...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Issues The meaning of Open Sky in the ASEAN must be determined. For the purposes of this Report, it is taken to refer to a situation of extensive liberalisation within the ASEAN region. It concentrates on the international links between members of ASEAN, and is not so concerned with domestic cabotage. The report does not focus on beyond rights, or on 5th freedom operations of non-ASEAN airlines within the region, though it recognises that these can have an impact on Open Sky arrangements. The rationale for Open Sky is taken to be to promote competition in the airline industry, and to give all airlines from ASEAN the scope to compete on intra ASEAN routes. Open Sky will also give airlines extra flexibility over their route development. Issues which need to be considered include: How well Open Sky will work in ASEAN? Will markets be competitive enough? Will there be shifts in hub location? Will anti competitive strategies affect operation? And will there be instability in the industry? 2. Experience of Open Skies Elsewhere There are many Open Skies bilateral agreements, and a few regional agreements. Few regional Open Skies agreements have led to substantial liberalisation or integration. The exception is Europe - Open Skies in Europe has meant the formation of a single aviation market. Significantly, this arrangement did not come about as a result of countries negotiating an open skies agreement - rather it was imposed on them by a central...
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...English DIRECTORATE FOR FINANCIAL AND ENTERPRISE AFFAIRS COMPETITION COMMITTEE DAF/COMP(2014)14 Unclassified AIRLINE COMPETITION -- Background Paper by the Secretariat -18-19 June 2014 This document was prepared by the OECD Secretariat to serve as a background note for Item IX at the 121st meeting of OECD Competition Committee on 18-19 June 2014. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. More documents related to this discussion can be found at http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/airlinecompetition.htm. English - Or. English JT03358883 Complete document available on OLIS in its original format This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. DAF/COMP(2014)14 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Features of the airline industry ............................................................................................................. 4 1.1. Liberalisation of the air transportation industry .......................................................................... 4 Business models and industry consolidation.............
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...the airline industry and SIA’s present strategic drivers and what is important to consider in this environment. The Possible Futures, or PFutures, looks at what potential drivers or strategic advantages may be present in future, and how SIA is responding to some of these issues. The research in this project is mainly qualitative. It is based on interviews with key people within the airline industry, government officials, industry analysts and stakeholders. The analysis is also based on a review of the airline industry literature as well as the personal reflections of the authors in drawing together some key issues and insights that may help formulate, inform and prepare SIA’s strategy for moving forward into the unpredictable future. This paper begins with a simple model for considering strategic and economic issues in the global airline industry. After this, we examine the Past, where a brief history of the airline industry is followed by sources of uncertainty and an examination of key strategic drivers. The section on...
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...Working Paper Series No. 16 Agricultural Marketing and Supply Chain Management in Tanzania: A Case Study Elina Eskola 2005 __________________________________________ ______________________________ 2 Success under Duress: a Comparison of the Indigenous African and East African Asian Entrepreneurs ESRF Study on Globalisation and East Africa Economies ARGICULTURAL MARKETING AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN TANZANIA: A CASE STUDY Elina Eskola12 ABSTRACT This study describes the prevailing marketing arrangements in Tanzania at local, regional, national and export markets using Dar es Salaam, Ifakara, and Mtwara as case study examples. The major impediments for trade in Tanzania has been categorised into three groups: 1) Physical infrastructure, 2) know-how and capital, and 3) institutional framework. Insufficient physical infrastructure in terms of roads increases the cost of transportation, works as an informal market barrier, forms a wedge between the supplier price and consumer price, and increases the loss of perishable products. Lack of know-how shows in poor market orientation and business skills, and leads to difficulties in managing and obtaining loans. Furthermore, the current institutional framework is unable to support the formation of strong traders and producers’ associations and other representative bodies to enhance capacity building and to bargain for fairer terms of trade. In addition, the lack of market information and the weak legal framework...
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...marticulation number: 201011524 FTUG 44201, Business Environments Dr Marcjanna Augustyn DUE dATE: 04.05.2012 A Report showing the key political, economic, social and technological factors that are likely to influence: FlyBE limited Contents Page Title Page ________________________________________________ Page 1 Contents Page _____________________________________________ Page 2 List of Tables and Diagrams __________________________________ Page 3 Executive Summary _________________________________________ Page 4 Introduction ________________________________________________ Page 5 Methodology ______________________________________________ Page 6 Findings/Results ________________________________________ Page 7 – 16 Conclusion/Recommendation _________________________________ Page 17 References _________________________________________________ Page 18 List of Tables and Diagrams Table 1: “Key Financials and Employees” (FAME database) ___________________________ page 7 Table 2: “Number of passengers travelled through UK airports for the years 2007 till 2011” ______________________________________________________________________________ page 9 Table 3: “Interest Rates” _____________________________________________________ page 10 Table 4: “Estimated increases in rate of APD paid by a family of four” __________________ page 11 Table 5: “Percentage of people aged 65 and above”__________________________________...
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...Five Star Value Carrier: Business Transformation Plan (BTP 2) Disclaimer This Business Transformation Plan (BTP 2) document is issued to staff and external stakeholders with the following disclaimer in line with Bursa Malaysia guidelines: 1. These headline Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in the BTP 2 are targets/aspirations set by Malaysia Airlines to reflect transparent performance management practices. To all intents and purposes, financial figures referred to as ‘forecasts’ and ‘estimates’ in the BTP 2 are KPIs. 2. These KPIs should not be construed as forecasts, projections, estimates or representations of the company’s future performance, occurrence or matter as the KPls are merely a set of targets/aspirations of future performance and aligned to the company’s strategy. It is our view that because the airline industry faces a tough business environment which MAS is not spared from, it is only appropriate that we disclose information to the public, in a manner that is as balanced and objective as possible. It should be pointed out that in this BTP 2 document, while MAS is announcing its 5-year (2008 - 2012) P&L aspirations, this does not necessarily mean that MAS will make the said profits during the period. The BTP 2 and its targets have been approved by the MAS Board of Directors, but are not to be considered as forecasts reviewed by external auditors. CONTENTS A Joint Message from the Chairman, CEO and CFO 1-2 Executive Summary 3-4 A: Achievements...
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...ECIPE OCCasIOnal PaPEr • no. 2/2010 REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN ASIA: THE TRACK RECORD AND PROSPECTS By Razeen Sally Razeen Sally (razeen.sally@ecipe.org) is Director of ECIPE and on the faculty of the London School of Economics www.ecipe.org info@ecipe.org Rue Belliard 4-6, 1040 Brussels, Belgium Phone +32 (0)2 289 1350 ECIPE OCCASIONAL PAPER ExECuTIvE SuMMARy This is the season for regional-integration initiatives in Asia. There is talk of region-wide FTAs, and there are east-Asian initiatives on financial and monetary cooperation. But grand visions for Asian regional blocs are not achievable. Regional economic integration is most developed in east Asia, but only because of manufacturing supply chains linked to global markets. South Asia is the most malintegrated region in the world. And east and south Asia are much less integrated in finance than they are in trade and FDI – due to highly restrictive national policies governing financial markets. Asia’s existing FTAs are “trade light”. They are largely limited to tariff cuts, but have barely tackled non-tariff regulatory barriers in goods, services and investment, and are bedevilled by complex rules of origin requirements. An APEC FTA initiative has gone nowhere – entirely predictable given such a large, heterogeneous grouping. An east-Asian or a pan-Asian FTA, by discriminating against third countries, would compromise regional production networks linked to global supply chains. Moreover, huge economic...
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...IN A GLOBALISED ENVIRONMENT? Submitted by: VITRA SINGH (UWI ID #: 91780646) Cohort 22 25 OCTOBER 2010 It has been said that arguing against globalization is like arguing against the laws of gravity. - Kofi Annan INTRODUCTION I sit at a food court near a Manchu Wok take out in O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, waiting on a flight to Miami and a connection back home, to Trinidad. My Dell laptop is on the table in front of me and my Nokia phone is next to it. My roll-on hand luggage is at my feet, a SwissGear brand, bought in London with a tag on the side which reads ‘Made in China’. Across the table from me, sits a group of young American men on their way to Beijing. Announcements in the background call the departure of an Air France flight. A family walks by; a man, a woman and a girl of about six. The man calls out to the little girl and his accent confirms for me, his East Indian heritage. The girl’s attention is absorbed in a bright pink Nintendo DSi. Later at the gate, a seventy five year old woman from Nebraska, sits next to me and tells me that she is on her way for an ‘overseas adventure’ in South America. She has always wanted to do this, she says, handing me what looks like a brochure. The words across the top actually read ‘Overseas Adventure’. This seventy year old woman found the tour on the internet, whilst surfing on her grandson’s computer. Another young child is sitting across from me. I don’t recognise the East-European sounding language in which...
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...ABC of Preferential Trade Agreements Frequently Asked Questions Monographs on Globalisation and India Myths and Realities, #14 ABC of Preferential Trade Agreements Frequently Asked Questions Monographs on Globalisation and India Myths and Realities, #14 Published by CUTS Centre for International Trade, Economics & Environment D-217, Bhaskar Marg, Bani Park Jaipur 302 016, India Email: citee@cuts.org Website: www.cuts-international.org/www.cuts-citee.org Researched and compiled by Kritika Kapil* Printed by Jaipur Printers P. Ltd. Jaipur 302 001 © CUTS International, 2009 * Research Assistant, CUTS CITEE Niru Yadav, Senior Research Associate, CUTS International contributed to this Monograph. #0914 Contents Preface .......................................................................................................... i Introduction ............................................................................................... iii 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What is a PTA? What are the Different Types? ............................ 1 What has led to the Growth of PTAs? .......................................... 5 How have PTAs Evolved? ............................................................ 6 How are PTAs Inconsistent with GATT Rules? ............................ 9 What are Rules of Origin? ........................................................... 11 What are Negative and Positive List Approaches? ..................... 13 What are the...
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...1.0 Significant of Study This study is significant on discussing about how freight transport would bring to critical environmental issue to the society. 2.0 Problem Statement Freight transport has been identified that are causing three major problems, which are stated as below, (1) Increases of the road freight transport increase environmental issues along, (2) Some controversy relationship issue between transport growth and economic development, environmental and political factors, (3) Emission rise of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Carbon Dioxide (CO²) worsen the greenhouse effect. 2.1 Road freight transport and environmental issues. The freight transport in Europe by road, rail and waterway together has grown by about 60 per cent since 1970; especially road transport has more than doubled, while rail and waterway still remained static. In this case, there is involving an increasing number of road freight traffic that could cause towards the increasing of environmental problem. For a case in point, when heavy goods vehicles are being used to transfer goods from a point of origin to another destination, it could be leaking out pollutant material and energy emission that would be harmful to humans as well as flora and fauna. 2.2 Controversy relationship issue The relationships between transport growth and economic development are significantly different from those linking the economy to the energy sector generally. The energy...
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...these geographic aspects, the logistics markets in European have been influenced by numerous factors dramatically in the technological, financial, and political environment (Europe Real Estate, 2012). Logistics property is targeted by international investors. The volume of total investment currently exceeds €10 billion. Logistics property helps to compensate the poor performance and diversify portfolios of other sectors. Networks of European distribution are still relying on large distribution warehouses, and growth is most likely in the further. ‘Although prime yields up to 13% for opportunistic investments in emerging clusters are rather attractive, yield compression is foreseeable in the near future’ (Europe Real Estate, 2012). In this paper, there is a case, which is talking about a central European decides to operate a privately importing and exporting logistics business in Hungary, will be analysis. The conditions which can turn logistics system in the central Europe will be shown; Warehouse recommend deapend on the agticultural manufacturing in Hungary will also be shown as follows. Internal condition----------Development of the logistics market Hungary Hungary was an important engineering centre and manufacturing for chemicals, electrical goods and the automotive sector under communism. After the...
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...OECD INSIGHTS International Trade Free, Fair and Open? Patrick Love and Ralph Lattimore ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed...
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...electronic commerce for logistics and freight transport Markus Hesse * Department of Earth Sciences, Geographic Sciences and Urban Research, Free University of Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 12249 Berlin, Germany Accepted 24 June 2002 Abstract The paper considers the significance of electronic commerce (e-commerce) for freight transport, logistics and physical distribution, regarding both business to business and business to consumer commerce. The possible implications of e-commerce are analysed in the broader context of structural change, going beyond narrow assessments that overstate the significance of e-commerce and its potential to make freight traffic more efficient. The main argument of the paper is threefold: first, most recent analyses of freight transport and logistics implications of e-commerce are overstating the current relevance of e-commerce applications on the one hand, and neglecting the influence of the underlying structural change in the entire logistics system on the other. Second, conventional analyses of certain efficiency benefits of ecommerce are probably too optimistic, whereas its negative effects are underestimated at the same time. E-commerce is likely to support longer transport distances and often higher delivery frequencies, increasing demand for land, due to the establishment of new transhipment points (distribution centres) and, to a certain extent, a shift towards truck and air freight transport modes. Third, e-commerce and IT are interrelated...
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...Transport policy in 2011: a new direction? RESEARCH PAPER 11/22 2 March 2011 This paper outlines the changes made to transport policy by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition Government and looks at some of the long term transport challenges the government is likely to face over the course of this Parliament. It complements and updates House of Commons research paper 10/28, Transport policy in 2010: a rough guide. Louise Butcher Matthew Keep Recent Research Papers 11/05 Social Indicators 18.01.11 11/06 Scotland Bill [Bill 115 of 2010-11] 19.01.11 11/07 Estates of Deceased Persons (Forfeiture Rule and Law of 19.01.11 Succession) Bill [Bill 8 of 2010-11] 11/08 Unemployment by Constituency, January 2011 19.01.11 11/09 Fixed-term Parliaments Bill: Commons Stages 21.01.11 11/10 UK Defence and Security Policy: A New Approach? 21.01.11 11/11 Health and Social Care Bill [Bill 132 of 2010-11] 27.01.11 11/12 Economic Indicators, February 2011 01.02.11 11/13 Anonymity (Arrested Persons) Bill [Bill 9 of 2010-11] 02.02.11 11/14 Education Bill [Bill 137 of 2010-11] 03.02.11 11/15 Budget Responsibility and National Audit Bill [HL] 08.02.11 [Bill 143 of 2010-11] 11/16 The Local Government Finance Settlement 2011-13 08.02.11 11/17 Legislation (Territorial Extent) Bill [Bill 10 of 2010-11] 08.02.11 11/18 Wash-up 2010 11.02.11 11/19 Unemployment...
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...Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT 5 MAJOR IMPACTS OF FDI 8 EXPORTS 8 TREND IN EXPORT IN INDIA 9 MAJOR FACTORS THAT AFFECT EXPORTS 10 EXPORT TRENDS AND THE WAY AHEAD 12 IMPACT OF FDI ON EXPORT 12 HOW FDI DRIVES EXPORT 12 IMPACT ON SERVICE INDUSTRY 13 METHEDOLOGY 14 PERIOD OF STUDY 14 SOURCES OF DATA 14 HYPOTHESIS 14 RESULT 15 ANALYSIS 16 IMPLICATION 16 CONCLUSION 16 REFERENCES 18 EXHIBITS 20 FIGURES 23 INTRODUCTION Foreign direct investment is an important part of the economy of every country.It helps expedite the globalisation process. Firms across the world interact with other firms situated in different countries. This results in mutual growth of firms and states. Over the years FDI as a percentage of GDP of world has increased significantly. In 1980 the total stock of FDI equalled only 6.6 per cent of world gross domestic product, while in 2003 the share had increased to close to 23 per cent. This implies that the world economy is getting increasingly interconnected resulting into the flow of goods and capital into developing nations. India has seen tremendous growth in the FDI inflow over the past two decades. By 1997 India became the ninth largest recipient of such investment among the developing economies. Flow of capital and goods has impacted various macroeconomic variables of the economy. Export is one of the variables that gets affected due to the increase in FDI.It has seen...
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