...The Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred near Broad Street in the Soho district of London, England in 1854. This outbreak is best known for the physician John Snow's study of the outbreak and his discovery that contaminated water, not air, spread cholera. This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the 19th century. Later, the term "focus of infection" would be used to describe places like the Broad Street pump in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. In the mid-19th century, the Soho district of London had a serious problem with filth due to the large influx of people and a lack of proper sanitary services: the London sewer system had not reached Soho. Many cellars (basements) had cesspools underneath their floorboards. Since the cesspools were overrunning, the London government decided to dump the waste into the River Thames. That specific action contaminated the water supply, leading to a cholera outbreak. On 31 August 1854, after several other outbreaks had occurred elsewhere in the city, a major outbreak of cholera reached Soho. John Snow, the physician who eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water, later called it "the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in this kingdom."[1] Over the next three days, 127 people on or near Broad Street died. In the next week, three quarters of the residents had fled the area....
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...EBOLA OUTBREAK INTRODUCTION An epidemic of Ebola virus disease (EVD) is ongoing in West Africa. The outbreak began in Guinea in December 2013, but was not detected until March 2014, after which it spread to Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Senegal. The outbreak is caused by the Zaire ebola virus, known simply as the Ebola virus (EBOV). It is the most severe outbreak of Ebola in terms of the number of human cases and deaths since the discovery of the virus in 1976, with the number of cases from the current outbreak now outnumbering the combined cases from all known previous outbreaks. Another outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which has killed 13 people as of 26 August 2014, is believed to be unrelated to the West African outbreak. Initial outbreak in Guinea Researchers believe that the first human case of the Ebola virus disease leading to the 2014 outbreak was a 2-year-old boy who died 6 December 2013 in the village of Meliandou, Guéckédou Prefecture, Guinea. His mother, 3-year-old sister and grandmother then became ill with symptoms consistent with Ebola infection and died. People infected by those victims spread the disease to other village. On 19 March, the Ministry of Health acknowledged a local outbreak of an undetermined viral hemorrhagic fever; the outbreak, ongoing since February, had sickened at least 35 people and killed 23....
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...The Kelly outbreak is a famous phenomenon in Australia's colonial history. Whilst some people prefer to see the outbreak as a simple criminal incident between an outlaw and the police, most historians view it as a broader sociological phenomenon, involving conflict between a larger rural community and the colonial authorities. An important issue for historians has been to understand the underlying causes of this criminal outbreak, whether it was mainly due to personal, ethnic or socio-economic factors. This essay will critically examine each of these explanations and argue that the actions of the Kellys and their supporters, and the reactions of the police can best be understood in terms of broad socio-economic developments in rural Victoria at the time. In his article, Ned Kelly's Sympathisers, Doug Morrissey suggests that Kelly's Irish heritage was largely responsible for the Kelly outbreak 1. To support his claim, he points to the intense emotional relationships in the Quinn/Kelly clan and the high percentage of Irish sympathisers among Ned's supporters 2. Ned Kelly was clearly imbued with a sense of his Irish heritage, but the evidence does not suggest that this was a major contributing factor in the outbreak. Public sympathy, it seemed, crossed social and ethnic barriers 3 and was quite widespread, especially after the Euroa National Bank robbery, where the efficiency, lack of violence and manner of the gang were well noted 4. Furthermore, Ned once stated that he considered...
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...The Ebola Outbreak Karley Taylor 2nd period Siegler 10/24/14 Ebola outbreak The Ebola outbreak came from Africa. The virus is carried by wild animals. You can get it from handling wild animals. Ebola has been found in small animals. Researchers in France have found the virus in rodents in Central African Republic. Previously the virus has been found in primates and humans, and scientists have been going through the rainforest to find evidence in the smaller mammals, so that they can find out where it came from and how it spread. The virus has been in the bats in Africa, because people in a village in guinea the people there hunt, and eat them. It is popular in Africa to hunt, and eat bats. Fruit bats can carry the disease Ebola. If someone...
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...Community Outbreak Community Outbreak The outbreak of measles is at an all time high in 2011 with a confirmed 223 cases, up from 2008 with only a 140 confirmed cases (Iannelli, 2011). In 1989 with the last big measles out break the introduction of the MMR , measles outbreaks were scarce in the United States (Iannelli, 2011). The rise in outbreaks were linked back to foreign travel in the 2008 outbreaks (Iannelli, 2011). Another link in the rise in measles outbreak is the choice not to vaccinate. Many parents now opt not to have their children vaccinated for personal reasons. This makes the child more susceptible to the outbreak and thus passes it on to others. * Epidemiology- although the incidence of measles has risen in recent years efforts to control the outbreaks globally have altered the virus transmission. In developed countries measles has been contained by vaccinations during childhood. Worldwide measles is the cause of morbidity and mortality. Measles was estimated to cause about 31 to 39.9 million illnesses with about 777,000 deaths worldwide (Barinaga & Skolnik). Measles is the fifth most common cause of death in children less than fives years old. The World Health Organization (WHO) put a strategy in place to vaccinate greater than 90 percent of the people with two doses of the MMR vaccine and to monitor that population very carefully. This would include case investigations of anyone suspected of contracting the virus (Barinaga & Skolnik)...
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...‘Made in St Petersburg’. Discuss this assessment of the outbreak of general European war in 1914. The spark that led directly to the outbreak of war was the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. The events that took place in Europe prior to 1914 have to be focused upon as being pivotal motives in the outbreak of war. Russia deeply influenced and played a key role in the outbreak of World War One, but it is difficult to say she was the sole cause. The different alliance groups, Nationalism, economic stability, domestic tensions and the divergent Foreign Policies in the Central European countries were collectively the reasons that brought about a general European war. Russia’s history preceding 1914 constituted to the decision making of the July Crisis. The Russo-Japanese war of 1904 left Russia defeated and powerless both economically and militarily. [1]‘Russia suffered 400,000 casualties, lost two of its three fleets and denuded its western frontier fortifications of troops and armaments.’ The defeat to Japan caused Russia a major embarrassment and Russia was intent on building up her military strength for the countries social security. By 1910 the ‘Small Program’ followed by the 1913 launch of the ‘Great Program’ enabled Russia to add additional spending to the army and military but Russia’s military strength still lacked its initial power. World War One may have been a way in for Russia to regain her losses...
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...Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is one of the two most common serotypes of Salmonella bacteria reported worldwide according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Eggs have been the most common food source linked to this illness but some of the other causes include consumption of raw beef, chicken, pork, milk, and almonds. Most types of Salmonella live inside the intestinal tracts of animals and birds and are then transferred to humans when feces from the animals directly or indirectly contaminate foods that humans eat. In the 1970s, the bacteria contaminated the eggs through the cracks through the shells but in the 1980s, the bacterium was actually found inside intact grade A eggs...
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...Ebola is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with symptoms such as fever and severe internal bleeding which can lead to organ shutdown. People can be exposed to the virus by direct contact of blood or secretions from the body. The Ebola virus came from several African countries. An “ Ebola” outbreak happened in Boston, December of 2014. Lee Gehrke an MIT professor had been working on a test for 2 years prior to the outbreak in MA. to determine which virus is Ebola or another virus so that they could find a way to stop the virus from spreading. He continued his research and work in developing a test, creating a $3 device that screens for the condition by sopping up a drop of blood from a finger prick and analyzing it in under...
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...groups of people are more likely to contract the MERS virus. Children are a large source for spreading MERS because it can be spread just like a cold or the flu. People who are at a higher risk for this virus are those who are already dealing with health issues that may have weakened their immune system. Asthmatics are highly likely to become seriously ill by the MERS virus because it attacks the respiratory system and asthmatics already have a weakened immune system. As of now 2014 the World Health Organization has updated the amount of people affected by the MERS virus. According to the World Health Organization as well as the CDC there is approximately 228 active cases as well as 92 deaths that have been caused by the MERS outbreak. These cases are all within Countries considered to be part of the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries which include Bahrain; Iraq; Iran; Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Syria; the United Arab Emirates (UAE); and Yemen (CDC). Travel advisories and warnings have been issued for any travelers coming to or from these areas. The best and most cautious way to protect yourself and those around you is to practice good personal...
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...Cholera Outbreak In the case study presented, the outpatient Victoria was experiencing a fever and uncontrollable diarrhea after collecting water for her family out of a river. It is seen that a couple months before she moved, the island of Haiti was hit with an earthquake. After dire circumstances refugees moved not too far to the city of St.Marc where many others were forced to live. Due to the volume of people that moved to the city, many public services were reduced which made the family look to the river for water supply. After a clinic ran a test on Victoria’s stool they found motile, comma shaped, gram negative bacteria. After much research I have concluded that Victoria is suffering from an outbreak due to the microorganism Vibrio cholerae. “The genus Vibrio consists of Gram-negative straight or curved rods, motile by means of a single polar flagellum” (source 1) which was indicated in Victoria’s stool. In most cases this genus is found in most surface water and grows best in sea water. The disease identified is Cholera which is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. This disease is mostly found in “places with very poor sanitation” (source 2) and in Victoria’s case she was prone to contaminated river water. As a result, the toxin “increased the release of water” (source 4) in her intestines which made her have diarrhea. Victoria was experiencing symptoms of dehydration and fever because her body was loosing a large amount water and salt. The treatment...
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...Ebola Outbreak An Unknown Virus Cedric Smith Strayer University I have been doing some research on Ebola, and here is what I have found out. Ebola and Hepatitis C have some similar symptoms; they both are spread through direct contact with bodily fluids of the infected patients and from needles that have been in contact with the patients. While contained outbreaks have happened, there have not been any mass outbreaks like with Ebola. My hypothesis is that should an Ebola outbreak occur in the US, we will be able to contain the outbreak. Ebola first emerged in Sudan and Zaire in 1976. The first outbreak of Ebola (named after the Ebola River in Zaire) infected over 284 people, with a mortality rate of 53%. “Ebola,” however, is not just one Ebola: There are 4 distinguishable subtypes. The second Ebola virus emerged from Yambuku, Zaire, Ebola-Zaire (EBOZ), with the highest mortality rate of any of the Ebola viruses (88%), infected 318 people. Despite the tremendous effort of effort of experienced and dedicated researches, Ebola natural reservoir was never identified. The third strain of Ebola, Ebola Reston (EBOR), was first identified in 1989 when infected monkeys were imported into Reston, Virginia, from Mindanao in the Philippines. The few people who were infected with EBOR never developed Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF). The last known strain of Ebola, Ebola Cote d’Ivoire (EBO-CI) was discovered in 1994 when a female ethnologist performing a necropsy on a dead chimpanzee...
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...The SARS Outbreak of 2003 Western Governors University January 15, 2013 The SARS Outbreak of 2003 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory caused by a coronavirus. Coronavirus is in the same virus family as the common cold. Most commonly spread through person to person contact and droplets when a person coughs or sneezes. It can also be spread when a person touches a surface or object contaminated with the virus then touch their nose, mouth or eyes. Characterized by high fevers, headaches, feeling of discomfort, some may have diarrhea and body aches most will present with a mild respiratory infections, which may lead to pneumonia (CDC, 2012). People that are exposed to the virus may not show symptoms until 2 to 7 days after exposure, this is the viruses average incubation period. SARS first appeared in southern China in 2002 in the Guangdong Province. The Chinese government did not make the outbreak known at this time. It wasn’t until March 2003 that SARS started gaining attention. The patients were presenting with an atypical pneumonia. It was believed that a businessman carrying the virus stayed in a Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong, at the same time a doctor from the Guangdong Providence was staying. The doctor had treated infected patients in Guangdong before going to visit Hong Kong. Shortly after the visit at the hotel, other quests and staff members started becoming ill. “ Of those were a tourist from Toronto, a flight attendant...
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...Although it has already been ten years since the outbreak of SARS, people still cannot forget the disasters. Certainly, Hong Kong government has taken a good lesson and should be well-prepared after the disaster of SARS. It is necessary to improve medical treatment internally within Hong Kong, but the prevention of spreading diseases from other countries is also important in maintaining a good public health. From the piece of news, I noticed that Hong Kong still has some loopholes in carrying out the prevention policies. The expansion of the Individual Visit Scheme especially gained my attention because measures taken by the Hong Kong government would be meaningless when the diseases are spread from other countries. We cannot help tackle the hygiene problems in the mainland China, but Hong Kong government should also pay attention in spreading of diseases from tourists and immigrants. Hong Kong government should also keep an eye of the poor sanitation in subdivided flats because the living condition is poorer that we expected, it is sure that if people living in the subdivided flats would easily be infected becase of the poor hygiene. In my opinion, Hong Kong government should set up Infrared Thermometer in the immigration centre, so that the temperature of every tourits and immigrants can be seen. Once the temperature is out of range, he/she should receive a medical check so that we can ensure no infected patient are entering Hong Kong causing the spreading of infectious diseases...
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...CASE STUDY: UNAUTHORISED ACCESS TO PATIENT INFORMATION A hospital at Fairfax named QUEENS MARYS HOSPITAL. There are many employers that has been working there over years. It is a very old hospital and many patients patronizes them. At some point, the hospital was in a big loss and the management decided to lease the hospital. The new management hired some IT technicians to change the computers at the hospital when they realized that it is always difficult to pull out patient’s information, and also employed new staff. One night, a patient was rushed to the hospital and was diagnosed of HIV. The patient’s friend’s wife work at the hospital and was curious to know what happened to him. The lady is one of the people that have access to patient’s information at the hospital. She accessed the information and told the wife of the patient. The wife rushed to the hospital to check her husband. The patient was in a shock to see his wife as he has not called her. The wife told her how she got to know. The patient came to the joint commission to make a complain. First and foremost, we blame the hospital and the staff. ETHIC RESEARCH: It is unethical for the staff to go into the patient’s information, Therefore, there is a penalty charge. LEGAL RESEARCH: You can file the patients complain under “PATIENT SAFETY CONFIDENTIALITY COMPLAINT” via e mail or fax because there has been a violation under the HIPPA rules: • His information has been shared. You will have to investigate...
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...Communicable disease outbreak Severe acute respiratory syndrome or commonly referred to as SARS is advanced form of Pneumonia. This viral respiratory ailment originates from a coronavirus. SARS is highly infectious and lethal type of of Pneumonia. On November 2002, the first case of SARS was diagnosed in a towns in China. The disease is easily spread throughout the world via mass transit hubs such as airports. The illness has spread to various parts of the world. Over two dozen countries in North America, South America, Europe and Asia have reported cases. The numbers of cases related to SARS were increasing at exponential rates. In March 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued global alerts. (CDC-SARS-Infection Control) Infection of SARS viral causes acute respiratory distress, severe difficulty in breathing, and death. Initial symptom with SARS are flu-like symptoms may includes myalgia, cough, lethargy, cough and sore throat. The commom symptom in all patients was a fever above 38 degree Celsius. The patient may show symptoms initially similar to a cold in the 1st stage but later mimic influenza symptoms. (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) SARS occurrences increase in people who have had sexual or casual (including tattoos) contact with an infected person or if they traveled to highly infected regions were SARS was diagnosed in a 10-day period. As of May 2003, these areas included China, Singapore and Canada (Ontario). Route of transmission for...
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