...Participation: A theoretical context Introduction Theories of community participation have received considerable academic attention particularly since the early 1990’s but have been a source of debate since at least the 1960s. This paper is intended to provide a brief overview of some of the most prominent theories which have been put forward as a means of understanding and appraising participation structures and practices. It has been prepared in order to provide a theoretical context within which the appropriateness of different approaches to community participation in rural transport in Wiltshire can be assessed. The note begins by providing a simple definition of participation. Two of the more prominent frameworks for community participation are then summarised and explored. In recognition that such frameworks represent simplifications of a far more complex reality, a number of these complexities are then explored, namely: • dimensions of power; • issues of process and capacity; and • the nature of ‘community’. The note concludes by describing an evaluation tool for community participation, which has sought to address many of these complexities. 1. A definition of participation For the purposes of this note a useful definition of public or community participation is that adopted by Stoker (1997) for ‘political participation’ (following Parry et al, 1992): members of the public ‘taking part in any of the processes of formulation, passage and implementation of public...
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...Neeli Bendapudi & Robert P. Leone Psychological Implications of Customer Participation in Co-Production Customer participation in the production of goods and services appears to be growing. The marketing literature has largely focused on the economic implications of this trend and has not addressed customers' potential psychological responses to participation. The authors draw on the social psychological literature on the self-serving bias and conduct two studies to examine the effects of participation on customer satisfaction. Study 1 shows that consistent with the self-serving bias, given an identical outcome, customer satisfaction with a firm differs depending on whether a customer participates in production. Study 2 shows that providing customers a choice in whether to participate mitigates the self-serving bias when the outcome is worse than expected. The authors present theoretical and practical implications and provide directions for further research. C ustomers increasingly are being encouraged to take on more active roles in producing goods and services. They go into photography stores and use machines to crop, enlarge, correct, or enhance their photographs; check themselves in and out of hotels; and even routinely scan and bag their own groceries at supermarkets. Customer participation per se is not new. Supermarkets, which are models of customer co-production with customers selecting, carting, and transporting groceries, date to the 1930s. What...
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...Participation In Research I participated in several online studies that are being conducted for research. The first was called “Coping with Stressful Life Events” and is conducted by Claire Jones, University of Exeter. The purpose of this study is to identify strategies people use to cope with life’s difficulties emotionally. The participant is given scenarios and asked how they’d feel about the situation and/or themselves in each situation. Before the study, there is a page giving an overview of the study as well as guidelines, inviting anyone over eighteen years of age who used English as their first language to take part. There is a consent form at the beginning of the survey that participants are directed to before the study begins. This study looks at the link between the participant’s current feelings and thoughts about themselves in relation to difficult life experiences. This subject matter is touched on throughout the text – it is examples of nature-nurture when life events influence our behavior (nurture). This study looks more specifically at life events and their effects (p.395-396) in regard to self esteem and, more accurately, self concept. (Defined p.395) Overall, the survey was clearly explained and well executed. Before beginning this survey it assured complete privacy and anonymity. It also warned that focusing on negative life events could cause emotional discomfort. Upon completion it reiterated that focusing on negative life events could...
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...EIGHT RUNGS ON A LADDER OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION Sherry Arnstein, writing in 1969 about citizen involvement in planning processes, described a “ladder of citizen participation” that showed participation ranging from high to low. The ladder is a guide to seeing who has power when important decisions are being made. ht rungs on the ladder of citizen participation The bottom rungs of the ladder are (1) Manipulation and (2) Therapy. These two rungs describe levels of "non-participation" that have been contrived by some to substitute for genuine participation. Their real objective is not to enable people to participate in planning or conducting programs, but to enable powerholders to "educate" or "cure" the participants. Rungs 3 and 4 progress to levels of "tokenism" that allow the have-nots to hear and to have a voice: (3) Informing and (4) Consultation. When they are proffered by powerholders as the total extent of participation, citizens may indeed hear and be heard. But under these conditions they lack the power to insure that their views will be heeded by the powerful. When participation is restricted to these levels, there is no follow-through, no "muscle," hence no assurance of changing the status quo. Rung (5) Placation is simply a higher level tokenism because the ground rules allow have-nots to advise, but retain for the powerholders the continued right to decide. Further up the ladder are levels of citizen power with increasing degrees of decision-making clout....
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...David M. Williams, Shira Dunsiger, Joseph T. Ciccolo, Beth A. Lewis, Anna E. Albrecht, and Bess H. Marcus Psychol Sport Exerc. 2008 May ; 9(3): 231–245. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.04.002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2390920/pdf/nihms42341.pdf The purpose of the study was to see if there is a connection between a person’s emotional response to moderate physical exertion and their likelihood of that person continuing to be an active person later. The study was conducted using mostly white female participants who were considered to be sedentary. They were given a grading scale by which to quantitatively express their personal sensation as well as their level of perceived exertion. The participants were placed on a treadmill and worked until their heart rate was 65% of the target rate for each participant according to age. They were then surveyed 6 and 12 months later. The study found that participant who had a positive response to the original bout of physical activity were more likely to be physically active 6 and 12 months later. The authors acknowledged many limitations of this study such as small sample size and the use of age predicted heart rate expectations. The use of a survey may lead to sketchy results also. The results and the discussion were consistent due to the fact that the authors made no wide spread claims resulting from the data acquired during this study. This study implies to me that if physical activity was more fun and less suffering...
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...Online Participation Leading to Successful Students and Healthy Learning Communities Amanda Grand Canyon University: UNV 501 April 8, 2014 Online Participation Leads to Successful Students and Healthy Learning Communities Enrollment for online courses is climbing but the input from participants is not keeping up. For years, many have stated that active participation and becoming a part of the learning community in any educational setting is crucial, especially online, when it comes to successful completion. Participation is beneficial to the student, to the students’ grades, and to the learning community as a whole. The authors sought after evidence to show, “the importance of student online visibility apparent in the quantity and quality of participation” (Nagel, Blignaut, & Cronjé, 2009, 38). The study was conducted on a computer-integrated education Masters course that was 8 weeks long (Nagel et al., 2009). The course was presented fully online and consisted of students of varying age ranges. Reaserchers then chose a mixed methodology while conducting this research. This choice allowed them to explore various aspects within the course such as, students’ posts, online quizes, discusion posts, and exmination essays (Nagel et al., 2009). Many factors, for example, the amount of times participants accessed the course and discussions played a role in course completion and integration into the learing community (Nagel et al., 2009). Those who rarely were visible...
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...How do you differentiate between an expression and an equation? Provide an example of each, where the two are either related to or similar to each other. (6/26) The major difference between an equation and an expression is that while an equation has to be solved, an expression does not. For instance, this is an equation: 3x + 1 = 5.if x is multiplied by 3 and add 1, the result will be a 5. In similar vein, an equation consists of two expressions connected by an equals sign. It can only be true or false (Miller, 2009). The primary difference between the two is an equal sign. References: Miller, M. (2009). Algebra: Book 3. Eugene, OR: Garlic Press. Answer to Nathan: (6/26) Hi Nathan, I agree with you when you say "an expression is a mathematical "phrase". " In most cases it stands for a single element. 3x + 1 is an example of an expression. The expression means that its value three times the value of x, plus 1. An expression can also be a single number or variable, since those have a numerical value. Unlike in the case of an equation, an expression is never true or false, but just has a numerical value. Are the properties used to solve inequalities the same as those used to solve equations? Explain your answer. (6/27) The properties to solve inequalities are NOT exactly the same as the properties to solve equations. But, the properties to solve equations ARE exactly like those used to solve inequalities. Inequalities have an exclusive property while solving because of...
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...ethical component of this study is that the participants are able to give signed informed consent. This document will inform participants about the project explaining what they will be asked to do as participants and outline their rights and responsibilities (CITE). Participation is voluntary and participants have the ability to...
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...The Declaration of Helsinki and the Nuremberg code state that in order to obtain for participation in an experiment or research study we have to provide sufficient information in understandable language in order for patients to make an informed judgement about participation. The main goal is to ensure the key components of the informed consent are delivered appropriately, but most importantly that the basic ethical principles of Autonomy, Beneficence and Justice are consistently applied. Robert Veacth presents in his article important questions about the circumstances in which we consider unacceptable the fact that in some cases all three principles will not be fully executed simultaneously and if we can be satisfied if the research proposal...
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...work: • We should work together as a team to deliver the assignment and utilize the strengths of each other. • Make sure that we are unified in the final product. • Be open and willing to do one’s part Weekly Meetings: • A weekly meeting should be held so that the defining of roles for each assignment can be done. • We should meet weekly once in the begging of assignment no later than Wednesday to define roles, assigning a team lead and assignment delivery structure. • Stay in contact with team members via forum or email at least 3 times weekly. • Communicate fairness issues openly and professionally Exceptions: • Team lead and team member should be notified immediately if there is any expectation in attendance and participation. • Each of us pulls our own weight and notifies the team if and when you cannot participate for whatever reason. Conflict Resolution: • We should clearly define conflict resolution in case of any team member not cooperating and does not follow roles and responsibility. • Communicate directly with the team member not contributing. •...
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...LEARNING TEAM CHARTER – TEAM “C” |Course Title |Critical Thinking | | | | | | | | | | | Team Members/Contact Information |Name | |Phone | |Time zone and | |Email | | | | | |Availability During the Week | | | |Sonia Thompson | |434-917-3212 | |Eastern time zone/mon and wed anytime/other days before | |sgrimmt@yahoo.com | | | | | |3pm and after 10 pm | | | |Jenny R. Jackson | |770-254-1703 | |Pacific Time Zone/ Monday thru Friday 4 P.M. to 10:00 P.M.| |jrj3615@yahoo.com | |James Patton | |412-609-3980 | |Eastern always available | |Jpatton.412@gmail.com | | | | | | ...
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...An in-class activity I would have my students participate in would a warm-up activity for the beginning of the class period. Some of the reasons that I would have my students do a warm-up activity are that it helps get the students to start thinking about the subject and begin to focus on it. This will help the students make their transition mentally from their last class to my class. I would also use the warm-up as a way to set the tone for the upcoming lesson, like a building block to get their thought process going in the right direction for the day. Most importantly, I would use the warm-up to allow myself to assess the student’s attitude and ability for the day to help me determine the best way for to form groups for other activities for the day. A behavioral expectation that I would have for my students for the warm-up activity is that they would have their materials (ex. Pencil and paper) out on their desk ready to begin the warm-up after the bell rings. Another behavioral expectation I would have of my students for the warm-up activity that before they begin the activity, they take time to reflect on the prompts I gave them for the assignment and begin to work quietly and individually. An evaluation method I would use to ensure that my students have an understanding of my behavioral expectations is to have a poster up on my wall that is a reminder of the classroom expectations and pointed out to the students who are not working on the warm-up. The classroom expectations...
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...LEARNING TEAM CHARTER |Course Title | Acc/290 Principles of Accounting II | |A| | | | |l| | | | |l| | | | |t| | | | |e| | | | |a| | | | |m| | | | |m| | | | |e| | | | |m| | | | |b| | | | |e| | | | |r| | | ...
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...neatly/nicely/charmingly. | |H.W. |A bit irregular in doing H.W. / Has been doing H.W. with due care. | |Hand-Writing |Can / Can’t write neatly & independently. / Hand Writing still needs improvement. | |Reading |Can / Can’t pronounce letters and words correctly. | |Attention In Class |Listens the lectures with due care. / Careless in attending class lectures. | |Participation in |Is shy but friendly. / Shows reluctance/active participation in group discussions. | |Group Activities |/ is being encouraged to participate in group discussions. | |Games & Sports |Active in sports & games. / Eagerly participate in games. | |Discipline |Well...
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...Introduction For my graded unit 3 project I will be undertaken a research investigation report on the types of barriers that are affecting people from taking part in sporting activities. The graded unit 3 project will consist of 3 stages which are the preparation, Development and evaluation stages. The reason I have chosen to research the barriers is to find out the barriers that have been affecting people participate in sports activity classes and because it’s been a real passion of mine as there was barriers that had a major effect on me with travelling and lack of motivation being the problem for me. Barriers that many people have affected participation include injuries, not got enough money or motivation levels are lacking (Wolfe, 2017). The sample group to be used for the project will be students at West College Scotland with the locations being at campuses at Clydebank,...
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