...· TIME CONTEXT As a coastal resort destination, Mactan Island stands in sharp contrast to the coast to the coast destination in other Southeast Asian countries. Mactan’s costal tourism has essentially developed on a low rock coast two lagoons facing a deep sea fringed by viable coral reefs. The Mactan shoreline is characterized by short sandy beaches between pronounced coral rock outcrops serving as “headlines” along the southeast coast facing Olango Island. Since the 1970s, this coast has experienced significant change due to poorly planned resort development. Three types of modification to Mactan’s southeast coast can be identified. The early stage involved the least amount of change to the rock coast. The existing limited sandy beaches were used and sea walls were built where necessary. The middle stage of modification witnessed a variety of coastal structures built to retain the beaches, together with the use of imported sand for beach nourishment. Groins and breakwaters were deployed in various ways to create different resort layouts. The final stage of modification was the excavation of the rock coast and the creation of new and artificial beaches. Shangri-La’s Mactan Island Resort was the first to carry out the bold move of excavating the rock and building an entire artificial beach. The process of creating a new beach started with the initial removal of the rock along a 350m stretch by jackhammers to form a large bay. Two large outcrops were left behind to remain...
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...Living in a coastal city, the dreams of the people of Charleston Sc are inextricably linked to the stability of our Ocean. Current climate models for this century predict an average sea level rise of at least four feet. In South Carolina, there are over 800 square miles of land less than four feet above the high tide line. This insecurity is concentrated in Charleston and Beaufort Counties, accounting for ~$24 billion in property value and 54,000 homes.[1] If these predictions hold true, one in six homes in the City of Charleston will be under water. To preserve our dreams for the future of our city three main contributing issues must be considered: the rise of global sea level, the sinking of the peninsula, and flooding in the river delta....
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...Oil Spill Environmental Diaster Thursday, April 29, 2010. The massive oil spill off the gulf coast is an environmental disaster. Since it was an oil rig that blew, the oil is leaking from an underwater well, deep in the ocean. It has been hard to calculate how much oil continues to leak, but today it appears to be leaking at the rate of 5,000 barrels a day, not 1,000 as had been thought, and that the spill could reach the coast by Friday. And they don’t have a way to stop the leaking. This is different that the oil that leaked from a grounded ship over the coral reef in Australia this month. That was terrible due to the damage it did to the endangered (and supposedly protected) Great Barrier Reef. But the ship had a limited amount of oil. Since this is a well that is leaking, it seems as if the oil leak could go on and on until they find a way to cap the well. The oil slick is over 80 miles across. The coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida are preparing for the oil to reach the shore line by as early as Friday. The military has been asked to help, and the Coast Guard are trying to burn the oil in the sea before it comes to the shoreline. Whew! The money made by the oil production could be off set by the loss of income by tourism to these coastal areas. The tension that exists between protecting our environment and increasing our energy sources like oil, coal, and nuclear power, seems to be very problematic. I hope they figure out a way to control this leak....
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...Impacts of Human activity in Coastal Regions Humans beings can make things work in many different aspects of the word, but sometimes one thing that makes our decision vary between right or wrong its money. Humans have crated many things including, cities, cars, planes, and ships that have taking us to the moon, but the side effects of this great creations will later make a big impact in the life of our future generations. One area in which the human activity have made a good and bad impact has been our Coastal Regions. We can take Ocean City, MD as a great example of how the human impact have change drastically the way things are today at the vaccational point. The inlet opened in 1933 hurricane, and its vulnerable for future hurricane or other severe storms. The main problem of the local erosions is due to the development and removal of natural dunes. in addition, the rapid shoreline erosion in Assateague Island is due to the starvation of sand blocked off by the Ocean City inlet jetties. One big problem is that People's activities are often conducted without an adequate understanding of coastal geology and processes. As a result, they can lead to unforeseen degradation of coasts. Even human actions intended to save or improve the coast may inadvertently increase erosion. Scientific investigations are starting to provide the crucial . If we go into more details of how human activity have hurt the environment of the coastal regions we can not forget about the oil pipes...
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...on distributing our product to large scale retailers. The ideal market exposure for our product is to go global. The product itself often appeals to watersport fans, so the majority of our marketing distribution channels will be directed toward areas located near large bodies of waters around the Globe. Dual distribution centers will be set up in different countries focusing more on coastline locations. Here in the US, along the east and west coasts, we have many popular beaches where different water sports such as surfing, wake boarding, and extreme fishing are practiced. In the East Coast, we will locate our larger distribution centers in the more popular beaches such as; Hampton Beach, Manhattan Beach, South Beach, Myrtle Beach, Virginia Beach, and Wrightsville beach. We have discovered that in some northern beaches such as Manhattan Beach, locales and travelers tend to stay out of the water due to pollution and extreme cold water temperatures. Hopefully, we can target market our product to these groups of people, as well as others, and position the product in their heads as a “need” to help them get back in the water. Since we are a dual distribution center, consumers will be able to physically walk in our facilities and purchase to order, or rent their H2O Soulz. Intermediaries will perform different distribution functions including, selling and maintaining inventories. We will also be using methods of Electronic Marking Channels through our...
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...COASTAL SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS, GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, THEIR EVOLUTION AND THE ECONOMEIC ASPECTS INTRODUCTION: The coastal zone contains the near-shore area together with the entire continental shelf and the resources of the overlying waters as delimited by existing international agreements. Both play a vital role in the coastal environment – offshore and onshore. Coastal zone is the transition area between the land and the ocean and is an area of complex, dynamic and delicate environment. External factors influencing the coastal zone are the sediment supply by the rivers and the coastal processes. Shoreline is one of the most rapidly changing landforms of the coastal zones, geomorphic processes such as erosion, deposition, sedimentation, periodic storms, flooding and also sea level changes are continuously modifying the shoreline. The accurate mapping of the shoreline is therefore very important for planning conservation measures such as protection of human life, property, and natural environments. The coastal zone is receiving an increasing attention because of the pressures of increasing population and industrial developments. Also erosion is caused by shifting of river mouths and spits. Protection of natural resources, the loss of habitats, severe coastal erosion, sedimentation in ports and harbours, and municipal and industrial pollution are major concerns of the coastal zone managers. Conservation and management of the coastal features requires...
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...Inquiry into Marine and Coastal Pollution CONTENTS CHAPTER 2 ▪ BACKGROUND ▪ General ▪ The Problems ▪ Declining water quality ▪ Loss of marine and coastal habitats ▪ Lack of strategic planning and management practices ▪ Lack of marine science policy CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND General As an island continent with a long coastline Australia has many different marine and estuarine environments. These span a wide range of coastal types, climates and geological and biological regions, which house a rich store of biological diversity. Many are far away from major population centres and are little affected by human activities. Large stretches of the coastline are among the least polluted places on earth.Australia's marine environment spans almost 60 degrees in latitude, from Torres Strait to Heard and Macquarie Islands, and 75 degrees longitude, from Cocos Island to Norfolk Island. In November 1994 the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) came into effect, and with it Australia's declaration of its 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The EEZ covers over 11 million square kilometres, one of the largest in the world.UNCLOS provides the rights to exploit the natural resources of the EEZ but also obliges Australia, under Article 192, to protect and preserve the marine environment of the EEZ. The Convention requires Australia to prevent land based and ship sourced marine pollution...
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...Thought An environmental issue greatly affecting the Florida Gulf Coast counties are the protection of the shores and beaches. Through recent years there have been oil spills in the gulf that have threatened numerous environments, endangered species, as well as hurt the tourism industry. The most threatening spill was the famous BP oil spill of 2010. This spill devastated numerous species of wildlife and hurt businesses for years. Although this is an ongoing threat, the greedy oil industry is still pushing for more offshore drilling which is forcing activists of all organizations to step up and fight their plans for more drilling. There two schools of thought that should be taken into account for people dealing with this issue. The first is pluralism. The state's elected leaders need to see both sides to this issue so they can vote and make an elected decision. If they were to see both sides to this environmental problem then they could come up with a strategy to have both sides agree to the plan. Without the idea of pluralism there would be no way to understand all aspects of this issue. The other school of thought relative to this issue is ethical extensionism, which means that all things in nature should be extended moral standing. People with this view will this these animals that have no say in the matter, but should be thought of in any decisions made. They are just as important to Florida's coast as humans are to the boating and tourism industry. They are part of...
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...BP Oil Spill Issues: In the BP Oil Spill, more than 200 million gallons of crude oil was pumped into the Gulf of Mexico for a total of 87 days, making it the biggest oil spill in U.S. history.16,000 total miles of coastline have been affected, including the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Of the 400 miles of Louisiana coast, approximately 125 miles have been polluted by the oil spill. Over 8,000 animals (birds, turtles, mammals) were reported dead just 6 months after the spill, including many that are already on the endangered species list. Immediate impact on the wildlife includes oil-coated birds and sea turtles, mammal ingestion of oil, and dead or dying deep sea coral .The initial oil rig explosion killed 11 people and injured 17 others. Solutions: BP used 3 methods to remove the oil from the water: combustion, offshore filtration, and collection for later processing. USCG said 33 million US gallons (120,000 m3) of tainted water was recovered, including 5 million US gallons (19,000 m3) of oil. BP said 826,800 barrels (131,450 m3) had been recovered or flared. It is calculated that about 5% of leaked oil was burned at the surface and 3% was skimmed. On the most demanding day 47,849 people were assigned on the response works.Since May 2010, more than 200 work plans have been developed to study resources and habitat by state and federal trustees and BP, and by the end of 2012, BP had paid $973 million to support the assessment process, including...
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...which provide a major percentage of the oxygen found in the air we breathe (Walker, 1980). As economies have grown exponentially over the past century, so has the demand on our marine resources. Over the years we have seen a great reduction in the populations of fisheries we depend on. Not only does over harvesting affect our way of life, it has an even greater impact on the ecosystem and various habitats , and the biodiversity found along our coast (Worm et. al, 2006). Marine protected areas (MPA’s) are designated stretches of coastline that have become important in terms of fisheries and ecosystem restoration (Palumbi, 2001). These reserves allow marine flora and fauna to have a chance to return to healthy populations to allow for sustainable harvest and rehabilitation of species that have been affected by overharvesting (Gleason et. al, 2010). MPA’s in California have been implemented by legislature for the purpose of preserving and rehabilitating our coasts. In 1999, the Marine Life Protection Act was passed, requiring an overhaul to the design of the MPA system to increase its success and efficiency (www.dfg.ca.gov, 2013; Gleason et. al, 2010)1. In California there are now a total of 124 protected areas, of which 119 are MPA’s and the remainder are recreational management areas. Approximately 9.4% of our coastal waters are now “no –take” zones, and 16 % of the state’s coastal waters are under some protection from the 1999 MLPA (www.dfg.ca.gov, 2013)2. Despite human dependence...
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...Marine Pollution Bulletin 66 (2013) 117–124 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Marine Pollution Bulletin journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul Impacts of marine debris on wild animals in the coastal area of Korea Sunwook Hong a,f, Jongmyoung Lee a,f,⇑, Yong Chang Jang a, Young Jun Kim b, Hee Jong Kim c, Donguk Han d, Sang Hee Hong e, Daeseok Kang f, Won Joon Shim e a Our Sea of East Asia Network, 722 Leadersvill 1570-8, Jukrim, Gwangdo, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-826, South Korea Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Center, 1 Dehoi, Yesaneup, Yesan County, Chungnam 340-702, South Korea c Migratory Birds Center of National Park Research Institute, Hongdo, Heuksan, Shinan, Jeonnam 535-916, South Korea d PGA Wetland Ecology Institute, 240-2, Dejang, Deokyang, Goyang City, Gyeonggi 412-250, South Korea e Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 391 Jangmok-myon, Geoje 656-834, South Korea f Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 608-737, South Korea b a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Marine debris Entanglement Ingestion Threatened species Recreational fishing gear a b s t r a c t Over the last decade, marine debris has become a major factor affecting the coastal ecosystem of Korea. This study compiled information regarding how marine debris impacts wildlife in Korea. Cases of marine debris impacting wildlife were collected from experts of various fields and from local...
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... Find Your Beach For most who live along the coast, all around the world, the beach is the one-day vacation to cool down, relax and enjoy three fourths of earths make up. Crashing waves are therapeutic, the breeze is invigorating, and the sun makes for entertainment. How could something so beautiful take a turn for the worst? Neglect, irresponsibility and misconduct all lead to the problems facing coastal beaches around and world today. One monumental environmental issue facing a major shutdown is polluted beaches. From marine dumping, to the costs of trying to keep beaches clean of waste, and toxic sea food chain, all are indefinitely hurting coastal environments and living organisms, which needs a new attitude and approach to the handling of waste before there is an environmental back lash from ocean waters. “Humans are dumping far more litter in the ocean than was once thought. The litter was seen in 1.49% of the surveyed area, was mainly metal and plastic, ranged in type and depth from a PVC pipe at 25 meters to a plastic bag at 3,971 meters, and was especially prevalent around the submarine Monterey Canyon. Most of the metal and plastic debris was seen below depths of 2,000 meters, suggesting that earlier studies may have underestimated the impact of detritus on deep regions, which are generally poorly observed. (Macmillan 1)” This information was studied off the coast of Monterey Bay in California. This shows how unknown the deeper parts of...
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...Cumberland Island is one of the Sea Islands of the southeastern United States and is the largest in terms of continuously exposed land. It is located on the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of the U.S. state of Georgia and is part of Camden County, Georgia (30°51′N, 81°27′W). Cumberland Island constitutes the westernmost point of shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean in the United States. The island is 17.5 miles (28.2 km) long, with an area of 36,415 acres (147.37 km2 or 56.25 square miles), including 16,850 acres (68.2 km2) of marsh, mudflats, and tidal creeks. There is no bridge to the island; most visitors reach the island by the Cumberland Ferry from St. Marys. ------------------------------------------------- Ecology The island has three major ecosystem regions. Along the western edge of the island there are large areas of salt marshes. One will also see gnarled live oak trees covered with Spanish moss and the palmetto plants at the edge of Cumberland's dense maritime forest. Cumberland Island's most famous ecosystem is its beach, which stretches over 17 miles (27 km). The island is home to many native interesting animals, as well as non-native species. There are white-tailed deer, squirrels, raccoons, nine-banded armadillos, wild boars,American alligators, as well as many marshland inhabitants. It is also famous for its feral horses roaming free on the island. Welcome to Georgia's largest barrier island and one of the most spectacular natural habitats in the Northern Hemisphere...
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...Exclusive Coast Around the world, along our ocean’s coast, there are miles and miles of nature’s beautiful beaches. These alluring shores with sublime weather become prime real estate for those who can afford it. When someone buys the property they expect to own the land that comes with it: so a person that buys a beach house expects that their backyard, the beach, is their private land. However, most people feel that all beaches should be public for tourism and personal satisfaction. That one cannot own “nature.” Despite the many heated debates over this exigence and the many laws that have been passed, individuals should come to the conclusion that the economic and recreational needs of the general public are greater than the needs of a select few. Today in the United States, there is a total of 88,633 miles of shoreline, give or take a few miles (United States 225). The US government census defines shoreline as, “the term used to describe a more detailed measure of the seacoast” (225). They included islands and territories, as well as bays, rivers and lakes in their measurement. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration states that, “in 2010, 123.3 million people, or 39 percent of the nation’s population lived in counties directly on the shoreline” (National Ocean Service). They also expect that population to increase by 10 million people by 2020. With so many people in such a small area, it does not make sense for people to be blocking off their land. When...
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...Barefoot Beach Preserve is 342 acres of natural land. It is one of the last undeveloped barrier islands on the Southwest Florida coast. 8,200 feet of beach and sand dunes support the ‘ growth of sea oats, providing nesting sites for sea turtles during the summer months. The park also maintains a tropical coastal hammock of sable palm, gumbo-limbo and sea grape trees among many others. The site is also home to the protected gopher tortoise. (Barefoot Beach Preserve County Park, 2015). Barefoot Beach Preserve is a barrier island named Little Hickory Island. It creates a barrier between land and the ocean. Barrier islands protect the mainland from the powerful forces of wind, tides, currents, waves and the destruction of storms...
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