...artwork that will be examined will be the Parthenon from the Classical Greece period, The Scraper from the Hellenistic Period, and the tombs from the Etruscan Civilization. The Parthenon is a great example of the Doric style of architecture from the Classical Greek period, as shown in Figure 1. The Parthenon was built by Perikles, the great Athenian leader. It was built on the highest point and was the largest building on the mainland. (Benton & DiYanni, 2008, pp. 66-121) The Parthenon was made of marble and was built in 447-432 BCE. Parthenon is a temple dedicated to the Goddess Athena. ("The Parthenon") An image of Athena made out of gold and ivory stands in the Parthenon. (Benton & DiYanni, 2008, pp. 66-121) The Greeks believed she helped them defeat the Persian Empire during the Persian Wars. The Parthenon is known to symbolize wealth and power of the Athenians. Tax money of the people was used to pay for the building. Ironically, the building was used as a state treasury, which held tax money that the Dalian League collected. The society was proud of its culture and political achievements. ("The Parthenon") The society also formed the first Democracy. The society saw themselves rising to the same level as the Gods. Perfection was very important to this culture. Their representation through the unparalleled precision, mathematical skills, the imposing dimensions, and their visual illusions created the design of the Parthenon. The people of the Classical...
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...Parthenon in Athens VS Pantheon in Rome The Parthenon and Pantheon are ancient temples found in Athenian Acropolis, Greece and Rome, Italy. While the Parthenon was built between 447-438 BC for the goddess Athena, Pantheon was built in 126 AD to celebrate Roman gods. The Parthenon was built by Iktinos and Kalikrates while Pantheon was built by Publius Aelius Hadrianus. Today, the Pantheon serves as a Roman catholic church while the Parthenon serves as a museum (Langmead, and Christine, 240). This paper identifies similarities and differences between the two structures in terms of design, style, history, and usage. Perhaps, one of the most remarkable and prominent works of architecture; the Parthenon was built under the rule of Pericles as a temple for the goddess Athena of the city of Athens. Today, the temple, which serves as a temple, stands astoundingly intact. This emanates from the fact that its Doric columns that were built in Greek style were formidable. Conversely, the construction of the Pantheon happened much later after the Parthenon for the Roman gods (MacDonald and Lloyd, 158). It contained several architectural designs of the Pantheon. The most conspicuous difference between the two structures lies in their architectural designs. The Pantheon has an immense 4,535 metric tons of concrete rotunda designed in a circular model with a porch held brickwork Corinthian columns. The structure is made from several materials that include concrete, brick, marble, and granite...
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...Architecture Paper Shaquan R. Bozeman HUM/266 Dr. Edward Zevin July 31, 2012 University of Phoenix Introduction: Greek and Gothic Architecture Greek architecture flourished during the Hellenic era of Greek history. Temples were popular amongst the Greeks. They are most revered buildings in Greek architecture. Temples built in ancient Greece where used for the purpose of holding deity statues dedicated to Greek Gods and Goddess. Temples such as the Parthenon was used for holding Greek treasures. Italian writer and architect Giorgio Vasari use the term Gothic to describe culture that was “rude and barbaric.” Gothic Architecture thrived during the high and late middle ages (medieval period) in 16th century France. This form of architecture would spread throughout northern Europe. Gothic Architecture was common in many of Europe’s important structures, particularly religious churches and cathedrals. Cathedrals such as the Salisbury represented the power of the Catholic Church in Europe during this time period. Both Greek and Gothic architectural styles were often utilized in designing places of worship. Gothic architecture was most commonly found in cathedrals of England and Western Europe, while Greek architecture was common in temple design ("Compare Gothic to Greek Architecture", 2012). This paper will examine the Greek Parthenon Temple and the Gothic Salisbury Cathedral. There were similarities and differences, in design and importance. This examination...
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...Acropolis,which located in central Athens acropolis hill, is the most outstanding ancient Greek buildings. Greek for “Acropolis” means “high city” or “Takaoka on the city-state.” As a representative work of ancient Greek architecture, Acropolis of Athens has reached the highest level of sacred buildings, temples, orders and sculptures in ancient Greece. These ancient buildings can be rated as the heritage of mankind and architectural masterpiece, and hold an important position in architecture history. Acropolis, including four greatest ancient Greek art masterpieces—Parthenon Temple, the Propylaea, the Erechtheum and Temple of Athena Nike, is considered to be a symbol of the world’s traditional concepts. Due to the history, there are many Parthenon marbles which they removed from the temple and transported to England in the British museum. Many people require England to return sculptures while others do not want to. It is a controversy topic and different people have very different opinions. In my point of view, returning is necessary because cultural treasures from ancient civilizations belong in the places they come from. Also, the cultural importance of the marbles are very strong, not only do they possess the power to almost unlock the past of ancient Greece but as well they have the power to unite the local Citizens of Greece to their true heritage. The Acropolis is used to prevent foreign invasion of the fortress, surrounded by the walled hilltop, site of the ancient...
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...The Parthenon Throughout my career in the United States Navy, I have been fortunate enough to be able to go to the Acropolis and observe the different structures. I was really intrigued with the design and condition of the Parthenon. The Parthenon is one of the largest and most important structure on the Acropolis. It was a temple built between 447 BC and 438 BC, for the virgin goddess, Athena Parthenos. The design illustrates the refinement of ancient Greek architecture, and uses the traditional cella and peristyle plan. During the high classical period, the standard was believed to be excellence. The Parthenon was built to set that standard of excellence. It was built with the finest white marble and was richly decorated inside to include a statue of Athena made of great gold and ivory. The design shows the style of art in classical period, with the Doric building with ionic features mixed in. The Parthenon has 8 columns along the front, and 17 along each side. That made it more than most Doric temples. The decoration of the Parthenon was organized into 3 elements. First was the pediment, then panels called metopes around the outer wall, and then the carved stone frieze that was on the outside of the inner building. Some of the architecture in the Parthenon is similar to that of surrounding buildings. The curvature of the stylobate platform, the plate that the column sits on, is designed the same way. The plate has an upward curvature to assist...
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...| Geography | The Theme of Place – Sacred Places | | | Greece is a country of beautiful and historical architecture and landscape. Some of the historic buildings date back from 2800 BC. The Acropolis in Greece is one of the world’s most significant monuments. The Parthenon, one of the structures within the Acropolis, has become a meaningful sacred place for the people of Greece. The temple is dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, who is the virgin patron of Athens [ (Gray) ]. Athena represents the gifts of intellect and understanding and is the symbol of the universal human aspiration for wisdom. The Parthenon has served as a Greek temple, a treasury, a fortress, a church and a mosque [ (Rhodes) ]. It also functioned to protect the statue of Athena, made of gold and ivory. The physical features of the monument allowed it to become a place of worship for many. The Acropolis is part of a limestone ridge that cuts through the Attica plateau in the northeast to the southwest and includes the hills of Likavitos, Philopappos, Nymphs and the Pnyx [ (Sakoulas) ]. It is located 156 meters above the valley of Ilissos and is essentially a flat-topped rock that measures 300 meters long by 150 meters wide. The construction of the Parthenon began in 447 BC and was only completed in 432 BC. Due to the numerous landfills that have been created to accommodate construction of the temples since the Mycenaean era, the top of the rock is flat [ (Sakoulas) ]. The Acropolis consists...
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...exerted a strong influence on later Hellenistic-Roman art. For example, the figures were created in depth, background landscapes were more detailed and scenic, and architectural elements were used to show indoor activities. Unfortunately, only about 47 panels survived out of the original 74 panels. The Altar of Zeus includes many friezes and other Greek works of art is recognized as having served as models. For example, Apollo with his idealized stance from the east frieze recalls a classical statue called The Belvedere Apollo (Fig.21) by the sculptor Leochares. Also, Zeus and Athena moving in opposite directions from the east frieze (Fig.7) recall the scene showing the struggle between Athena and Poseidon on the western pediment of the Parthenon (Fig.22). Moreover, the frieze on its part influenced later works of classical antiquity. Laocoön, which was created about twenty years after the Pergamon frieze, is the most famous example. The expression of pain of Laocoön and his sons is very similar to the contorted expression of Alkyoneus (Fig.7). Also, sculpted bodies and movement of Lacoon and his sons recall the bodies of goddesses from Pergamon altar. I chose this artwork because Pergamon altar is very different from other...
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...GREEK AND ROMAN ART Various Authors Edited By: R. A. Guisepi The art of the ancient Greeks and Romans is called classical art. This name is used also to describe later periods in which artists looked for their inspiration to this ancient style. The Romans learned sculpture and painting largely from the Greeks and helped to transmit Greek art to later ages. Classical art owes its lasting influence to its simplicity and reasonableness, its humanity, and its sheer beauty. The first and greatest period of classical art began in Greece about the middle of the 5th century BC. By that time Greek sculptors had solved many of the problems that faced artists in the early archaic period. They had learned to represent the human form naturally and easily, in action or at rest. They were interested chiefly in portraying gods, however. They thought of their gods as people, but grander and more beautiful than any human being. They tried, therefore, to portray ideal beauty rather than any particular person. Their best sculptures achieved almost godlike perfection in their calm, ordered beauty. The Greeks had plenty of beautiful marble and used it freely for temples as well as for their sculpture (see Marble). They were not satisfied with its cold whiteness, however, and painted both their statues and their buildings. Some statues have been found with their bright colors still preserved, but most of them lost their paint through weathering. The works of the great Greek painters have disappeared...
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...Humanities 1101 16 September 2014 Sculpture and Architecture Essay We are often told that it is not good for us to live in the past; however, it is impossible for us to ignore the origins of our culture. Greek artist and architects are renowned worldwide, and the reasoning for that is perfectly clear. When a civilization considers themselves to be culturally advanced they seem to make strides in the arts. The Greek world is a classic example of this fact, whether we examine their sculptures, relief artwork or their architecture it is clear to see that their work was both trend setting and timeless. One of the earliest Greek statues found is the “Figurine of a woman from Cyclades. Ca. 2500 BCE” page 41 of the textbook (Sayre). This statue was found in what is called the Cyclades, a group of islands located in the Aegean Sea. The medium for the statue is marble and it is considered to be the most famous of the artifacts found. The reason for its fame is the abstract style that was used to create it. These figures have been found within burial chambers but their actual purpose still remains unknown (Sayre). In contrast to the sculpture from the Cyclades, the Greek sculptures continued to evolve and eventually took on what is called a Naturalistic form. This style developed in the sixth century and featured sculptures without clothing as seen in the above representation of the goddess Aphrodite...
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...States and Europe. This was first based on Roman models (Federal style), but archaeological investigation in the early 19th century emphasized Greece as the Mother of Rome which, in turn, shifted interest to Grecian models. The style is an adaptation of the classic Greek temple front employing details of Doric, Ionic or Corinthian order To the popular mind the Greek temple was associated with the origins of American democracy in ancient Greece. Greece's involvement in a war for independence (1821-30) aroused much sympathy in the newly independent United States. Further, the War of 1812 fought against England diminished American affection for British influence, including the still dominant Adam ("Federal" in U.S.) style in domestic architecture. The popularity of Greek Revival led it to be called the National Style. Newly established towns throughout the country even took names such as Athens, Sparta, and Ithaca. Identifying features: * Most have porticos (either entry or full-width) supported by prominent square or rounded columns, typically of Doric style, but also Ionic and Corinthian * Gabled or hipped roof of low pitch * Cornice line of main roof and porch roofs emphasized with wide band of trim (this represents the classical entablature and is usually divided into two parts: the frieze above and architrave below) * Enormous windows and doors * Front door surrounded by narrow sidelights and a rectangular line of transom lights above, door and lights...
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...Final Essay History of Architecture I Pertinent Events of the Antiquities One of the most pertinent events of the antiquities came after the end of the longest civilizations. Where the Greeks had to reinvent themselves; from the surviving fragments of classical antiquity; Egypt. Where the Romans preserved and imitated the ideals of the Greeks. Thus came the building of two great structures. The Greek Parthenon and the Roman Pantheon. With their similarities and their differences in both designs. Both the Parthenon and Pantheon were originally designed as temples. The Pantheon borrowed much of its exterior from the Greek temples one of them being the Parthenon. Both had eight columns to support the pediment. Both were used as religious worship to their Roman Gods and the Greek Goddess Athena. While both illustrate geometric precision, they are stylistically different. The Parthenon is a Doric style temple made from marble, with a limestone base. Consisting of one rectangular floor and its eight Doric columns in front and back. The Doric wasn’t only a column but a order. The Doric order with a series of triglphs and metopes on the entabutus of the upper levels. While the Pantheon was built using several materials such as marble, granite, concrete, and brick had two circular rooms with a hemispherical dome above, supported by massive granite Corinthian style columns. Thus the two most important great pertinent events during the classical era were the Romans and the...
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...Unit 2: AHIST 1401 Written Assignment Ancient Greece and Rome are known for the architecture of their buildings including temples. The Parthenon in Athens is a Doric peripteral temple on the Athenian Acropolis in Greece which was dedicated to the goddess Athena. The Pantheon is also a former temple but located in Rome, Italy. It is now used a church and is the most preserved and influential building in Ancient Rome. (Rome.Info, n.d.) Although both former temples, they have not only similarities but a few differences as well. Both were built in different styles and their functions have different purposes as well. However, looking at the styles and functions, we can interpret how they are examples of Greek and Roman culture. The Parthenon’s...
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...Abstract This paper will be using sculptural and ceramic illustrations provided by Soltes, explain the evolution from Geometric Greek art into Classical Greek art, culminating with the construction and decoration of the Parthenon (The Temple of Athena). It will discuss what social, cultural/historic events accompanied and promoted this evolution. Greek art and sculpture has had a profound effect throughout the ages. Many of the styles have been reproduced and copied by some of what the modern day audiences would class as some of the finest artists to have ever lived. The Greeks used many different types of materials in their sculptures including stone, marble and limestone as these were abundant in Greece. Other materials such as clay were also used but due to their brittle nature very few have survived. Greek sculptures are very important as the vast majority of them tell us a story about Gods, Heroes, Events, Mythical Creatures and Greek culture in general. Many of the statues that have survived are actually of Roman origin. Like many people today the Romans had a deep respect for Greek sculptures and many were copied. If the Romans had not made these copies, many of the Greek Legends and stories that we know today would have been lost to antiquity. Geometric Art was a dramatic transformation that led to the establishment of primary Greek institutions such as the Greek city and the Greek alphabet. Although primarily visual, transformation is a concept...
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...Greek Architecture has heavy influence in current society. The Parthenon is a former temple, on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. It is one, if not the, most famous temple in the world. The architectural styles the Parthenon includes is the Doric Order, and it has classical architecture. The work began under the orders of Pericles to show the wealth and exuberance of Athenian power. The columns used in Greek Architecture are very popular today, popular buildings across the world use them. There are three types of columns the Greeks created; The Doric Column, the Ionic Column, and the Corinthian Column. The Doric Column was the first created, it has smooth, round...
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...widespread and known building type in Greek architecture. There are artists today who have tried to mimic artists in ancient Greece, but have failed miserably. One of the most significant features to come out of Greek art is the architecture, most prominent the three architectural orders of ancient Greece, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. The workings of this order has a systematic order of inter dependable parts whose scopes are based upon mathematical ratios. The basic components of all three orders are the columns. Although most of us do not know this order, they see it every day. The Doric order has shafts that composed of drums seated on top of a sty lobate. The shafts do not have bases in the Doric order like they do in the others. At the top of each column lies an entablature and at the top of each entablature lies a pediment. The Doric order was mainly used in Greek and Rome and was the earliest of the three orders. The Doric order came about in a definite form in 7th century B.C, but it was not widely used until the 19th century during the Greek revival which was an architectural movement that took place between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. There are many buildings that use the Doric order, but the one of most famous example is the Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens. The Doric order in ancient Greece has been used for many centuries now and it has led to the creation of buildings such as the Parthenon. The Ionic order has a shaft that lies on...
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