...What is Osteosarcoma? ➢ Also known as Osteoganic Sarcoma ➢ A bone cancer that can occur at any age but is more common in young adults and children. ➢ This cancer begins in the bones of growing teens and then spreads to other parts of the body. ➢ An error in a child’s DNA of their growing bone cells causes Osteosarcoma. ➢ This cancer is not genetic and occurs at random. ➢ Causes the bones to grow weaker than normal. OSTEOSARCOMA Risk Factors: ➢ Growing teen boys are at a greater risk. ➢ Taller than average males have an added risk. ➢ Children who already have rare cancers such as: • Retinoblastoma (occurs in children 2 years or younger, this is a malignant tumor that develops in the retina.) • Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (an inherited genetic mutation) ➢ Children who are exposed to radiation ➢ More common in African Americans Symptoms: ➢ Pain or swelling in legs or arms(most pain may occur at night or after physical activity) ➢ A lump or swelling may develop a few weeks after the pain starts. ➢ Because this cancer weakens the bones a limp or broken bones may be the first sign of Osteosarcoma. Treatment options: ➢ Chemotherapy (using medical drugs to shrink the cancer and kill the cancer cells) ➢ Surgery (to remove cells or tumors) ➢ Additional chemo can kill any other remaining cancer cells. ...
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...Lynn Divers thought she had heard the worst of it when doctors told her that her daughter Alyssa had cancer. But the diagnosis was only the first in a series of emotional bombshells: Alyssa’s cancer, osteosarcoma, is rare, and in her case, aggressive, requiring a cocktail of different chemotherapy drugs. She didn’t respond well to the first regimen that doctors tried, which led to their adding three other punishing medications to her treatment. Because of the chemotherapy, Alyssa’s kidneys were in danger of failing, so she would need nightly infusions of phosphorous to keep her organs functioning. Then came the truly heartbreaking news. In late February, when Divers called the hospital to confirm Alyssa’s upcoming chemotherapy treatment, the nurse informed her that there was a drug shortage. The hospital couldn’t be sure that there would be enough methotrexate — the cornerstone of therapy for some childhood cancers, including leukemia and osteosarcoma — to treat Alyssa, now 10. Divers was told she might have to reschedule the session; the hospital would let her know. “It made me sick to my stomach to hear that,” says Divers, a former chaplain from Palmyra, Va. “Alyssa was in treatment for over a year already, and the last thing you want to do is add unnecessary delays in treatment, which gives the cancer a chance to catch up.” Divers explains that her daughter’s cancer doubles in tumor load every 34 days, “so you need to hit it again and again to eradicate it.” The story...
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...during pregnancy □ uses a marker analysis to find out if she has and inherited altered genes that cause breast cancer (BRCA2 mutation) □ Routine cancer screenings Other Information: □ Blood type; O+ □ Slightly over weight □ Walks 2 miles every day □ works as a dental hygienist □ Vigilant about proper parental care □ at risk of developing breast cancer □ Had blood tested to be a possible donor for Diana Jones (sister) James Smith: □ Age: 41 □ Married to Judy Smith Medical History: □ Vaccines □ Routines cancer screenings Medical interventions: □ None Sue Smith: □ Age: 18 □ Daughter of James and Judy smith □ Sister to Mike and Carter Smith Medical History: □ Mild asthma □ Broken ankle (age 11) □ Bacterial meningitis (neisseria meningitis bacterial infection) Medical Interventions: □ Had infant vaccines □ Diagnostic test of sues blood, urine, and lymph as well as a DNA sequencing (BLAST) to diagnose her bacterial meningitis □ Took ibuprofen for headaches when she had early symptoms of bacterial meningitis □ ELSIA testing □ Antibiotics for bacterial meningitis □ Visit with audiologist to have hearing checked □ Routine cancer screenings □ Had a blood test to see if she...
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...Did you know bone cancer can start at any age and can grow in anyone’s bones? This usually occurs to young adults and teens. There are different types of bone cancers. The most common one is Osteosarcoma. It’s a type of bone cancer that starts off as a tumor and later on the cells start to change and become abnormal. Your height could be a sign that you can develop bone cancer in your arms or legs. In other words, if you are tall for you age group or bigger that’s a bigger chance of you getting bone cancer. Bone cancer if very common and many people have it. Especially people who are larger than their age group. Guys develop it more than girls some times because of their different growth periods. Girls have different growth periods and are usually shorter than men which makes it more difficult for females to get bone cancer. Sometimes if you’ve had a different type of cancer before in your life, there is an even greater chance of you getting bone cancer. If you have a bone disease of any type that is another way of you getting bone cancer. There is one disease named chondroma, is causes non-cancerous tumors to grow in the bones. This cancer affects your body during rapid growth period in the body. The legs and arms tend to develop tumors more than fingers toes neck or backs. The bones which have the cancer is easier to break than your regular bones because the center of the bone where our morrow is contained has been replaced by cancer...
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...Nearly 450 people in the United States are diagnosed with primary bone cancer. Primary bone cancer is known to be rare but is also aggressive and leaves survivors with challenging disabilities. Primary bone cancer can affect any age, but is most common in young ages of fourteen years old up to twenty-four years old. The most known types of bone cancer are oseosarcoma, chondroma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. It typically takes up to sixteen weeks between a patient first noticing symptoms and diagnosis. The Bone Cancer Research Trust advises healthcare professionals to look for various symptoms. One of the main symptoms is bone pain described as coming and going at first, then eventually becoming persistent, especially at night....
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...In Knudson’s paper Two genetic hits (more or less) to cancer he talks about the chromosomal abnormalities, both in number and in structure, which are found in cancers. Prior to molecular biology, cancer researchers who studied both human and animal cancers thought that a small number of events were needed for carcinogenesis. Evidence found recently in the molecular biology suggests that cancers can be caused by a small number of events, which affect common cell birth and apoptosis. Cancer cells, like humans experience birth, development, and death. In some there are not many changes while in others there is an astounding number of abnormalities. In tumors with a single defect it seems more likely that a successfully targeted therapy will be...
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...Bone cancer can grow in anyone’s bones; it can start at any age. The main focus of this report is aimed at young adults and teens. First we will talk about the type of bone cancer that is most common in young adults and teenagers. Osteosarcoma is a common bone cancer that starts as a tumor in your bone over time the cells in the tumor start to behave differently and become abnormal. Let’s discuss risk factors. Your age can be considered a risk factor. If you have had many growth spurts in a short amount of time you could have bone cancer. Your height could be a sign that you have a chance to develop bone cancer in your arms or legs. Depending on your age group if you are tall for your age group you have a greater chance at developing bone cancer. More commonly boys develop bone cancer than girls due to the different growth periods. Girls have different growth periods and they are shorter than boys. There is a larger instance of bone cancer in African Americans than Caucasian Americans. The last risk factor is a very important one. Sometimes if you have had radiation therapy for another cancer the chances of you having bone cancer later in your life are greater. Certain bone diseases can lead to bone cancer also. One disease chondroma, causes non-cancerous tumors to grow in the bones. There are no prevention plans for bone cancer. Most cases of bone cancer are caught in the early stages before it spreads. Your symptoms could be a swelling in your arms or legs...
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...Alex’s lemonade stand is fighting for the cure for cancer for kids all over the north american continent. We have already funded over 800 research projects. Not only have we done that, our hero’s love us too. From many testimonials, all of the kids that have been helped, or were being helped, seemed to really love what the foundation has done for them. This organization was started by a little girl named Alexandria Scott when she was just four. She got cancer right before her first birthday, but luckily it went away. It came back when she was 4 years old, and she held her first lemonade stand in her yard, raising over 2,000 dollars. Her goal was to raise 1 million dollars, and she reached that amount shortly after she passed away at 8 years old. She said she didn’t want any kid to go through what she was going through. Our mission is “to change the lives of children with cancer through funding impact research, raising awareness, supporting families, and empowering everyone to help cure childhood cancer” (Our). We are certainly putting forth a lot of hard work...
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... * Infection * Recent surgery * Impaired renal failure * Recent radio therapy * Pregnancy * Bone marrow depression | * Administer vesicants only if you are highly knowledgeable with the drug. * Prepare in accordance with the manufacturer instruction * Avoid using the vein * Begin at the most distal site * D/C if suspected of extravasation | Drugs | Classification of drugs | Mechanism of action | Indication | Contraindication | Intervention | Dactinomycin(actinomycin-D)Cosmegen | >Antibiotic antineoplastics | Interfere with DNA synthesis by binding to DNA prevent RNA synthesis. | To treat erwing’s sarcoma, gestational trophoblastic or whilm’s tumors, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma botryoides, and testicular cancer tumors.To treat erwing’s sarcoma and sarcoma botryoides | * Infection * Recent surgery * Impaired renal failure * Recent radio therapy * Pregnancy * Bone marrow depression | * Administer vesicants only if you are highly knowledgeable with the drug. * Prepare in accordance with the manufacturer instruction * Avoid using the vein * Begin at the most distal site * D/C if suspected of extravasation | Drugs | Classification of drugs | Mechanism of action | Indication | Contraindication | Intervention | Doxorubicin hydrochlorideAdriamycin PFS,Adriamycin RDF, Rubex | >Antibiotic antineoplastics | Interfere with DNA synthesis by binding to DNA prevent RNA synthesis | To treat acute lymphocytic leukemia;...
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...BS/TUMOR - Type x collagen is important for mineralization (locations include in cartilage deep to the tidemark and in the ZPC of the growth plate) - Myositis Ossificans should not be resected until completely ossified - Desmoid tumors contain E receptors and Tamoxifen is useful in the Treatment - A mutation in CBFA 1 leads to Cleidocranial Dysplasia - Chromium and Tantulum are very resistant to corrosion - Molybdenum is added to cobalt alloys to increase strength - IGN is the sole motor innervation of gluteus maximus - Lipomas are bright on T1 - Osteoarthritis leads to increase water and decreased proteoglycans and collagen in cartilage (very commonly asked) - CD 31 is a sensitive marker for angiosarcoma - AIIS is the origin of Rectus Femoris - Anakinra is an IL-1 antagonist used as Tx of RA - Etaneracept and Adalimumab block TNF alpha in the Tx of RA - TOC for PVNS is total synovectomy - Joint motion improves chondrocyte nutrition - Synovial Chondromatosis is a benign metaplastic process of joints that leads to stippled calcifications and loose bodies - If PE is irradiated in air, catastrophic failure and delamination occur - Osteocalcin is the most abundant non collagenous protein in bone - High Rates of Telomerase results in increased recurrence rates in patients with chondrosarcoma - X linked hypophosphatemic rickets caused by mutation in the PEX gene; MHE caused by defects in the EXT-1 or 2 genes - Synovial Sarcoma a/w translocation of X;18, Ewings...
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...Kramer Gibson English 2010 August 12, 2011 Simian 40 Virus (Monkey Virus) The scientific medical community must accept the fact that the Simian 40 Virus that was introduced through the Polio Vaccine back in the 50's, is, in deed the base cause of many of today's cancers and immune deficiency diseases. So that once this argument is accepted, positive research can be done in finding a way to kill this virus, kill the cancer it has caused, and rebuilds the immune system, thus finding the real cure for cancer. Between 1952 and 1955 many Researchers including Jonas Salk were frantically trying to perfect a vaccination to stop the horrible effects of the deadly Polio Virus that had swept the Nation as well as the world. The vaccine had to be developed in live tissue, more specifically, a fresh kidney that most closely resembled that of a human's kidney. As the Rhesus Monkey from India was already so abundantly used in laboratories, not much debate went into the choice of subject. Even though the monkey is dirty, temperamental, and it’s bite has already proven to be deadly, the rhesus monkey’s kidney was the tissue used to grow the Polio vaccine. The kidney was extracted from the monkey while still alive, then injected with the live Polio Virus where it was grown and tested. The monkey’s kidney was full of unknown viruses, while totally safe for monkeys, still harmful when injected into the human’s blood stream. The researchers, especially Jonas...
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...but what I find scarier than that is Chemotherapeutic treatments are not cures for diseases, they are simply treatments. And yes I used the word diseases and not cancer nor types of cancer. Chemo is used for more than cancer even though it actually cures nothing. One of the most well known diseases that chemo is used to treat (aside from cancers) is an autoimmune disease called lupus. Chemo being used to treat Lupus is better know due to Selena Gomez being diagnosed with Lupus an Autoimmune disease, though some people think Lupus is a try of cancer due to the chemo( it’s not) but I digress. Chemo may not always be what is best for someone who has been given the option...
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...Case Study Mia is the oldest of six children from a two-parent family. She was diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the left leg and was experiencing intractable pain. She received her diagnosis at 15 years of age under the care of a pediatric oncologist at a local hospital. Mia underwent months of radiation and intensive chemotherapy. Mia’s community nursing team was struggling to meet her needs and referred her for palliative care services through a local home care agency. Her parents had a complex history of substance abuse and domestic violence, and Mia had a difficult relationship with both, although recently she has become close to her mother who has attended most of her chemotherapy treatments. During one episode of severe uncontrolled pain, which required that Mia be transferred by ambulance to the emergency department, she noticed all of the nurses except for one being attentive and kind. Mia overheard the nurse saying: “I don’t know why her parents bring her here… We can’t meet her needs and we are short-staffed...” The conversation Mia overheard was incomplete, which left her to draw her own conclusions. The whispering nurse was actually the charge nurse who was in the midst of planning staffing for a pending snowstorm. Her complete statement is as follows: “I don’t know why her parents bring her here. The home care nurses should be addressing pain management issues with her oncologist in a more -timely manner so that Mia can remain in her home for treatment. If we had...
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...Melissa Ruiz Biology Review Rasmussen College 10/07/2011 1. Describe the interdependency of structure and function in the human body. Physiology depends on anatomy; anatomy is study of the structures in the body, physiology is the study of the functions of those structures. In other words, without structure there is no function. Physiology depends on anatomy, the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy. Anatomy and physiology are really inseparable because function always reflects structure. For example, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the thin membranes of the lungs but not across the skin. (Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, page 3) 2. Describe the three patterns of chemical reactions. Synthesis reaction is when atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. It always involves bond formation and can be represented as A+B→AB. This is the basis of constructive activities in body cells. Amino acids are joined together to form a protein molecule. Decomposition reaction occurs when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. It can be represented as AB→A+B. Decomposition reactions are the reverse of synthesis reactions. This underlies all degradative processes in body cells. Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules. Glycogen is broken down to release glucose units. Exchange reactions involve both synthesis and decomposition. Bonds are both made and broken, which...
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...A cancer diagnosis at any age can be devastating and scary, but when it is a child that is diagnosed the devastation is even more profound. The diagnosis is not just a diagnosis for the child; it is a diagnosis for the entire family. It will uniquely affect each member at the time of diagnosis, during the course of treatment, and during the survivorship phase and will have a direct effect on how they cope. Treatment for a childhood cancer can be much longer than that of an adult treatment plan and the lengthy road can take its toll on everyone. Often times the focus remains on the patient alone and the parents and siblings become casualties of the disease process. The diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescent with cancer has tremendous and lasting effects on an entire family. Overview of Pediatric Cancer Cancers of any kind during childhood are rare. Childhood cancer accounts for less than two percent of all cancers diagnosed each year. About 150 to 160 per 1,000,000 children or around 12,000 children in total will be diagnosed in any given year (Abrams & Kurtz, 2011). The most common form of pediatric cancer is leukemia and more specifically acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Other tumor types include germ cell tumor, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, neuroblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, Wilms tumor, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, thyroid carcinoma, melanoma, retinoblastoma and Ewing’s sarcoma (Abrams, et al. 2011)...
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