...record Title: Structural Adjustmentand Social Disequilibrium inGhana: An Assessment of PAMSCAD Programme as a Policy ResponseTool Author: Agyekum, Kwame Pius Abstract: Mostgovernments in Africa embarked upon structural adjustment programmes (SAP) in the mid 1980’s with the aim of stabilizingand improving their economies. Ghana’s adjustment started in 1983 with the view to halt and reverse the almost twodecades of stagnation and decay of the economy. SAPin Ghana made significant gainsat the macro economic levelinthe areasof: • export volumes (increased more than 10% from 1983); • inflation(dropped from 123% in1983 to 10.4% in 1983); • real per capita income (increased by 6.8% in1984); and • investment (increased more than two-and-half times). Despite the impressive macro-economic gainsat the national level,most vulnerablegroups were languishing inpoverty onthe ground. On realizing the socialdisequilibriumcreated by SAP and the predicament of the vulnerablegroups, the government instituted a Programme of Actionsof Mitigate the SocialCostsof Adjustment. (PAMSCAD) asa policy responsetoolto providequick reliefto the poor throughout the country PAMSCAD projects have been implemented in the country wellover eight years and the Secretariat which monitoredand coordinated activitiesfolded up inJune 1996. This research therefore was undertaken to assessthe levelof achievements and impacts of PAMSCAD projects on beneficiaries(the poor) at the micro level with Ejisu Juaben, Kumasi and Bosorntwi...
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...TOPIC: The Programme of Action to Mitigate the Social Cost of Adjustment: Objectives and Assessment of Failures and Achievements. Page Abbreviation 1 List of Tables 1 1. Background of PAMSCAD 2 2. Objectives of PAMSCAD 3 a. Projects under PAMSCAD 4 3. Assessment of Success and Failure of PAMSCAD 5 b. Community Initiative Project 5 c. Employment Generation Project 6 d. Redeployment 7 e. Provision of Basic Needs and Services 10 f. Education Infrastructure 11 4. Conclusion 12 5. References 13 ABBREVIATIONS 1. SAP - Structural Adjustment Programme 2. ERP - Economic Recovery Programme 3. IMF - International Monetary Fund 4. GDP - Gross Domestic Product 5. PAMSCAD- Programme of Action to Mitigate the Social Cost of Adjustment 6. CIPs - Community Initiative Projects 7. ADRA - Adventist Development Relief Agency LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 CIPs under PAMSCAD completed and commissioned by 1990 1 TABLE 2 CIPs under PAMSCAD under construction by 1990 BACKGROUND OF PAMSCAD In 1983 the government of Ghana adopted a Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) locally dubbed the Economic Recovery Program (ERP) under the guidance of the World Bank and the IMF. The overriding purpose of the ERP was to reduce Ghana's debts and to improve its trading position in the global economy. The stated objectives...
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...THE IMPACT OF RURAL BANKING ON RURAL FARMERS IN UGANDA. CASE STUDY OF KABALE DISTRICT. BY NAMARA MARTHA 10/U/15158/EVE 210006079 A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF STATISTICS AND APPLIED ECONOMICS FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ACTUARIAL SCIENCE DEGREE OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY. TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents CHAPTER ONE 4 INTRODUCTION 4 1.0 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 4 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 4 1.3 THE AIM OF THE STUDY. 5 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5 1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 5 1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 5 1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 6 1.8 ORGANIZATION OF STUDY 6 1.9 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 6 CHAPTER TWO 7 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE OF RURAL AND MICRO FINANCE INDUSTRY 7 2.2.0 RURAL AND COMMUNITY BANKS (RCBS) 9 2.2.1 SAVINGS & LOANS COMPANIES 10 2.3 NON-GOVERNMENTAL AND COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS 10 2.4 INFORMAL FINANCE 11 2.4.1 MONEYLENDERS 11 2.4.2 TRADERS 12 2.5 GOVERNMENT CREDIT PROGRAMS 12 2.5.1 INTEREST RATES 13 2.5.2 SECURITY 13 2.5.3 THE NEED FOR THE RURAL CREDIT...
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...RURAL BANKING IN UGANDA: IT’S IMPACT ON RURAL FARMERS (A CASE OF UNYAMA) BY HENRY EGYEYU Reg N0: 07/U/456/BAK/PS MAY, 2012 DECLARATION I Henry Egyeyu, hereby declare that this research report is my original work and to the best of my knowledge, has never been published and submitted for the award of any degree in any University or Institution before. Sign ……………………………………………….. Date ……………………………………………... Henry Egyeyu Reg No: 07/U/456/BAK/PS APPROVAL This research papers under the topic “Rural Banking in Uganda: It’s Impact on Rural Farmers” Has been under my supervision and is now ready for submission with my approval. Sign: ……………………………………… Date: …………………………………. Mr. Ambrose Eger Supervisor DEDICATION To the memory of my late grandfather Daniel Egyeyu Whose love & enthusiasm for academia first kindled mine? ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Achievement often sets off a chain reaction. Those who earn awards in various disciplines in their careers inspire us in turn to strive and excel with hard work and deeds of succession. That has been true of the process of writing this dissertation I am grateful for the motivation of Geoffrey Epolu at guluuniversity@AR.com whose question, “Do you want to graduate?” first got me started. Paul Onyango Delewa, lecturer at Gulu University, read the first script and encouraged me to go on with the dissertation. Ambrose Eger as he had always done before, made sure that what I researched communicated my...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Many people in developing countries neither have their own bank accounts nor are they able to take out loans, transfer money or insure their families against risks such as illness, accident or death. In most cases, access to these financial services that are so central to sustainable development are either denied or made very difficult. Consequently, people frequently have no choice but to resort to local moneylenders who charge usurious rates of interest or use informal and, therefore, insecure ways of performing transactions such as payments and money transfer. The above is reflected in the quotation by the past Secretary-General of the United Nations: ‘‘The stark reality is that most people in the world still lack access to sustainable financial services, whether it is savings, credit or insurance. The great challenge before us is to address the constraints that exclude people from full participation in the financial sector. Together, we can and must build inclusive financial sectors that help people improve their lives (United Nations, 1997).’’ With almost thirty per cent of the country's population living in poverty, the Government of Ghana clearly faces an enormous challenge to reduce poverty especially in the three northern savannah regions where there is the greatest concentration of poor people. To achieve rapid and sustainable reduction in poverty, it is necessary to have an integrated policy with the various...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction The introduction forms the beginning of the main body of the project. It is designed as Chapter one. It is devoted primarily to justifying the research work. Accordingly, the following headings are discussed: Background of the Study, Statement of the study, Objectives of the study, Research Questions, Significance of the study, Scope and Limitation(s), Definition of terms and the Organization of the study or Chapters 1.1 Background of the Study The Rural Banking concept was introduced in the mid-1970s. The motives were to mobilize savings from the rural areas and in turn make institutional credit available to the Rural Economy. The need for improved financial intermediation in the rural economy became paramount because of the non-availability of formal institutions and the fact that most rural dwellers are engaged in agriculture. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ghanaian economy and until recently the largest contributor to GDP. (Yahiya, research Dept. of BOG, 2013) Despite the potential resources existing in the rural areas, farmers and small entrepreneurs lack the required institutional credit to play the expected meaningful role in the Economy. The peasant farmer had to rely on informal operators such as Mobile Bankers locally known as Susu Collectors, and self-help groups and money lenders for his credit needs. These creditors charge exorbitant interest rates which, in most cases, aggravates the poverty state of the borrowers. The bank...
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