...Any assistance I received while producing this paper has been acknowledged in the References section. I have obtained written permission from the copyright holder for any trademarked material, logos, images from the Internet, or other sources. I further agree that my name typed on the line below is intended to have, and shall have, the same validity as my handwritten signature. Student's signature (name typed here is equivalent to a signature): Maria D. Rodriguez __________ Perspective Paper Human beings by nature are inquisitive. Knowing where one comes from and what aspects separates one from other individuals has been in our nature since humans discovered having five toes on each foot. The approach of psychology basing the study on the fact that behavior can be researched without consideration of the inner state of the mind is known as behaviorism. Behaviorism is said to be both a philosophy as well as a psychological movement. Radical behaviorism Early in the 20th century, behaviorism initiated with the work of John B. Watson, an American psychologist. John B. Watson’s objective of his study was to base behavior on no mental life and no internal speech. He studied the adjustment of human beings and organisms to their respective environments. Therefore, it made sense to him that men could be studied objectively, like rats and apes. He’s approach put an emphasis on physiology in addition to the role of stimuli and...
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...Perspectives Paper Name PSY/310 July 23, 2012 Instructor Perspectives Paper Introduction Even though psychological perspectives evolve as psychology matures, there are some perspectives that remain relevant even today. Behaviorism is, simply speaking, the analysis of a person’s response to his environment. John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and Edward C. Tolman would include their own varying details to accompany that definition. Most researchers in behaviorism concur that psychology should be considered as the study of behavior, not the study of the mental processes, and that behavior is caused by stimuli that abide in the external environment, not from the internal mind (Goodwin, 2008). From Watson’s first findings, which pushed behaviorism forward, Skinner proposed his own theory of behaviorism called radical behaviorism. Tolman believed that the important concepts of psychology could be deduced from the behavior displayed by rats traveling through mazes that he created (Goodwin, 2008). Even though they were thought of as behaviorists, their concepts and theories contrasted on a wide scale that went from Pavlov’s conditioning one end to the start of cognitive theory on the other end (Goodwin, 2008). Fundamental Perspective of John B. Watson John Watson (1878-1958) attended the University of Chicago where he studied under John Dewey. Dewey’s teachings did not satisfy him, and he soon decided to study under a functionalist psychologist named James Rowland Angell...
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...| Importance of Psychology in Nursing Practice | Roles & Perspectives | | Author Name | | University Name | It is very important to understand the psyche and thought process of the individuals for the people in Health related profession. That’s why Psychology plays a major role in the professional development of the nurses. This document is a study of the important perspectives of Psychology which are incorporated in Nursing practices. | Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Psychology 2 Nursing 2 The Relationship 2 Significance 3 References 5 Importance of Psychology in Nursing Practice Although both fields differ from each other apparently but still Psychology is interlinked with nursing practices, to a great extent. Before believing the stance of similarity or difference, it is very important to understand both fields separately. Psychology According to Pastorino & Portillo(2012), Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. Ciccarelli& Meyer (2006) further explain that behaviour incorporates all our overt actions and reactions and mental processes refer to our covert activity of mind (cited Barker 2007). Nursing Nursing as profession is considered to assist the individual (usually patient) in performance of activities contributing towards the recovery of their health(Barker, 2007). The Relationship Working in the health related profession provides the opportunity to work with other people and...
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...Empowerment and Community Planning Chapter 1 Theories of Power A Survey Towards the Development of a Theory of Power Before beginning the discussion of empowerment and the development of a theory connected with it, I want to deal with a concept that is prior to empowerment—power. Power is a key concept for an understanding of processes of empowerment. The theory of empowerment that will be developed further on will draw its inspiration from an integration of two domains: from an understanding of theories of power and the use of insights drawn from these for the purposes of developing a theory of empowerment, and from an analysis of processes of empowerment. Hence, this deeper study of it will also make possible a better understanding of states of powerlessness, practices of disempowerment, and processes by which people and communities struggle for control over their lives and environments. A Brief History of Theories of Power This chapter makes no pretension to survey all the existing literature in the field of the theories of power. It begins with a historical survey of thought about power in the social sciences, relating only to the most prominent theories. Further on, a number of theories that contain elements suitable to the development of a theory of empowerment are presented in more detail. Modern thinking about power begins in the writings of Nicollò Machiavelli (The Prince, early 16th century) and Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan, mid-17th century). Their books are...
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...Two theories of criminal behaviour and their factors Developmental theories of crime A study performed by a psychologist Terri Moffitt (1993), she described a dual taxonomy of offending behaviour, and she attempted to explain the developmental processes that can lead to a distinctive shape of the age crime curve. Her original views was that the theory is one of the more important articles in criminology and proposes that there are two types of anti-social behaviour offender’s display in society. Adolescent offender’s exhibit anti-social behaviour only during their adolescent stages these are called limited adolescent offenders, whereas life-course-persistent offenders behave like this early in the childhood stages and continue to behave this way as a part of life until it becomes more serious in adult life. This theory focuses more on the anti-social aspects of crime as there are different definitions of crime across cultures and due to the similar characteristics and trajectories this theory can then be applied to both of the sexes. There are recognised disorders than can contribute to crime and that form criminals, in some cases not because they want to but because of a disorder such as (ASPD) Anti-social Personality Disorder. It is recognised by the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th edition) in most cases individual who display anti-social behaviour have been convicted and gone through court processes without being diagnosed. This disorder...
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...Abstract Children and adolescents who engage in and antisocial behaviors repeatedly, exhibit a persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that significantly impairs everyday functioning in the contexts of the school, home and the community. Preventing and treating aggressive behaviors in children and youth encompasses a combination of cognitive, behavioral interventions, and parental training and increased school involvement and is targeted to the reduction of dysfunctional cognitive, behavioral, and problem-solving patterns of aggressive youths. Keywords: aggression, antisocial behavior, children, adolescence, conduct disorders, behavioral problems, development and intervention. Introduction The display of aggressive behaviors by children and youths in Trinidad and Tobago is one of the most pressing concerns facing parents and teachers today. As a result, students with significant behavioral concerns or educational disabilities are clustered together into alternative educational programs. As a result, increased inclusion of disturbed and socially maladjusted students, including those with histories of aggression and violence, is related to an overall increase in school aggression and violence. Aggressive antisocial behavior appears to be a developmental trait that begins early in life and often continues into adolescence and adulthood. For many youths, stable manifestations of antisocial behavior begin as early as pre-elementary school (Emond, Ormel, Veenstra, & Oldehinkel...
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...TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT Translation quality assessment has become one of the key issues in translation studies. This comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of translation evaluation makes explicit the grounds of judging the worth of a translation and emphasizes that translation is, at its core, a linguistic operation. Written by the author of the world’s best known model of translation quality assessment, Juliane House, this book provides an overview of relevant contemporary interdisciplinary research on translation, intercultural communication and globalization, and corpus and psycho- and neuro-linguistic studies. House acknowledges the importance of the socio-cultural and situational contexts in which texts are embedded, and which need to be analysed when they are transferred through space and time in acts of translation, at the same time highlighting the linguistic nature of translation. The text includes a newly revised and presented model of translation quality assessment which, like its predecessors, relies on detailed textual and culturally informed contextual analysis and comparison. The test cases also show that there are two steps in translation evaluation: firstly, analysis, description and explanation; secondly, judgements of value, socio-cultural relevance and appropriateness. The second is futile without the first: to judge is easy, to understand less so. Translation Quality Assessment is an invaluable resource for students and researchers...
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...discussed the general potential to act. The potential to act in a certain way was labeled as schema (plural: schemata). (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) The schema is more than a single manifestation of the reflex. Schema is an element in the organism’s cognitive structure. When any particular manifestation is observed, it must be described in terms of a specific response to a specific stimulus. These aspects of any particular manifestation of a schema are called content; content describes the conditions that prevail during any particular manifestation of the general potential. (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) The schemata available determine how the organism responds to physical environment. The schemata can manifest themselves into overt behavior or covert manifestation. The way a child deals with their environment changes as (s)he gets older. Assimilation and...
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...An observation study is the recording of behaviours or events and the gathering of data that proves or disproves a hypothesis. There are five different types of observational study which can be covert meaning secretive or overt meaning open to all involved. Observational studies are not usually experimental as there are no independent or dependant variables as this method is a more natural type of study in psychology. Participant observation is when the researcher takes part in their own observation with the participants. A non-participant study is where the researcher keeps his or her distance while observing the participants behaviours during the study. Unlike the others the structured observation method is a semi-experimental observational study. It is a planned observation and recording of behaviours as they happen in a controlled environment. The unstructured observation is a spontaneous observation of behaviours or events while they are happening in their natural environment. The naturalistic observation is a planned observation of natural behaviours in their environment. A participant observational study can be beneficial as the researcher is part of the environment of the study allowing an insider view of their own study. Non participant observational studies can be seen as a good way of researching the study, as the researcher avoids contact with the participants and this could be because the observer could cause the participants to act in an unnatural...
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...Psychology 211: General Psychology (Fridays) Winter, 2015 |Instructor |Dr. Ralph J. Worthing, Professor of Psychology | |Office |A-075 | |Office Hours |Monday |Tuesday |Wednesday |Thursday |Friday | | |8:00 – 9:00 (at |2:00 – 3:00 (A-075)|8:00 – 9:00 (at |2:00 – 3:00 |9:00 – 10:00 | | |Ricker) | |Ricker) |(A-075) |(A-075) | |Phone |989-686-9060 | |Email |rjworthi@delta.edu | |FAX |989-686-8736 | Please contact me if you would like to meet at a time other than these posted office hours. Learning Materials: 1. Ciccarelli, S. K, & White, J. N. (2015). Psychology (4th Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. An Access Code for the “Revel” companion website is required. This class will be participating in a pilot study of...
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...Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors.[1][2] Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases,[3][4] and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society.[5][6] In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors. Behavior Behavior or behaviour is the range of actions and mannerisms made by organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment. It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. Branches of phychology 1. Abnormal Psychology Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsession-compulsion to sexual deviation and many more. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often...
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...CHAPTER TWO Review of Literature Introduction Current educational research on bullying imbedded in bullying programs instruct Educators on how to handle different aspects of bullying episodes and, on how to instill an understanding of student’s perceptions of bullying incidents, however, not all teachers have the same perception of bullying interactions. Everyone comes to the table with their own set of definitions and perspectives based upon their background and upbringing. There is a need to examine these varied perceptions and understandings and how people in schools define and respond to bullying. There are critical gaps in the existing research on this subject and by identifying and understanding teacher perceptions of bullying in this time frame of 2013, response to incidents involving student bullying will provide useful insights while also providing future researchers points of comparison. The purpose of Chapter Two is to support examination of my body of research and to determine similarities and differences in teacher perceptions of bullying in their schools. Background information will be provided to the reader on the kinds of bullying and their definitions, and what affects accompany bullying episodes and current existing attitudes about bullying. Review of the Related Literature Bullying has been come to be defined as the repeated aggressive behavior that can be either physical, psychological to...
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...What is Psychology? * Psychology – Scientific study of behavior and mental processes. * Behavior - outward or overt actions and reactions. * Mental processes - Internal , covert activity of our minds. * Psychology is a science * Prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observations * Precise and careful as they can. Psychology’s Four Goals * Description * What is happening? * Explanation * Why is it happening? * Theory - general explanation of a set of observations or facts * Prediction * Will it happen again? * Control * How can it be changed? Structuralism * Structuralism - focused on structure or basic elements of the mind. * Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology laboratory * Germany in 1879 * Developed the technique of objective introspection – process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities. * Edward Titchener * Wundt’s student; brought structuralism to America. * Washburn * Titchener’s student; first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. * Structuralism died out in early 1900s. Functionalism * Functionalism - how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. * Proposed by . * Influenced the modern fields of: * Educational psychology * Evolutionary psychology * Industrial/organizational psychology Gestalt Psychology * Gestalt – “ an organized whole ”...
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...The Internet censorship in China which is controversial is protested by the netizens by the subtle and sarcastic internet meme. With technological development, the Internet is becoming a free and convenient place for sharing views and information instantaneously due to its virtual nature. However, the freedom of Internet may consequently contribute to the antithesis of social norms and copyright so Internet censorship has been proposed for censoring the Internet. The debate of implementing it has been characterized as either machine politics, to attract the support of staunch anti-pornography, or an extension into cyberspace of the ongoing battle between libertarianism and social conservation. This essay will discuss both the advantages and the disadvantages of censoring the Internet in Hong Kong before giving reasons for the position of disagreement. Social filtering prevents the exposure of information that is antithetical to morals. In different aspects, including the gambling sites, pornographic sites and sites promoting criminal activity, can the authority block to the targeted people. Many studies reveal that the mass media gives more considerable effects than others on themselves (Lee, 2005). Helgadóttir (2014) criticizes that the first emergence of the pornographic information to children in Iceland is when they are eleven. There are a great amount of pornographic material which are being easily accessible on the Internet so wrong perception of sex may be distributed...
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...and attention. Perception can be split into two processes. Firstly processing sensory input which transforms these low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for object recognition). Secondly processing which is connected with person's concept and expectations (knowledge), and selective mechanisms (attention) that influence perception. Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness. Behavior: It is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment. It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. Personality: has to do with individual differences among people in behaviour patterns, cognition and emotion.[1] Different personality theorists present their own definitions of the word based on their theoretical positions.[2] * The term "personality trait" refers to enduring personal characteristics that are revealed in a particular pattern of...
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