...Christy Leek United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) The UNOS mission is to advance organ availability and transplantation to support patients through education, technology and policy development (UNOS, 2015). There is 122,571 people awaiting a lifesaving transplant (UNOS, 2015). UNOS has a computerized system which stores vital information about each patient who is in need of a transplant, and matches all donor organs with someone on the waitlist. The system works every day for 24 hours a day. It does not take a day off for any reason. When a deceased donor organ becomes available then the UNOS computerized system will go through every single person that needs that particular organ and rank them to see who is suitable to receive it. There is no number ranking with UNOS. The system will screen patients by using the following criteria to match the donor organ, survival benefit, blood type, height, weight and other medical factor as well as wait time on the transplant list, this system is used for all organs. The other factor that is taken into consideration is the size of the organ and if it will fit nicely in the patient. The patients who rank highest on this list are usually the ones that need it urgently. Pediatrics candidates usually do better with other children’s organs and they have a unique scoring system that it goes through to match the donor organ with the patient. Organs are always offered other children’s organs first, if they don’t find a child to match then...
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...& Human Services Organ donation is the surgical process of providing one or more organs to be used for transplantation into another person. Organ donors can be deceased or living. There exists different type of organ donors. Some of them can be deceased or living. Deceased donors can provide six types of organs: kidney, pancreas, liver, lungs, heart, and intestines. Deceased donors also can provide tissues (such as bones, skin, heart valves and veins) and corneas and Living donors can provide a kidney or a portion of the liver, lung or intestine, and in some instances, eyes and tissues. In 1954, Dr. Joseph E. Murray performed the first successful kidney transplant, since then they had been a lot of successfully organ transplants all over the world. Organ donation is more than just giving an organ is giving the other person another chance to live. It’s important to know the need of becoming and organ donor and some important points that consider are: According to a survey that we realized in class nowadays, It is important to know that 61% of the people think organ and tissue donation are very important but also there is a minimum percent who think are somewhat important or indifferent. According to the NJ sharing Network, Every year, an estimated 6,000 people die while waiting According to the U.S. Government Information on Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplantation Every 11 minutes another name is added to the national organ transplant waiting list. According the Donate...
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...Organ Transplant in the United States Stephanie Daniels UCA Certificate of Authorship I hereby certify that I am the author of this document and any assistance I received in preparing this report is fully acknowledged. I have also cited in APA format all sources of data, data analysis, ideas, words, phrases, or sentences. I also hereby certify that I have not submitted this paper to any other professor, at Webster University or elsewhere, during the course of my educational career. I have properly cited and acknowledged material that was presented in previous papers of my authorship. Signature: __________________________________________________ Date: __________________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………3 Organ Transplant…………………………………………………………………………..4 What Organs and Tissues Can Be Donated……………………………………………….6 Organ Transplant Cost…………………………………………………………………….10 Ethical Issues: Organ Transplant…………………………………………………………..11 Strength and Weaknesses……………………………………………………………….....14 Alternatives and Key Challenges: Organ/Tissue Transplant……………………………...15 Summary and recommendations…………………………………………………………...17 References…………………………………………………………………………………19 Abstract Organ transplant experiments began in the 1800’s on animals and humans as a need...
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...Organ Donation Proposal Paper Abstract In the last decade, the progress of post-transplant outcome and the increased organ failure has led to an increased need for organ transplant around the globe. Several factors such as the availability of guidelines for determining the eligibility influence this issue into more organ crisis. On the other hand, the need to meet the increased need for organ transplant has resulted in a rise in the number of people on the waiting list. According to Wendy (2005), in the year 2006 alone, the number of patients or Organ receivers on the waiting list was roughly around 95,000. Each year over 6,300 death cases reported due to unavailability of the organ in the United States (Gary, 2007). Due to the high shortage of organ, dozens of people life leading into a search for other alternative or pathway such as dialysis. Consequently, this kind of alternative methods has been able to provide practical solutions to this and other organ donation-related problems around the world (Wendy, 2005). The shortage of organs has deprived many patients of quality and better way of life. This paper provides a brief history of the organ donation, pros, and cons, statistics of organ donation, myths surrounding organ donation, organ donation-related issues and as well as the solutions and recommendations. Organ Donation Proposal History of Organ Donation Organ donations started back on 1954 Professor Joseph Murray surgeon who performed the first successful kidney...
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...BECOMING AN ORGAN DONOR By the time this day ends approximately eighteen people will have died needlessly. Not due to car crashes, gang violence or drug overdoses. Surprisingly they will have died from the simple act of waiting. They died while waiting for a much needed organ donation to replace their failing organ. For days, weeks even months they had hoped to receive news that somebody, somewhere had selflessly volunteered to donate their organs upon their death to another human being living on borrowed time. That news never came and time ran out. Perfectly good organs were buried with another non-donor who had no use for them anyhow because that person was already dead, yet without agreeing to give up their organs upon their death another life will be lost. Everyone can help to save lives by donating your vital organs after you have passed away. You will have no further need for them and I promise, you won’t even notice they are gone. How do you feel when you have to wait for something you really, really want? What if it was something you couldn’t live without? Nearly 80,000 Americans are waiting for a lifesaving organ transplant. Hundreds of thousands more would benefit from a life enhancing tissue transplant. Each day, averages of 75 people receive organ transplants. However, averages of 20 people die each day waiting for transplants that can't take place because of the shortage of donated organs. Every eleven minutes another name is added to an organ donation...
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...and simply do not understand the facts. Some do not realize the vast numbers on waiting lists and how simply becoming a donor could save the life of another. Others may be apprehensive about making a decision about their bodies after death. In this paper we explain the origins and history of organ donation, the process by which organs are donated, the ethical implications behind organ donation and discuss many of the proposed solutions to solve the organ shortage issue. HISTORY OF ORGAN DONATION The origins of organ donation arose with several experimental transplants. The first successful transplant was a bone transplant in 1878, which used a bone from a cadaver. (14) Experimentally, bone marrow transplants began by giving patients bone marrow orally after meals to cure leukemia. This had no effect, but later when they used intravenous injections to treat aplastic anemia, there was some effect (14). One development that largely aided organ donation was the discovery of blood groups in the early 20th century. The first recorded kidney transplant was in 1909 and was a rabbit kidney inserted into a child suffering from kidney failure. The child died after two weeks (8). The first human to human kidney transplantation was in 1936 and failed. The first successful kidney transplant wasn't until 1954 and was between two identical twins. Soon after, heart transplants began,...
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...SBI4U ISP Part II: Genetic Technology Research Paper Embryonic Stem Cell Use Abstract: Researchers discovered that embryonic stem cells could be originated from early human embryos. This discovery has raised a series of ethical and public-policy questions that are now being confronted by multiple international organizations, nations, cultures, and religious traditions. This essay surveys policies for human embryonic stem cell research in four regions of the world, reports on the recent debate at the United Nations about one type of such research, and reviews the positions that various religious traditions have adopted regarding this novel type of research. In several instances the religious traditions seem to have influenced the public-policy debates. There are many ways in which human stem cells can be used in research and the clinic. Studies of the medical use of Embyonic Stem cells will yield information about the complex events that occur during human development. A primary goal of this work is to identify how undifferentiated stem cells become the differentiated cells that form the tissues and organs. Scientists know that turning genes on and off is central to this process. Some of the most serious medical conditions, such as cancer and birth defects, are due to abnormal cell division and differentiation. A more complete understanding of the genetic and molecular controls of these processes may yield information about how such diseases arise and suggest new strategies...
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...Discussion This experiment was based on data that oxygenated perfusion of NHBD livers will promote cellular recovery from warm ischaemic injury. (Schon, 1994: S159-62) Without perfusion, cold storage exacerbates the injury by subjecting the organ to additional (cold) ischaemia; then, during surgical anastomosis in the recipient, another period of warm ischaemia. These consecutive ischaemic periods facilitate the progression of cellular injury to a state that is not compatible with recovery upon reperfusion. (Endoh, 1996: 110-15) It is therefore essential to restore cellular energy levels between retrieval and reimplantation for NHBD livers. Previous studies have shown that perfusion prior to harvesting of the NHBD liver can restore cellular energy levels before cold storage. Total body reperfusion with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using autologous blood after 30 min without ventilation was shown to revive total adenosine 5' -triphosphate (ATP) content in porcine livers and kidneys", Conditioning the liver with 30 min of normothermic isolated perfusion in vivo, using whole blood, has been shown to increase mitochondrial ATP content after 10 min of circulatory arrest in the porcine model7. CPB for only 10 min after 30 min of arrest, at 37°C, provided functional recovery of the heart, liver and kidney in the canine models. In the porcine transplant model, CPB for systemic perfusion with cold, oxygenated Eurocollins solution restored tissue energy charge after 10 min ofarrest9....
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...Stem Cells as a Treatment Overview: Stem cell research is a highly promising field of study. Its most important applications include medicine and therapy. These will be the focus of this paper. To begin: an overview of stem cells, alternatives to embryonic stem cells, and recent advances. Stem cells are amazing for their capacity for self-renewal and, most of all, the ability to become any of millions of cell types in the human body. There are various types of stem cells, each with different potential. This includes embryonic stem cells. These totipotent cell lines come from the inside of the cell mass of a human embryo. These embryos are taken specifically from fertilized eggs not used by in-vitro fertilization (1). At this point, they are just a blastocyst, meaning an embryo composed of approximately one hundred cells. The cells on the inside of the blastocyst are undifferentiated but eventually will multiply and differentiate extensively to make all of the different required cells. Adult stem cells cells also have this same ability. They are found throughout the body and are able to dived to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues (1). Adult stem cells are able to renew themselves and create a variety of cells, but are usually multipotent, meaning that they only are able to specialize into a small selection of cells. ‘Totipotent’ stem cells can be transformed into any type of cell in the human body, however, there is a great amount of controversy...
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...for the recovery of organs and tissues utilized for transplant purposes. Some individuals choose, while living, to become donors of these tissues upon their death. This is termed a “first-person authorization” and is a legal binding document that cannot be revoked by the family or legal next-of-kin. However, there are occasions where families fiercely object to donation and MTN must reflect on what path is the most ethical to pursue; follow the wishes of the donor or concede to the objection of the family. This paper will examine the three theories of ethics: utilitarian, principle-based, and virtue and discuss which theory applies to this ethical dilemma. Introduction Midwest Organ Bank was originally founded in 1973 with the sole purpose of providing organ transplant and procurement services to transplant centers and hospitals throughout Kansas and Western Missouri communities. Organs recovered for transplant included kidneys, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, and intestines. In 1990 Midwest Organ Bank added tissue recovery services to their scope of practice to enable the transplant of life-enhancing tissues. These tissues included heart valves, bone, skin, and blood vessels. In 1998 the addition of eye banking services was added in order to provide the opportunity for corneal transplants. With the expansion of services being provided, Midwest Organ Bank changed its name to Midwest Transplant Network in 1999 and remains in that capacity today (mwtn.org). Governance ...
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...Xenografting 2.2.4 Bioartificial Devices 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 In Vitro 2.3.2 In Vivo 3.0 Conclusion Tissue Engineering, a scientific field that is focused on the creation of new tissue in replacement of those deteriorated by age, sickness or injury, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the afflicted area (Johnson, 2010). It is a continuously expanding field, due to being a study that affects proliferation of cells and prolonging the life of a human organ (Vacanti, 2006). Tissue Engineering is not limited to medicine, but also includes several branches of sciences, such as molecular biology, bioengineering, nanotechnology; this is because of the different characteristics of different tissues. For example, recreating a pancreas means a tissue must be constructed to make insulin; this is a special function that is carried by the original organ (Johnson, 2010). Tissue engineering is seen as the answer to degenerating cells and malfunctioning organs, yet there are still many risks to consider, before it is widely promulgated. Although Tissue Engineering had been seen as the solution to the increasing mortality rate, the mortality rate is the death rate among human lives; there have been past...
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...caraceni@unibo.it Received 4 May 2012; Accepted 11 May 2012 Academic Editor: Bruno Nardo Copyright © 2012 Luca Santi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Mushroom poisoning is a relatively rare cause of acute liver failure (ALF). The present paper analyzes the pathogenesis, clinical features, prognostic indicators, and therapeutic strategies of ALF secondary to ingestion of Amanita phalloides, which represents the most common and deadly cause of mushroom poisoning. Liver damage from Amanita phalloides is related to the amanitins, powerful toxins that inhibit RNA polymerase II resulting in a deficient protein synthesis and cell necrosis. After an asymptomatic lag phase, the clinical picture is characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms, followed by the liver and kidney involvement. Amatoxin poisoning may progress into ALF and eventually death if liver transplantation is not performed. The mortality rate after Amanita phalloides poisoning ranges from 10 to 20%. The management of amatoxin poisoning consists of...
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...[pic] Term paper Stem cell therapy Irfan manzoor. Roll no: RP7002B22. Reg. no: 11000225. Course: Bsc. Biotech 1. Lovely professional university Contents 1. Stem cells and properties. 2-3 2. Stem cell therapy. 5-12 3. Stem cell use in animals 13-15 4. Recent researches in stem cell therapy 16-19 5. Conclusion 21 6. Bibliography 22 Stem cells Stem cells are cells found in all multi cellular organisms. They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types. Research in the stem cell field grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s. The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are: embryonic stem cells that are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells that are found in adult...
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...Approximately 17 million Americans have diabetes.(Lamb) As many as one-half are unaware they have it. This chronic disease causes serious health complications including renal failure, heart disease, stroke, and blindness. It is a condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced. Then glucose in the blood is not able to be absorbed into the cells of the body.(Kishore) The cells in the human body need energy in order to function. Glucose is the body's primary energy source. It is a simple sugar resulting from the digestion of foods containing carbohydrates. It circulates in the blood from the foods that are digested as a ready energy source for any cells that need it. Insulin is a hormone or chemical produced by cells in the pancreas, it is located behind the stomach. It bonds to a receptor site on the outside of cell and goes into the cell through which glucose can enter. Glucose can be saved for later use by converting to concentrated energy sources like glycogen or fatty acids. When there is not enough insulin produced , glucose stays in the blood rather entering the cells. The body will attempt to dilute the high level of glucose in the blood, which called hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia acts by drawing water out of the cells and into the bloodstream, to dilute the sugar and excrete it in the urine. People with undiagnosed diabetes to be constantly thirsty, drink large quantities of water, and urinate...
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...Dead Body Donation: “Awareness to overcome shortcomings” Saima Mushtaq,Ms Hua chuntai, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, China ABSTRACT Dead body donation is useful for medical research, education and also beneficial of needy (injured/diseased) living persons. In medical educational sector, usually medical students study anatomy, which deals with the study of composition of human body. Understanding of human anatomy requires indepth knowledge about human body organs, tissues, cells, which requires teaching based on cadaver dissection. Cadavers and donated bodies remain a principal teaching tool for anatomists and medical educators teaching gross anatomy. Hands on experience on dead body helps learn various medical concepts and nature of human body. There is ever increasing demand of cadavers for anatomy dissection. Apart from educational uses, dead body donation may also include specific organ donations which could be required for saving life of severaly injured or diseased living beings as well. Even then people are reluctant to donate their bodies after death due to various reasons. This research is made in order to know these factors which results in opposition to dead body donation. Study also suggests ways to actually increase awareness in our society about dead body donation. In this study report we present a survey (attached in Annex- A) regarding potential whole-body donors in china. 100 random people (age range 18-75 years) answered a questionnaire,...
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