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1. All of GoeGeorge’s has had hypertension for the last five years. Uncontrollable high blood pressure is a symptom of kidney disease. He also has fatigued, his urine output has changed, loss his appetite and he is losing weight. These four symptoms are also signs of serious kidney problems.

Acute kidney issues are most often diagnosed during a hospital stay for another cause. Acute renal failure happens quickly whereas chronic renal failure develops over time.

2. The normal RBC in men: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter (cells/mcL). George’s is 3.8 millions cells/mcL which is fairly low. His Hgb is 11.0. This is lower than the normal range of 12.4/14.9. These results from the blood test are symptoms of mild anemia.

The low RBC and the low Hbg is usually caused by an abnormality or a disease. Cancer and aplastic anemia can cause the body to produce fewer red blood cells.

3. All of George’s urine test results were abnormal. When the kidneys are damaged, they fail to discharge excess creatinine and urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen level increase. In patients with damaged Chronic Kidney Failure, their glomerular filtration membrane is damaged seriously and large amounts of protein leak into urine, causing proteinuria. For his age, his GFR is low. This shows moderate decrease in renal function.

4. By stage II, 78-80 percent nephron function is lost and replaced by scare tissue. During End Stage Renal Disease only 10% of nephrons remain functioning. At this stage the GFR is significantly diminished. For those that have GFR of 10, it means that they have less than 10 percent kidney functions and they may begin dialysis or start to prepare for dialysis. Urination can become painful.

5. George’s treatment goal is to prevent or slow further damage to the kidney. Since George has high blood pressure, it

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