...that I am currently thinking of engaging with is that of the “City of Johannesburg – Human Development Programmes”. This organisation is all about improving the quality of life of all Johannesburg citizens, envisaging a future city with improved social and human development realities. Through these programmes they hope to one day achieve enhanced quality of life for all the citizens, the so-called “Growth & Development Strategy 2040”. The Mission statement of this organisation is “to advance human development in Johannesburg by addressing poverty, inequality and social exclusion”. In sustaining this mission statement some of their goals include addressing household poverty through supporting poor and vulnerable households, emphasis is placed on rights and opportunities to address inequalities and lastly the introducing of social inclusion prospects in Johannesburg communities to eradicate social exclusion. Their strategic interventions include the promoting of the development of women and youth and access to social support for all groups. With regards to the statement of “where are they going”, as stated before in the GDS 2040 their hopes are to enhance the quality of life of all citizens in the near future, with some of its objectives being increased activities that empower women and the youth, providing knowledge to citizens on the process to attain social grants as well as eliminating Xenophobic attacks on migrants. It is these types of organisations that one does not...
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...• How a process can pass information to another • Make sure processes don’t get into each others’ way • Sequencing and dependencies OS 2007-08 1 OS 2007-08 2 The issues… • They apply to threads as well • Communication: easy for threads (common address space) • Remaining two issues apply to thread as to processes Race condition • Example: printer spooler (a daemon) 4 5 Process A Process B abc prog.c prog.n out = 4 6 7 in = 7 Spooler directory OS 2007-08 3 OS 2007-08 4 Race condition • Two processes reading/writing on the same data and the result depends on who runs precisely when is called a race condition • Since obviously we’d like computation to be deterministic Critical regions • Mutual exclusion • The part of the program where the shared memory (or something else) is accessed is called a critical section • This is not enough (more rules): – Not two processes simultaneously in their critical regions – No assumptions may be made about speed and number of CPUs – No process running outside its critical region may block another process – No process should have to wait forever to enter its critical region OS 2007-08 6 OS 2007-08 5 1 Ideally A enters critical region A B blocked B enters critical region B attempts to enter critical region B leaves critical region A leaves critical region Many solutions… • Disabling interrupts • Locks • TSL instruction (hardware) • Semaphores • Mutexes • Monitors • Message passing...
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...Dameka Jones Soc 220 Essay 1 Social problems in our society need to be recognized and addressed. However, there are so many different focuses, limited light can efficiently be shed on each. I believe that social problems in our culture and world that are recognized can be taken advantage of by the media and twisted in ways suitable for politicians and the powerful in our society. Unfortunately, social problems can never truly be solved and despite the knowledge we have of repeating history, we are doomed to dwell in our never-ending troubles. Our attempts to solve one social issue will cause another issue to be created or rise. The book by Ira Silver contained very relevant and interesting social problems. It was hard to decide which two to discuss, so I was drawn to ones that I witnessed that compelled me to find more information about. The first I am going to discuss is the recurring issues that are discussed in chapter 4. Police mistreatment of blacks I have witnessed many times. I was in the position in life to be exposed to the police patrolling the streets of the poorer sides of town. The areas I lived in were where black populations were high because due to our American history, blacks were one of the largest groups of minorities neglected by society. They have been predispositioned to live in poverty. Police has ignored me while the friend I was with would be harassed and interrogated for no reason. It interested me that the book pointed out the fact police have...
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...A social issue (also called a social problem or a social ill) is an issue that relates to society's perception of people's personal lives. Different societies have different perceptions and what may be "normal" behaviour in one society may be a significant social issue in another society. Social issues are distinguished from economic issues. Some issues have both social and economic aspects, such asimmigration. There are also issues that don't fall into either category, such as wars. Thomas Paine, in Rights of Man and Common Sense, addresses man's duty to "allow the same rights to others as we allow ourselves". The failure to do so causes the birth of a social issue. Personal issues versus social issues[edit] Personal issues are those that individuals deal with themselves and within a small range of their peers and relationships.[1] On the other hand, social issues threaten values cherished by widespread society.[1] For example, the unemployment rate of 7.8 percent[2] in the U.S. as of October 2012 is a social issue. The line between a personal issue and a public issue may be subjective, however, when a large enough sector of society is affected by an issue, it becomes a social issue. Although one person fired is not a social issue, the repercussions of 13 million people being fired is likely to generate social issues. Caste system[edit] Caste system in India resulted in most oppressed Untouchables on earth for the past 3000 years . UK recently banned caste system[1] and US is...
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...With more than 44,000 employees across six continents and with their mission “to harness diversity and inclusion to inspire ideas and ignite innovation”, Nike is an organization that conducts both domestic and global marketing. In this situation, it is inevitable that Nike is influenced by environmental factors much. Let’s start with this example to see what happened in Nike’s history: Nike had introduced its "Air" line of basketball shoes in 1996 with a stylized, flame-like logo of the word Air on the shoe's backside and sole.Yet, there was a problem. Arab-American groups thought that the way “Air” was written on the shoe looked too similar to “Allah” written in Arabic. Nike recalled thousands of shoes, covered the logos with patches and the shoes made their way to the outlets. Although Nike has apologized to the Islamic community for any unintentional offense to their sensibilities, and has taken measures to raise their internal understanding of Islamic issues, in the end that logo cost Nike millions plus a playground built to ease tensions. We apparently see that some cultural issues may affect companies negatively. In this case, Nike didn’t even consider this consequence while putting those shoes on the market, but they paid dearly for. On the other hand, Nike, in 2000s, started to seek the best investment with the highest returns. They traced the symptoms of poverty back to their roots, and it led them to an unexpected solution and a catalyst for change: adolescent...
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...processes have a deadlock if each process is waiting for an event that only another process in the set can cause 3 Resource Allocation Graph Process A is holding resource R A R Process B requests resource S B S A cycle in resource allocation graph ⇒ deadlock If A requests for S while holding R, and B requests for R while holding S, then A S R B How do you deal with multiple instances of a resource? 4 An Example A utility program A Resources Copy a file from tape to disk Print the file to printer Tape Disk Printer Tape A deadlock A holds tape and disk, then requests for a printer B holds printer, then requests for tape and disk B 5 Conditions for Deadlock Mutual exclusion condition Hold and Wait Resources cannot be taken away Circular chain of requests Processes holding resources can request new resources No preemption Each resource is assigned to exactly one process One process waits for another in a circular fashion Question Are all conditions necessary? 6 Eliminate Competition for Resources? If running A to completion and then running B, there will be no deadlock Generalize this idea for all processes? Is it a good idea to develop a CPU scheduling algorithm that causes no deadlock? A S R B Previous example 7 Strategies ...
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...Poverty Poverty has been a consistent problem throughout history. No matter what the average income, unemployment or overall prosperity level is, there will always be people who are homeless and hungry. Despite being one of the most richest countries in the world, the United States is not immune to it either. Even today, there are still people struggling to find shelter, feed their kids and find warm clothing. This social problem has various impacts on different institutions and people. However, there are feasible solutions that are available to dissolve this social problem. In discussing poverty in the United States, I will be utilizing three major perspectives: the general condition, the emerging middle class poverty and the relationship between small businesses and strategic measures to eradicate poverty. According to Howard Glennerster in United States Poverty Studies and Poverty Measurement: The past twenty five years, poverty has been a steady condition in United States history. Not only that, but today there is even more discussion focused on the “culture and race of poverty” (Glennerster, 10). More and more aid seems to be going to minorities in which there is a high density. Moreover, the attention has also been placed on women on welfare. This segment of the population has retracted to working multiple jobs while taking care of children (Glennerster, 13). Therefore, in the mainstream sense of the term, Glennerster attributed a majority poverty related issues to minorities...
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...In this essay, I [avoid personal pronouns in academic writing] would like to put on the Agenda the issue of ‘Hoarding and Squalor’ so as to bring awareness on the impact of this condition on the individual, families and the wider community. I analyse the issue of ‘Hoarding and Squalor’ by using existing evidence anecdotal evidence through studies on the impact and consequences this issue at micro and macro level. Further I will demonstrate the associated current social policies around this problem by incorporating a combination of techniques with the aim of advocating for better supports and systems. My overall aim is to bring about a change, in particular around three goals. These goals are inclusive of Social Policy review, multi-agency approach and trans-disciplinary delivery, funding request from the State Government in particular Families and Communities Services (FACs) and Mental Health in order to work with families in a person [spelling error] cent[e]red, strength based manner to ensure sustainable results. I incorporate Jansson’s steps of, diagnosing the context to identify contextual constraints and opportunities, softening the context to make it more amenable to a specific policy initiative and lastly activating change to get a decision maker or legislator to put an issue on the agenda of the other decision makers in the agency, community or legislative setting. (Jansson, 2003, pp. 148-165). Diagnosing Context What is Hoarding and Squalor In May 2013, for...
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...A social issue (also called a social problem or a social ill) is an issue that relates to society's perception of people's personal lives. Different societies have different perceptions and what may be "normal" behaviour in one society may be a significant social issue in another society. Social issues are distinguished from economic issues. Some issues have both social and economic aspects, such asimmigration. There are also issues that don't fall into either category, such as wars. Thomas Paine, in Rights of Man and Common Sense, addresses man's duty to "allow the same rights to others as we allow ourselves". The failure to do so causes the birth of a social issue. Personal issues versus social issues[edit] Personal issues are those that individuals deal with themselves and within a small range of their peers and relationships.[1] On the other hand, social issues threaten values cherished by widespread society.[1] For example, the unemployment rate of 7.8 percent[2] in the U.S. as of October 2012 is a social issue. The line between a personal issue and a public issue may be subjective, however, when a large enough sector of society is affected by an issue, it becomes a social issue. Although one person fired is not a social issue, the repercussions of 13 million people being fired is likely to generate social issues. Caste system[edit] Caste system in India resulted in most oppressed Untouchables on earth for the past 3000 years . UK recently banned caste system[1] and US is...
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...COMP3361 Operating Systems I Mid-term Review and Study Guide Basic Concepts: What is an operating system? A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware - basic functions? 1.) OS is a resource allocator 2.) manages all resources 3.) decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use 4.) OS is a control program 5.) controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer 6.) a program running at all times on the computer, usually called the kernel 7.)everything else is either a a.) system program: associated with the OS but not part of the kernel b.) application program: not associated with the OS user/kernel modes of operation? 1.) The operating system must ensure correct operation of the computer system. To prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system, the hardware has two modes: user mode and kernel mode. Various instructions (such as I/0 instructions and halt instructions) are privileged and can be executed only in kernel mode. 2.) Kernel Mode In Kernel mode, the executing code has complete and unrestricted access to the underlying hardware. It can execute any CPU instruction and reference any memory address. Kernel mode is generally reserved for the lowest-level, most trusted functions of the operating system. Crashes in kernel mode are catastrophic; they will halt the entire PC. 3.) User Mode In User mode...
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...Many poets are one of the greatest ways for us to reflect on much of the culture throughout our history. Great works from tragic romances of William Shakespeare, eerie writings of Edger Alan Poe, or inspiring words from Maya Angelo, have allowed us to see some of life experiences and feeling through the writings of these inspired men and women. It is easy to see the times and trials these poets dealt with through their works, you could easily see the social, economic and cultural lifestyles they lived in. One of the historical poets I have had the opportunity of reading and learning about was Langston Hughes. His work sheds light on readers of today, on the social culture and ways of the early 1900’s to mid 1900’s. The unfortunate issue of slavery and inequality was very prevalent in the writings of Mr. Hughes. He wrote with a sense of the unfairness he was dealing with, as well as being a voice for those enduring the segregation as well. Only a few of his poems allowed us to see he had a hopeful side and would appear to write on day dream type things, like the sun and the rain. I wanted to point out on two particular poems that Hughes wrote, “Democracy” and “Let America be America Again”. In these poems many of the social indiscrepencies were obviously a huge factor in the way he felt. But as I read through these poems I could almost see a few similarities with the social issues of this present time. Although the segregation and separation was indeed more prevalent...
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...Program Planning and Evaluation Paper Holly Regan HSM/270 May 25, 2014 Fedder Williams Program Planning and Evaluation Paper In comparison, each of the two components; program planning and program evaluation are related in the way that each is a theory based and goal-oriented activity. A program is a permanent and inseparable element of the planning process intended to achieve specific future goals. The methodical, yet necessary process of planning is important in designing programs to become an effective and efficient tool for human service organizations in conjunction with a systematic approach to descriptive research for meeting each presented goal. Descriptive research is designed to service clients, describe program characteristics, and other elements. It describes the use of facilities, community resources and other resources as well. It is also designed to study the relationship of association among various factors or variables and take into account the solicited views of a social issue or problem in program or policy design/planning process. Descriptive research provides a description of an observable fact or event or the relationships between two or more observable facts or events. Assessments vary categorically, but they can assess nearly everything and to the nth degree. Social programs are no different as assessments are utilized to produce data that is crucial for programs turning negative outcomes into positive outcomes. An assessment of needs plays...
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...There is a growing problem with unemployment through the nation. The Rossi stated “there is a problem with unemployment rates in the inner-city neighborhoods” (2004). I can see that being a problem throughout the nation. To help decrease the numbers of unemployed people the government has instituted programs that can assist in ensuring people have the capabilities to get into jobs. This could provide ways for people to get training and education needed to be productive. Also the government has made it beneficial for companies to move into areas that there was a need for people to gain employment. In knowing that there is an issue with unemployment the government would have to understand who would benefit from the need to implement programs or incentive to have businesses increase growth in certain areas. So we have to think about how the “high levels of poverty, the worst neighborhoods also have numerous signs of social disorder. Crime and physical blight are the most apparent, but they are accompanied by low work levels among the residents, soaring high school dropout rates, low marriage rates, and high rates of non-marital births” as stated by Haskins (2010). This can be hard at times to measure but it is achievable. In know thing problem and the target audience the government can see that just throwing money at the situation would not fix the problem. Instead they can take the time and analyze the situation and implement the correct course of actions. With the problem...
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...Social Problems in Societies Kamore Eric Essaybux Social Problems in Societies In the world today, the well-being of the society is undermined by problems that arise from differences in opinions regarding cultural practices, religion, political issues and other health concerns. Social issues are therefore regarded to as inevitable and various societies around the world experience them (Mulroy and Austin, 2004). Problems such as poverty, unemployment, drug abuse, discrimination, homelessness, violence, crime and environmental degradation occur when people come together in a social setting. Here, the most troubling social problems are addressed in a sociological perspective and how they affect the society in whole. Poverty is a state of having insufficient money to buy the most necessary things in life; it is a social problem when a significant portion of a population lives below the poverty line. According to (Michael, 2006), by individual behavioral characteristics and choices, social and political forces can cause poverty. Also, dysfunctional markets and economic underdevelopment can result in poverty. People who cannot get proper means of employment may opt to engage in illegal and destructive ways such as theft or burglary. Moreover, poverty is a primary cause of hunger and malnutrition which is responsible for a broad range of health issues such as diseases and increased...
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...Resource Allocation Graphs Roger Henriksson Department of Computer Science Lund University The possibility of deadlock is an undesired property (to say the least) of safety-critical real-time systems. Therefore, a method to verify that a system cannot deadlock, or to detect possible deadlock situations, is of tremendous value. One such method is resource allocation graphs. As stated in Operating System Concepts by Peterson and Silberschatz [PS85], the occurrence of deadlock requires among other things that hold-wait situations exist and a circular chain of such hold-waits must exist. A resource allocation graph attempts to graphically illustrate all the hold-wait situations in a system. In this graph it is possible to search for cases of circular hold-wait. In their book, Peterson and Silberschatz [PS85] (Section 8.2.2) introduce a method for drawing resource allocation graphs. However, in their version the resource allocation graph shows all the hold-wait-states that exist at any one given point in time. This is a good tool for illustrating a transient state in the system, but in order to use their version of the graphs for detecting any possible deadlock situation we would have to draw a graph for each and every possible combination of execution state for all threads in the system. Then, each and every one of these graphs would have to be analysed for cycles indicating circular wait. This is clearly unpractical. Instead, we modify the method of drawing resource...
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