...14-11-2104 14-11-2104 yorisha sanstra ROC Amstelland 297245 yorisha sanstra ROC Amstelland 297245 Unit 7 finacial m P1 Unit 7 finacial m P1 A) Describe different methods an organization can use to calculate a cost price Cost-plus pricing - Set the price at your production cost, including both cost of goods and fixed costs at your current volume, plus a certain profit margin. For example, your widgets cost €40 in raw materials and production costs, and at sales volume, your fixed costs come to €40 per unit. Your total cost is €80 per unit. You decide that you want to operate at a 20% markup, so you add €20 to the cost and come up with a price of $80 per unit. So long as you have your costs calculated correctly and have predicted your sales volume, you will always be prepared for any possible outcome and will always gain a profit. Fair pricing - Sometimes it simply doesn't matter what the value of the product is, even if you don't have any competition. There is simply a limit to what consumers perceive as "fair". If it's that your product cost €30 to make, even if it is only calculated €10,- in value, you'd have a hard time charging twenty or thirty euro’s for it. Your customers would just feel like they were being pay off. A little market research will help you determine the maximum price consumers are willing to pay Direct costs Direct costs are cost that are directly linked to the product being made. A manufacture has to buy raw material to make...
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...United Nations The United Nations is an organization established 24 October 1945. It was a replacement for the League of Nations. The UN was created following the Second World War to prevent another such conflict. The organization is financed by giving its member states a substantial fee. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The UN has an agreement with all other nation states to not get in conflict with each other and to settle differences in meetings to prevent another world war. It also makes them stronger as a military force as the UN is meant to back up a nation in the UN if they got in conflict with a country outside of the UN. NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a group that is made up of different member countries bordering the North Atlantic Ocean. This includes European countries with United States and Canada. NATO’s essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of its members through political and military means. NATO member countries agree that if any one country is attacked, the other countries will come to help them. It's hoped this will stop military attacks on any NATO country. They also have high prevalence of humanitarian aid in helping areas affected by natural disasters and civil war. NATO promotes democracy...
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...Hardware: CPU- The processor allows programs on the computer to run, every programs has a set of instructions that the processor decodes to make them work. The quicker the processor runs the instructions, the quicker the program responds to the user. The power of the CPU is dependent on how fast the circuits are driven. Many graphics work require a lot of processing, for example rescaling images or applying complex effects to graphics. Graphics Card- Graphics cards take digital data from the operating system and translates it into a signal that the display video understands. The signal travels along a video cable and into the monitor to display the image. Modern graphics cards are capable of displaying images without slowing the PC down. Professional graphics designers use a DVI (digital visual interface) between the graphics card and monitor for a better quality image. They also often use 32bit colour depth, which means 32 bits are used for each pixel (24 bits for the colour and 8 bits for the transparency) RAM- RAM is primarily used to hold programs or documents the user has opened. The flow of data between the Ram and the processor is constant. When a user opens a program, the program is first copied from the hard disk to the RAM then to the processor at a very high speed where the program can be run. RAM works at the speed of electricity which is much faster than a hard disk which runs at disk speed. Memory Storage- Graphics files need to be stored so that they can be modified...
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...Unit 7 Lesson 1 P1 1. What is malware? Malware is software’s that are installed on to your computer without you knowing. These software’s are designed to malfunction your computer and damage the computer system. Impacts: Some of the impacts are: 1. It disrupts operations 2. It also steals data and information 3. It allows unapproved access to system resources 4. It makes to performance of the computer slow and the web browser speed 5. You have problems of connecting to networks 6. It also makes your computer freeze or crash Computer virus: Computer virus is normally a program or a sort of code which is downloaded on to your computer without you knowing and it runs against your will. Theses virus can duplicate themselves. All computer virus is man-made....
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...Contents: Functionalism……………………………………………………………Pg.3 Marxism………………………………………………………………….Pg.4 Feminism………………………………………………………………...Pg.5 Interactionism…………………………………………………………...Pg.6 Collectivism……………………………………………………………...Pg.7 Post-Modernism………………………………………………………...Pg.8 New Right………………………………………………………………..Pg.9 You (Me)…………………………………………………………………Pg.10 Functionalism According to the functionalist perspective of sociology, each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society’s stability and functioning as a whole. For example, the government provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. That is, the family is independent upon the school to help children grow up to have good jobs so that they can raise and support their own families. In the process, the children become law-abiding, taxpaying citizens, who in turn support the state. If all goes well and to plan, parts of the society produce order, stability and productivity. If all doesn’t go to plan, then parts of the society then must adapt to recapture a new order, stability and productivity. For example, during a financial recession with its high rates of unemployment and inflation, social programs are trimmed or cut. Schools offer fewer programs. Then a new social order, stability and productivity occur. Functionalists also believe that society is held together by social consensus, in which members of the society agree upon, and works...
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...Chapter 6: CPU Scheduling • • • Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Operating System Concepts 6.1 Basic Concepts • Maximum CPU utilization obtained with multiprogramming. • CPU–I/O Burst Cycle – Process execution consists of a cycle of CPU execution and I/O wait. – Example: Alternating Sequence of CPU And I/O Bursts – In an I/O – bound program would have many very short CPU bursts. – In a CPU – bound program would have a few very long CPU bursts. Operating System Concepts 6.2 1 CPU Scheduler • The CPU scheduler (short-term scheduler) selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them. • A ready queue may be implemented as a FIFO queue, priority queue, a tree, or an unordered linked list. • CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process: 1. Switches from running to waiting state (ex., I/O request). 2. Switches from running to ready state (ex., Interrupts occur). 3. Switches from waiting to ready state (ex., Completion of I/O). 4. Terminates. • Scheduling under 1 and 4 is nonpreemptive; otherwise is called preemptive. • Under nonpreemptive scheduling, once the CPU has been allocated to a process, the process keeps the CPU until it releases the CPU either by terminating or by switching to the waiting state. Operating System Concepts 6.3 Dispatcher • Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler;...
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...favorable market (event 1) and an unfavorable market (event 2). There are four alternatives, which include do nothing (alternative 1), invest in corporate bonds (alternative 2), invest in preferred stock (alternative 3), and invest in common stock (alternative 4). The decision table is presented. Note that for alternative 2, the return in a good market is $30,000 (1 + 0.13)5 = $55,273. The return in a good market is $120,000, (4 x $30,000) for alternative 3, and $240,000, (8 x $30,000) for alternative 4. Payoff table Laplace Event 1 Alternativ e1 Alternativ e2 Alternativ e3 Alternativ e4 0 55,273 Event 2 0 – 10,00 0 – 15,00 0 – 30,00 0 Average Value 0.0 22,636.5 Minimu m 0 – 10,000 – 15,000 – 30,000 Maximu m 0 55,273 Hurwicz Value 0.00 – 2,819.9 7 –150.00 120,00 0 240,00 0 52,500.0 120,000 105,000. 0 240,000 –300.00 Regret table Maximum Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 Event 1 240,000 184,727 120,000 0 Event 2 0 10,000 15,000 30,000 Regret 240,000 184,727 120,000 30,000 a. Sue Pansky is a risk avoider and should use the maximin decision approach. She should do nothing and not make an investment in Starting Right. b. Ray Cahn should use a coefficient of realism of 0.11. The best decision is to do nothing. c. Lila Battle should eliminate alternative 1 of doing nothing and apply the maximin criterion. The result is to invest in the corporate bonds. d. George Yates should use the equally likely decision criterion. The best decision...
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...(event 1) and an unfavorable market (event 2). There are four alternatives, which include do nothing (alternative 1), invest in corporate bonds (alternative 2), invest in preferred stock (alternative 3), and invest in common stock (alternative 4). The decision table is presented. Note that for alternative 2, the return in a good market is $30,000 (1 + 0.13)5 = $55,273. The return in a good market is $120,000, (4 x $30,000) for alternative 3, and $240,000, (8 x $30,000) for alternative 4. Payoff table Laplace Hurwicz Event 1 Event 2 Average Value Minimu m Maximu m Value Alternativ e1 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Alternativ e2 55,273 – 10,00 0 22,636.5 – 10,000 55,273 – 2,819.9 7 Alternativ e3 120,00 0 – 15,00 0 52,500.0 – 15,000 120,000 –150.00 Alternativ e4 240,00 0 – 30,00 0 105,000. 0 – 30,000 240,000 –300.00 Regret table Maximum Alternative Event 1 Event 2 Regret Alternative 1 240,000 0 240,000 Alternative 2 184,727 10,000 184,727 Alternative 3 120,000 15,000 120,000 Alternative 4 0 30,000 30,000 a. Sue Pansky is a risk avoider and should use the maximin decision approach. She should do nothing and not make an investment in Starting Right. b. Ray Cahn should use a coefficient of realism of 0.11. The best decision is to do nothing. c. Lila Battle should eliminate alternative 1 of doing nothing...
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...physical and logical resources. The physical resources are printer, disk drive, cpu, memory, scanner etc. The logical resources are files. • Deadlock is more serious than indefinite postponement or starvation because it affects more than one job. • Because resources are being tied up, the entire system (not just a few programs) is affected. • Requires outside intervention (e.g., operators or users terminate a job) to resolved the deadlock. 2. Seven Cases of Deadlocks Case 1 Deadlocks on file requests Case 2 Deadlocks in databases Case 3 Deadlocks in dedicated device allocation Case 4 Deadlocks in multiple device allocation Case 5 Deadlocks in spooling Case 7 Deadlocks in disk sharing Case 8 Deadlocks in a network Case 1: Deadlocks on File Requests | |If jobs can request and hold files for duration of their | | |execution, deadlock can occur. | | | | | |Any other programs that require F1 or F2 are...
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...CPU SCHEDULINGCPU scheduling in UNIX is designed to benefit interactive processes. Processes are given small CPU time slices by a priority algorithm that reduces to round-robin scheduling for CPU-bound jobs.The scheduler on UNIX system belongs to the general class of operating system schedulers known as round robin with multilevel feedback which means that the kernel allocates the CPU time to a process for small time slice, preempts a process that exceeds its time slice and feed it back into one of several priority queues. A process may need much iteration through the "feedback loop" before it finishes. When kernel does a context switch and restores the context of a process. The process resumes execution from the point where it had been suspended.Each process table entry contains a priority field. There is a process table for each process which contains a priority field for process scheduling. The priority of a process is lower if they have recently used the CPU and vice versa.The more CPU time a process accumulates, the lower (more positive) its priority becomes, and vice versa, so there is negative feedback in CPU scheduling and it is difficult for a single process to take all the CPU time. Process aging is employed to prevent starvation.Older UNIX systems used a 1-second quantum for the round- robin scheduling. 4.33SD reschedules processes every 0.1 second and recomputed priorities every second. The round-robin scheduling is accomplished by the -time-out mechanism, which tells...
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...TECHNICAL CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA IN IT COMPUTER NETWORKS R/601/7320 LEVEL 3 UNIT 7 GUIDED LEARNING HOURS: 60 UNIT CREDIT VALUE: 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS R/601/7320 LEVEL 3 UNIT 7 AIM OF THE UNIT This unit aims to give the learners an understanding of the key components, the network protocols and the services provided by network systems. Learners will develop skills required to ensure network security, gain an understanding to the functions of hardware and software components, the purpose, connections and connection devices and why network security is important. Networks are used not only in large organisations but in small businesses and homes. Learners will understand the types of network and the principles across LAN and WANs. They will understand the options for wired and wireless networks and the and appreciate the benefits and risks to businesses of a network. www.ocr.org.uk 2 Computer Networks Level 3 Unit 7 ASSESSMENT AND GRADING CRITERIA Learning Outcome (LO) Pass The assessment criteria are the pass requirements for this unit. Merit To achieve a merit the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass criteria, the learner is able to: Distinction To achieve a distinction the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass and merit criteria, the learner is able to: The learner will: 1 Know types of network systems and protocols The learner can: P1 describe the types of networks available and how they relate to particular network...
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...is lower than that of its trading partner. 1.1 Technology and markets The Ricardian model assumes that production uses only 1 input (labor), with constant returns to scale. This assumption means that the technology in each country and each sector is entirely determined by the labor requirement per unit of output. The other assumptions are that (a) labor moves freely between sectors within a country, but (b) labor cannot move between countries. Assumption (a) implies that in a particular country, the wage must be the same in both sectors; assumption (b) means that the wage need not be the same (and typically is not the same) in the two countries. In addition, all agents are price takers, i.e. there is perfect competition. In my example, the unit labor requirements are unit labor requirement Corn (good 1) US Canada au = 1 1 Umbrellas (good 2) au = 1 2 ac = 3 ac = 6 1 2 Table 1, Labor requirements 1 (Corn is good 1, umbrellas are good 2. Subscripts indicate commodity, superscripts indicate country.) I assume that both goods require one unit of labor to produce one unit of output in the US. This assumption is without loss of generality; it merely amounts to a choice of units....
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...UNIT 11: UNDERSTANDING RELATIONSHIP MARKETING Scenario Your work for this unit will be based on Boots Pharmacy in the UK. Handy tip: There is a wealth of resources available to you throughout this unit, as it is based on a well-established, reputable organisation that communicates with potential and existing customers through various mediums which you will have seen or have access to. It is important that you use the resources and information available in order to conduct your own independent reading to help you answer the questions. Task One PASS (P1) P1/a Explain the term ‘relationship marketing’ P1/b Explain the term ‘brand loyalty’ P1/c Explain the term ‘direct marketing’ P1/d Explain how relationship marketing is used both in the b2b and c2b markets P1/e Explain the concept of lifetime customer value and identify its advantages P1/f Identify and explain the extended marketing mix and how it applies to relationship marketing Task Two PASS (P2) P2/a Explain the development of Relationship Marketing over the past few decades and how this has affected Boots P2/b Explain how Boots uses RM to achieve its organisational mission and objectives for Boots P2/c Explain the difference between transactional marketing and relationship marketing, and why Boots has chosen to focus its efforts on RM P2/d Discuss the needs and expectations of Boots stakeholders and the importance of customer...
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...Price Elasticity of Demand Example Questions Review: First, a quick review of Price Elasticity of Demand from lecture on 02/19/09. The definition, of Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) is: Price Elasticity of Demand = Percentage Change in Quantity Demanded = %ΔQD Percentage Change in Price %ΔP In order to calculate the PED we need two points on the demand curve, (QD1 , P1 ) and (QD2 , P2 ) . We use the midpoint formula, so: QD2 − QD1 ⎛ QD2 ⎜ ⎜ PED = ⎝ P2 ⎛ P2 ⎜ ⎝ + QD1 ⎞ ⎟ ⎟ 2 ⎠ − P1 + P1 ⎞ ⎟ 2 ⎠ Once we have calculated the PED between two points on the demand curve, we can say if demand between those points is “elastic,” “inelastic” or “unit elastic”: • • • Demand is “elastic” at a certain point if PED < -1 Demand is “inelastic” at a certain point if 0 > PED > -1 Demand is “unit elastic” at a certain point if PED = -1 There are a number of factors that can determine if a demand curve will be more elastic, or more inelastic (we will talk more about these factors on Tuesday, 02/24/09): Four Factors Affecting PED: 1. 2. 3. 4. Availability of close substitutes Necessities vs. luxuries Definition of Market Amount of time 1 When calculating different elasticities it is very important to keep in mind, what information you need to calculate a certain elasticity and what information you have available. Also, sometimes there is information that is not relevant to certain elasticities. Be sure you are aware of what information is necessary and what information...
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...Supply, Demand and Equilibrium in Linear Equation The quantity demanded is the amount of a good that consumers want to buy at a given price, holding constant all other factors that influence purchases. The demand function shows the mathematical relationship between the quantity demanded , the price of the product, and other factors that influence purchases. A demand curve plots the demand function, again holding constant other factors. The quantity supplied is the amount of a good that firms want to sell at a given price, holding constant all other factors that influence firms’ supply decisions. The supply function shows the relationship between the quantity supplied, the price of the product, and other factors that influence the number of units supplied. An equilibrium exists if no market participant wants to change its behavior. In a market, equilibrium occurs at the price and quantity where the demand curve and the supply curve intersect. Example Problem: :SUPPLY AND DEMAND .AT $1.40 PER BUSHEL,THE DAILY SUPPLY FOR OATS IS 850 BUSHELS AND the daily demand is 850 bushels.when the price falls to $1.20 per bushel,the daily supply decreases to 350 bushels,and the daily demand increases to 980 bushels.assume that supply and demand equation are linear A-find the supply equation. B-find the demand equation. C-find the equilibrium price and quantity. Let x1 = 120 cents Let x2 = 140 cents For the supply equation: Let y1 = 350 Let y2 = 850 For the Demand equation:...
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