and hospitals and coordinate supplies for the soldiers during the Civil War * Clara Barton a. Provided care in tents set up close to the fighting b. Did not discriminate c. Establishment of the American Red Cross * Harriet Tubman – helped slaves escape to freedom on the underground railroad * Walt Whitman – a poet * Louisa May Alcott – an author * Dorothea Dix – union’s superintendent of female nurses during the Civil War B. Nurses fighting diseases * Florence Nightingale d. Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and origins of disease e. Air, light, nutrition, and adequate ventilation and space assist the patient to recuperate * Lillian Wald & Mary Brewster f. Founded the Henry Street Settlement in NY to improve the health and social conditions of poor immigrants g. Improve health and prevent illness by promoting safe drinking water, adequate sewage facilities, and proper sanitation Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) * “Lady of the Lamp” * Walked through the camp at night providing care to the sick and wounded during the Crimean War * Major contributions: * Establishment of nursing as a distinct profession * Introduction of a broad-based liberal education...
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...SITUATION : Arthur, A registered nurse, witnessed an old woman hit by a motorcycle while crossing a train railway. The old woman fell at the railway. Arthur rushed at the scene. 1. As a registered nurse, Arthur knew that the first thing that he will do at the scene is A. Stay with the person, Encourage her to remain still and Immobilize the leg while While waiting for the ambulance. B. Leave the person for a few moments to call for help. C. Reduce the fracture manually. D. Move the person to a safer place. 2. Arthur suspects a hip fracture when he noticed that the old woman’s leg is A. Lengthened, Abducted and Internally Rotated. B. Shortened, Abducted and Externally Rotated. C. Shortened, Adducted and Internally Rotated. D. Shortened, Adducted and Externally Rotated. 3. The old woman complains of pain. John noticed that the knee is reddened, warm to touch and swollen. John interprets that this signs and symptoms are likely related to A. Infection B. Thrombophlebitis C. Inflammation D. Degenerative disease 4. The old woman told John that she has osteoporosis; Arthur knew that all of the following factors would contribute to osteoporosis except A. Hypothyroidism B. End stage renal disease C. Cushing’s Disease D. Taking Furosemide and Phenytoin. 5. Martha, The old woman was now Immobilized and brought to the emergency room. The X-ray shows a fractured femur and pelvis. The ER Nurse would carefully monitor Martha for which of the following...
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...publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Pearson Education cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Warning and Disclaimer Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an “as is” basis. The...
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...Preface A well-developed knowledge of clinical microbiology is critical for the practicing physician in any medical field. Bacteria, viruses, and protozoans have no respect for the distinction between ophthalmology, pediatrics, trauma surgery, or geriatric medicine. As a physician you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regularly used by the practicing physician. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of microbiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. Our approach has been to: 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the organisms studied so the student relies less on memory and more on logical pathophysiology. The text has been updated to include current information on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medications), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts...
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...Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor Product Managers: Kelley A. Squazzo & Catherine A. Noonan Designer: Doug Smock Compositor: SPi Technologies First Edition © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the abovementioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via website at lww.com (products and services). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lambert, Harold Wayne, 1972– Lippincott’s illustrated Q&A review of anatomy and embryology / H. Wayne Lambert, Lawrence E. Wineski ; with special contributions from Jeffery P. Hogg, Pat Abramson, Bruce Palmer. — 1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-60547-315-4 1. Human anatomy—Examinations, questions, etc. I. Wineski, Lawrence E. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy—Examination Questions...
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