...to: DR. CARMELA N. HADIA When I learned that one of our reaction papers will be about Thomas Kuhn’s ‘Structure of Scientific Revolutions,’ I immediately searched through the internet what this article or book is about. Opening one of google’s link, I saw it was a book and (the story) looked very long. I thought to myself, ‘Oh, no! This is going to be a very long and boring read.’ And I knew I will not be able to finish reading it and give a reaction in a week so I looked for a summary of the book, instead. And there were a lot done by different people/organizations. From the various summaries I read, I found the book interesting because it was not a conventional science book. Yes, it talked a lot about science but the paradigm shift that Kuhn wrote about got my interest. The ‘scientific revolutions’ were true and believable and somehow, I agree with them. Science, or normal science as Thomas Kuhn put it, is the process of gathering facts to build hypotheses that explain different phenomena in the world. It is a ‘research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements, achievements that some particular community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice.’ And this is the science that almost everybody knows. This is the science I know. I couldn’t care less what those new achievements are. I just watch the Discovery Channel and surf the internet and they would tell me what is new and how things happen in just one...
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...Paradigm Shifts A paradigm shift is a shift in world view which occurs whenever there is a period of stagnation and presents a radical new idea, such as the transition from steam to combustion engines. If paradigm shifts occur at an exponential rate, change approaches infinite, and is expected to reach a singularity where after that point; nothing can be known which NASA has categorized it as an impending event, estimated for 2035. As paradigm shifts occur exponentially, so will the symptoms of the Dark Age be exacerbated including the five beneficent pillars. The meanings of words exponentially vary causing lexical complexity to decay along with the ability to discern reality until it is virtual due to semantic shifts. The severity of higher education may soon become nil as nanotechnology will allow scanning of the brain thus, all thoughts, memories and knowledge can be transferred, recreated or stored for another human. Science and technology won’t help us master reality but instead further enslave the population due to greater dependences on things like nanotechnology to fight disease. Since that is power, governments will ignore needs and possibilities to focus on the prior, and no opposition will exist as semantic shifts further confuse population and government between mechanism and purpose. Finally, the individual must constantly adapt to growing environments due to paradigm shifts, and therefore causes greater inauthenticity which leads to greater ironic detachment. Thus...
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...ITT Tech Gary Sims Jr. a significant change in the paradigm of any discipline or group: “Putting skilled, tenured teachers in failing schools would cause a paradigm shift in teaching and education.” 08 Fall Paradigm Shift A Paradigm Shift is not just a small change in science, or the modification of a theory. It is a scientific revolution and completely changes the way in which science looks at the world. It often dictates how the public looks at the world. A paradigm shift is often the result of scientists working at the fringe of the paradigm, performing research that most other researchers feel is a little misguided, or a dead end. In most instances, this view is correct but, every so often, a scientist has a revelation. More often than not, they feel the weight of scientific and public opinion, and become ridiculed. However, slowly but surely, other scientists try out the research, and a few lost voices in the wilderness increase into a new way of thinking. For example, explorations of chaos theory took a long time to take root, and his ideas were marginalized, because they lay outside the established classical paradigm of physics. Early Chaos Theorists found difficulties in receiving funding, finding supervisors, and finding journals willing to publish their research. Kuhn’s paradigm definition is a little more than a theory, although the terms are often used interchangeably. It is a complete and overall view of a phenomenon, often relying upon some basic principles...
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...Paradigm Shift Problem Solving Theory Research Paper 1 October 2, 2014 What is a Paradigm Shift? A paradigm shift is defined as a “radical change in an underlying theory” (taketheleap.com). Thomas Kuhn in 1962 describes Paradigm shift as when new knowledge replaces old knowledge (www.taketheleap.com) In technology there has been a definite paradigm shift. Globally we use technology in our daily lives. The Paradigm shift in technology began at the creation of the PC, following internet. Technology impacts our personal, business, education and recreation. (www.taketheleap.com) Just think of the baby boomers and older adults. They have had to adjust to a huge paradigm shift in technology throughout their life time. Going from only having access to radio, to black and white TV, to Colored TV, now HD and 3D. To function in society it is almost impossible to do without some sort of technological device. Whether it be a tablet, laptop, PC or smartphone, we need them in our daily lives. This can be frustrating to the baby boomers. They have had to completely change the way they are able to get through their daily lives, banking, paying bills, email, social network media. To some it makes sense it is easier, everything is at your fingertips. Our children on the other hand have no idea what it is like not to have technology. When our children begin school and they are used to learning programs on computers, phones and tablets, now have to use a pencil and paper to apply their...
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...Paradigm Shift ITT Technical Institute A paradigm shift is the term used by Thomas Kuhn in his book “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” written in 1962 to describe a change in basic assumptions within the ruling theory of science. It is in contrast of his idea of what normal science was. What is a paradigm? A paradigm is perception, values and practices shared by a particular group and how that group organizes itself. That would make a paradigm shift a change in how things are seen and viewed and how they will change the way that particular group reacts with the shift. A technological example of a technological paradigm shift could be a personal computer and how it has evolved and changed society. Keep in mind throughout this paper my shift is based on the personal computer and not to be confused with the first computer invented. A personal computer can be defined by its size and capabilities that allow it to be more convenient for the end user. The first personal computer that was commercially available was the Programma 101. It was produced by an Italian company named Olivetti. It was invented by an engineer named, Pier Giorgio Perotto at a cost of $3200 in 1965. It allowed users to access applications such as word processing, data management, financial matters, and computer games. The term personal computer is described as a machine that used a microprocessor to execute applications. However, computers didn’t evolve to meet the standards of society until the...
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...PARADIGM SHIFTS: PAPERBACKS TO E-BOOKS. A paradigm shift is a change from one way of thinking or doing to another. Thomas Kuhn wrote in his book, The Structure of Scientific Revolution published in 1962, that scientific advancement is not evolutionary, but rather is a “series of peaceful interludes punctuated by intellectually violent revolutions”, and in those revolutions “one conceptual world view is replaced by another” It doesn’t just happen, but is driven by agents of change. In this paper I will look at the shift from paperback books to e-books or e-readers. Paperback books have been around for over a thousand years. The first paperback book was said to have been published in the 6th century during the Tang dynasty in china. Before that books were written on pieces of paper and sewn or lashed together with twine or leather. Horace mentioned booksellers in ancient Rome. Publishing books arose out of the need to make copies of manuscripts and other religious articles. The first real movable set printing was invented in the middle of the 14th century by Johann Gutenberg. He is most famous for the Gutenberg bible, which he completed between 1450 and 1455. Early documentation says that a total of 200 copies were printed on rag cotton linen paper, and 30 copies on velum animal skin. It’s not exactly known how many copies were actually printed. By the middle of the 15th century mass publishing and printing had taken off in Europe. The Elzevir family of Holland was...
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...Paradigm Shift Jonathan Park Problem Solving Theory ITT Abstract There are many technologies that have drastically change the world that we live in. One of those technologies is Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology refers to materials, applications and processes designed to work on extremely tiny scales. Nanotechnology is being used every day in healthcare products, technology, cosmetics, sports equipment, food and agriculture, and usually people are none the wiser that they are using products with nanotechnology in it. This paper will discuss three different impacts that nanotechnology has had in our lives today and then how it might change how we live in the future. Paradigm Shift Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. Nanotechnology has many implementations but the three specific ones this paper will talk about are the effects that it has had on the environmental, agricultural, and technological aspects of our lives today and how it may even grow to change our lives in the future. Nanotechnology was first introduced by Nobel laureate Professor Richard P. Feynman in a 1959 lecture titled "There's plenty of room at the bottom,” at this time however nanotechnology was based on theoretical speculation. Since then nanotechnology has become a reality and is now, today among the fastest growing areas of science. In order to improve the environment nanotechnology is currently being used in several applications, such as cleaning...
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...Paradigm Shift Christopher Kutz NT1110 This paper will discuss how video games and how it has effected people. We will also discuss if video games create jobs for people and how it affects the economy. Also what might prevent them from advancing? And what might make it obsolete? Video games have become a part of every day. People use the daily for entertainment from Phones, video arcades and gaming consoles. The purpose of video games is for entertainment or to just pass time while waiting in line for your daily coffee or in-between classes. Video games have become increasingly better more and more popular with better graphics story lines and the online capability to lay with random people across the world. Kids these days spend more time playing video games than they do outside with friends like when I was a kid. On the upside with online playing kids and adults are learning to be better communicators and pick up on other traits as well like confidence, and teamwork. Some games make you use your head and strategize to achieve a certain task. Video games have good and bad effects on people I guess it just depends which side of the fence you choose to be on. Video games have created many jobs for people like programmers, game testers, story writers and the graphic design team responsible for making it seem as real as possible. They have also created jobs in other fields like the game exchange businesses all over the world. The video game...
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...Paradigm Shift Problem Solving Theory ITT Technical Institute: School of Information Technology Over the years, technology has come a long way. Computers went from taking up a whole room, to only requiring a desk space. Telephones went from requiring a wire, to wireless and touch screen. Thinking of what is to come in the future brings up many possibilities. There are three things that cell phones may change how we in live in 20 years; competition, market size, and technology improvement. Cell phones are wireless devices that one can use to communicate with others by calling or texting. Some can also access the internet and some are even Wi-Fi capable. The market for cell phones in today`s society is very competitive because companies offer the same products and services but has a different physical appearance. Companies lower the cost to attract customers. Customers want good service and a reliable product for a affordable price. When companies make their products more affordable, it attracts more customers, which increases the competition. Companies have to come up with something better for an affordable price over the years to keep attracting customers. The competition in 20 years will most likely be outrageous, especially with the industry growing every day. The cell phone industry is growing larger every day because a cell phone is now considered a necessity. Parents buy their children cell phones to keep contact with them and communicate with one another...
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...Paradigm Shift Joshua Hall GS1140 Cheri Meadowlark Nothing is more troublesome than coming home after a long day’s work only to realize you have to make a trip to the grocery store. Crowded isles, long checkout lines, and the inability to find some items make even the smallest of grocery list a daunting task. New technology seeks to improve the consumer shopping experience making it as easy as walking in and walking out. Grocery stores date back as early as the 14th century when only bulk dry goods were sold. Shopping list were handed to a grocer behind the counter who would pick and package your items for you. That all changed in 1916 when a paradigm shift in the grocery store science occurred. Clarence Saunders opened the first Piggly Wiggly in Memphis Tennessee. This was the first self-service grocery store that allowed consumers to pick their own items and then be checked out. A lot of things have changed since the first Piggly Wiggly and the grocery store is growing more convenient every day. The grocery store of today has many modern conveniences such as digital coupons, customer loyalty cards, and even self-checkout. Many grocery stores today offer pre prepared meals for more convenience. Stores often utilize the one stop shopping mentality offering a wide variety of items from greeting cards and flowers to movies and clothing. The development of store brand goods has also helped consumers save money; in fact it is estimated to save American...
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...Paradigm Shift Paper Introduction The cell phone revolutionized the way communicate and interact with other and into society. The first Cell Phone was invented by Martin Cooper in 1973. The first phone was called the DynaTac 8000x it weighed 2.5 pounds and measured up to 10inches, giving it the nickname “The Brick”. The phone only had 20 minutes of use before it needed to be recharged for 10 hours. Now cell phones are much smaller and more compact, calls last much longer than 20 minutes and charge time usually is 30 mins or less. With the advance in technology Cell phones can do more than just make calls. So the question now is what’s next for cell phones, how will they change the way we live in the next 20 years? Summary of Key Findings The impact cell phones had on people as a whole was huge. To be able to tell people that you have the opportunity to call any of your loved ones wherever they are in the world, without being stuck in your car or at home, but while you’re at the store or at the park or even walking your dog. That is an impact on its own many people have loved ones who are miles and miles away from them, limited to a letter in the mail or a postcard. Cellphones aren’t limited to just calls in this day and age. Text Messaging, Games, Web Browsing, Video Chat, even using your phone to pay for items with a digital wallet and Credit Card. Cellphones are being engineered so that people won’t need a long list of things to do on different platforms. If you could check...
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...Paradigm Shift-GPS A technology currently in use is the global positioning system or GPS. The GPS is a network of about thirty satellites orbiting the earth. The satellites emit radio signals that can be received by anyone with a GPS device. (How Does GPS work?, April 2012) These devices are available through cell phones and handheld GPS units to name a few. For example, your GPS enabled cell phone can receive signals from the satellites which calculates your location by how long it takes for the messages to arrive between satellites. (How Does GPS Work?, April 2012) GPS is used daily today. A common use is for it is to find an exact location. Many people have upgraded to GPS from maps made of paper. Today a handheld GPS device can show you turn-by-turn directions as well as a satellite view. Today's GPS devices are also equipped with audio which tells you which direction to go. The GPS has impacted the medical field by helping them to improve faster response times. Emergency medical workers are able to locate injured people much faster via medical helicopters or ambulance by receiving their location or address and being able to get to them directly. The same goes for law enforcement to aide in 911 calls. Many car service companies generate more revenue because of GPS. Once again faster response time play a key role. For example, a taxi company can locate their customers faster as well as the customer's destination. ...
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...Paradigm Shift in our Society & Economy Due to Improvements in Transportation Throughout time, our society has experienced growth in our ability to import – export goods, increase our opportunity to travel, and overall develop our economy due largely to advancements in transportation. According to Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, transportation has brought about “revolutionary changes. Concerns a completely new technology that creates new markets and growth opportunities for transportation and the economy as well.” (p. 1) When Americans left the settled towns and cities in the east, they moved across the country in wagons and on horseback, which took nearly six months and was deadly dangerous. According to the Oregon California Trails Association, “trappers and fur traders originally traveled the Oregon Trail.” (home page octa-trails.org) The need for trade of goods and services continued to grow. According to Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Even stagecoaches, were not sufficient to accommodate the growing demands on freight transportation. (Ch. 2 Concept 1) Our society and our growing economy demanded more goods, faster. The world saw a shift in the ability to transport goods and increase productivity in everything from mining to passenger transportation with the invention of the steam engine. Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue states that “Much of the credit of developing the first efficient steam engine in 1765 is attributed to the British Engineer Watt.” (Ch.2 Concept 2). By the 1850’s...
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...Paradigm Shift A Paradigm Shift is defined as “a radical change in underlying beliefs or theory.” In years past the human race has been a part of many paradigm shifts particularly in the world of electronics. My paper will discuss one of the biggest paradigm shifts in electronics, when vacuum tube circuits were replaced by the transistor IC circuits. In the early days of electronics and primitive computers, vacuum tubes were used as the first digital switches. Depending on the material that the conductive core of the tube was made of determined how quickly the tube would open or close (open means no current flow or a zero in binary, and when the contacts were closed, voltage would pass thru the tube creating a 1 in binary). The machines that housed these tubes were physically wired together in series, parallel or a combination of both in order to achieve different switching effects and controlled outcomes of the circuit interactions. Sir John Ambrose Fleming FRS was an English electrical engineer and physicist. He is known for inventing the first vacuum tube among other items that still contribute to the world of electronics today. The issues with the first generation vacuum tubes were that they gave off tremendous heat, failed on a daily basis, and consumed massive amounts of electrical energy and by today’s processor standards were terribly slow in switching speeds. In 1948 John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Houser-Brattain at Bell Labs are credited as the...
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...Paradigm Shifts Today’s cars technology are on the rises. For so many years, cars have been part of ours everyday lives. We uses cars to get from one place to another within the city and out of towns. Apparently, cars could save us lot of times through traveling. Cars had been upgraded and improved ever since. Like nowadays, we now have a driverless car which still waiting for approval from the government. What will happen in the next 20 years from now, if our cars technology are improving much more than what we actually have? I thinks that if we continue with the technology that we have now, we'll be in greater advance in the next 20 years or so. The futures cars will be flying in the air like in the movies called (“Back To The Future” and “The Fifth Element”). Ours future cars most likely be able to flow in midair by having magnet on the bottom of the cars and the roads should be made of magnet with the opposite side of magnetism, which will forces and lifts up the car in midair by the magnet from the car and the road. The Car should have a fan in the back which will be powered by electricity battery system motor. While the motor is being turn on, it will generate the power and move the car forward or backward in midair (kind of like the hovercraft designed by Christopher Cockerell back in 1955). The only different is that the car will be in midair but not in water or land. The first impact is on rules and regulations of traffic. The cars are no longer using the roads...
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