...1. Clostridium difficile (C. dif) a. What is Clostridium difficile? Clostridium difficile is a gram positive bacteria of the genus Clostridium. C. difficile bacteria naturally reside in the body and this bacteria is capable of forming spores. b. What are the symptoms of C. difficile disease? Symptoms of C. difficile disease include watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, and abdominal pain/tenderness. With the elderly population being more susceptible to complications of dehydration, this disease is of great concern for them. c. How is C. difficle disease transmitted? C. difficile is transmitted through contact. Infection can occur if surfaces become contaminated with feces and an individual touches that surface and introduces the bacteria into their mouth or mucous membranes. This is important to remember when using commodes, bath tubs, and rectal thermometers. All of these things can be reservoirs for C. difficile spores. d. How can one prevent the spread of C. difficile infection? Preventing the spread of C. difficile can be accomplished by being diligent with hand washing and by cleaning surfaces regularly with disinfectants. Hypochlorite based disinfectants have shown the most success in hospital cleansing routines. Hospitals must take special precautions when cleaning a room after a patient with C. difficile has occupied it. Patients with C. difficile will usually be on isolation precautions in a private room or be...
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...PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE I. TERMINOLOGY * Pathology- the study of disease * Infection- the invasion or colonization of the body by a pathogenic microorganism * Disease- abnormal state of health as the result of an infection * If Pseudo aeruginosa infects the eye it can cause a disease termed Pseudomonas keratitis. The etiologic agent (cause) of this disease is: Microbial pathogenesis- the characteristics/traits the microbe has that leads to the disease. II. NORMAL MICROBIOTA * 1 x 10^13 human cells in our body * 1x10^14 bacterial cells on/in our body (permanent residence that under normal conditions do not cause disease) * Areas with normal Microbiota: 1. GI tract 2. Upper respiratory 3. Skin 4. Urogenital Tract * Areas that are relatively sterile: 1. The Nervous System * The blood brain barrier (blood vessel cerebrospinal fluid) 1) Endothelial cells 2) Astrocytes 3) Neurons *A structural impediment with restricted permeability * The lower respiratory tract * Upper respiratory- nasal hairs, mucous membrane, ciliary escalator, alveolar macrophages * In healthy person, microbes shouldn’t be able to make it down that far (past the upper respiratory) * The cardiovascular system (blood) * Septicemia- “blood poisoning,” growth of a pathogenic microorganism in the blood (non-specific term) * Bacteremia- bacteria in the blood * Toxemia- presence of toxin in the blood...
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...Lynda Sowemimo Pathogenic Neisseriae Microbiology Special Project Northwestern College Introduction Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonize the mucosal surfaces of many animals. This genus (family Neisseriaceae) of parasitic bacteria grow in pairs and occasionally tetrads, and thrive best at 98.6°F (37°C) in the animal body or serum media. Of the 11 species that colonize humans, only two are pathogens, Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae. In N. meningitides and N. gonorrhoeae, DNA transformation requires the presence of short DNA sequences (9-10 monomers residing in coding regions) of the donor DNA. These sequences are called DNA uptake sequences. Biochemical identification/ Genetic transformation Neisseria meningitidis (also called the meningococcus), one of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis and the causative agent of meningococcal septicaemia. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (also called the gonococcus), which causes gonorrhea. Neisseria meningitidis has a polysaccharide capsule that surrounds the outer membrane of the bacterium and protects against soluble immune effector mechanisms within the serum. It is considered to be an essential virulence factor for the bacteria. N. gonorrhea possesses no such capsule. Neisseria meningitidis Often referred to as meningococcus, Neisseria meningitidis is a gram negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis. Neisseria...
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...Marine Mycology: An Overview of Pathogens, and Secondary Metabolites Introduction and History The golden age of marine mycology occurred from 1960-1990 with the research and discovery of most of the roughly 500 species of obligate marine fungi. Much of said research was conducted from 1980-2000; this 30 year period saw the report of nearly half of the marine fungal species currently known (Jones et al. 2009; Jones, 2011). That being said, marine fungi are vastly understudied and under rated in comparison to marine plants, animals, and other microorganisms; frequently they are omitted or only briefly referenced in marine biodiversity and ecology text books (Jones and Pang, 2012). The cladistics of marine fungi is currently in a state of flux, with new taxa being discovered as molecular techniques such as DNA and RNA analysis via polymerase chain reactions, and gel electrophoresis are implemented (Ald et al 2005). Even though fungus-like organisms such as oomycetes are not fungi, marine mycologists often study them as they perform similar functions, and until recently most had been classified as fungi based on their morphological similarities (Jones, 2011). These fungus-like organisms are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, zoospores, have chitin containing cell walls, and similar life cycles to fungi (Neuhauser et al. 2012). Conventionally terrestrial or freshwater species are also included in the marine fungal group as facultative species; this is due to their active ecological...
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...Pathogenic Bacterium: Bacillus anthracis Anthrax is an acute bacterial disease usually affecting the skin. On rare occasions, it may infect the oropharynx, lower respiratory tract and intestinal tract. It is caused by a spore forming Bacillus anthracis, a Gram positive, rod–shaped bacterium. Primarily, anthrax infects herbivores. Humans and carnivores are only incidental hosts. The disease occurs worldwide and is an occupational hazard of veterinarians, agriculture and wildlife workers who handle infected animals (Spencer 187-7). Animals mainly herbivores act as reservoirs for the disease causing organism, Bacillus anthracis. Infected animals shed the bacilli in terminal hemorrhages or spilt blood during death. When exposed to air, the vegetative forms of the bacterium sporulate and the resulting spores of B. anthracis, are very resistant to adverse environmental conditions and disinfections. They may remain viable in contaminated soil for many years after the source infection has terminated. Dried or processed skins and hides of infected animals may also harbor the spores for many years and in most cases act as fomites by which the disease is spread worldwide. There are up to three types of anthrax, classified mainly according to the modes of transmissions. Cutaneous anthrax infection occurs through the skin and is caused by direct contact with contaminated soil, tissues and products of animals dying of the disease. Bite of flies that had fed on infected animals may also transmit...
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...IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA ASSOCIATES WITH WILT DISEASE OF TOMATO By Anam Nawaz Chapter No: 1 INTRODUCTION Occurrence of Disease in a Host due to Pathogen can only happen in the presence of conducive Environment, or in other words “ disease causal are only the combination of these three elements, Susceptible Host, Virulent Pathogen and Conducive Environment. Otherwise disease does not happen. So these three elements was taken into more consideration which are involved in the topic of research. The host tomato, and the effectiveness of casual pathogen with in conducive environment, resulting wilt disease. As a host Tomato provide a unique variety of nutrients. Such as lutein, and zeaxanthin); flavonoids (including naringenin, chalconaringenin, rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin); carotenoids (including beta-carotene, (including caffeic, ferulic, and coumaric acid); hydroxycinnamic acids, glycosides (including esculeoside A); and fatty acid derivatives (including 9-oxo-octadecadienoic acid). Nutritional Significance of Tomato: Tomatoes are an excellent source of vtamin C and vitamin A as well as vitamin K which makes repairs, bone-healthy and heart-healthy, potassium keeps healthy heart , vitamin B6, folate, and dietary fiber; these are very good source of enzyme-promoting molybdenum; manganese a blood sugar-balancing factor. In addition, tomatoes are a good source of niacin, heart-healthy magnesium and vitamin E; energy-producing...
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...Lab Safety against Pathogenic Bacteria Considering that there are still a lot of unknown bacteria, it is really important that in lab when handling bacteria extreme precaution is taken towards handling them and to treat them as pathogenic. Today it is an acknowledged fact that anyone in the laboratory whether they are researchers, scientist, or students must follow all guidelines and safety rules for their safety. Every laboratory has its own lab safety equipment and guidelines such as dress code, goggles, gloves etc. Now it is crucial that a laboratory is well-maintained and treated with the proper care to avoid all dangers that can happen while working in lab. That is why there are safety checks and duties for everyone to follow while in lab especially when it comes seeing all bacteria as pathogenic. Bacteria should all be treated as pathogenic because not everything needed to know about bacteria is known, and whether they are pathogenic or not is known by students in the lab. Bacteria can harm the human body in a severe way by causing major diseases, such as tuberculosis, plague, syphilis, and cholera (Human). Even though bacteria dealt with in the laboratory may not cause any of these diseases, the possibility is still there and that is why there are safety precautions in place to prevent these from occurring. The threat of these potential diseases shows why handling bacteria properly is important. Lab safety is the most important thing a student can learn to protect...
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...Due to the client losing both her parents during infancy in a tragic car accident, the client’s disorder can be viewed as a disorder of attachment. The client’s history shows deficits in three of the five Pathogenic Care Realms: settings where there is persistent disregard for the child’s emotional needs, settings in which there are repeated changes in primary caregivers, and settings in which child is raised with limited opportunities for stable attachments (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The strict, cold religious school where the client spent the majority of her childhood offered little support for the client’s emotional needs. The client did not bond with any teacher at the school and had no particular primary caregiver after the death...
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...* References Alcoholics Anonymous Handbook (1976) Alderfer, C. P., Brown, L. D., Kaplan, R., & Smith, K. K. (in press). Group relations and organizational diagnosis. New York: Wiley. Argyris, C., & Schon, D. (1974). Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Ashby, W. R. (1964). An introduction to cybernetics. London: Chapman and Hall and University Paperbacks. Ashby, W. R. (1965). Design for a brain. London: Chapman and Hall and Science Paperbacks. Bailey, K. D. (1991). “Autopoiesis”. In Proceedings: American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, . Cincinnati, OH Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Chandler Publishing Co. Bateson, G. (1979). Mind and nature: A necessary unity (Bantam Trade edition, November, 1988 ed.). New York: Bantam Books. Bateson, G. (1991). Sacred unity: Further steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. Bateson, G., & Bateson, M. C. (1987). Angels Fear (Bantam ed.). New York: Macmillan. Bateson, G., Jackson, D. D., Haley, J., & Weakland, J. (1956). “Toward a theory of schizophrenia.” Behavioral Science, 1: 251-264. Beer, S. (1974). Designing Freedom. Toronto: CBC Publications. Beer, S. (1979). The Heart of the Enterprise. New York: Wiley. Beer, S. (1989). “The viable system model: Its provenance, development, methodology and pathology”. In R. Espejo & R. Harnden, (Eds.). The Viable Systems Model: Interpretations and applications...
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...Natural selection is the process that results in adaptation of a population to the biotic (living) and the abiotic (nonliving) environments. In the biotic environment organisms acquire resources through completion, predation, and parasitism. The abiotic environment includes weather conditions, dependent chiefly on temperatures and precipitation. Directional selection occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored and the distribution curve shifts in that direction. Such a shift can occur when a population is adapting to a changing environment. Resistance to antibiotics and insecticides are examples of directional selection. The widespread use of antibiotics and insecticides (pesticides) results in populations of bacteria and insects that are resistant to these chemicals. When an antibiotic is administered, some bacteria may survive because they are genetically resistant to the antibiotic. These bacteria are most likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. Result, the number of bacteria keeps in increasing. Drug-resistant strains of bacteria that cause tuberculosis have now become a serious threat to the health of people worldwide. Because the genes of bacteria are varied, it is likely that there are some bacteria that carry genes which allow them to survive or resist antibiotics, because these genes allow them to survive they are likely to reproduce, more likely to reproduce with other bacteria of their species with the same gene that allows resistance to the antibiotic...
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...Hypothetically, transmittance of pathogenic attributes of pathogenic microbes to non-pathogenic microbes is the most dangerous form of genetic engineering in BW. With current knowledge of genetics, micro and molecular biology lies a vast amount of information of several genes and proteins that makes some pathogens so dangerous. That knowledge could potentially be used to mimic those genes into various species of bacteria and viruses that are currently non-pathogenic or have relatively low virulence to create a new repertoire of pathogens. Despite the scare, there are some difficulties that lie in transferring pathogenic attributes of one species or strain to another. Adding a certain pathogenic factor from a pathogenic microbe may not actually...
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...Gram-positive or Gram-negative depending on the amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Gram-positive bacteria contains a large amount of peptidoglycan, and is therefore simply structured. Gram-negative bacteria contains a rather small amount of peptidoglycan, and due to this, has a multiplex structure. This has an impact on how the bacteria reacts to certain matter. Gram-positive bacteria tends to be nonpathogenic, and Gram-negative bacteria tends to be pathogenic, although there are some strains of Gram-positive that can be pathogenic and some strains of Gram-negative that can be good. The cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is resistant to...
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...Infection Control Guide Ryland Gallagher Illinois State University, Summer 2016 2 Infection Control Guide When implementing infection control, it is necessary to have an adequate background of how infection is transmitted. Furthermore, it is critical for an audiologist to identify key clinical situations in which infection is likely, warranting the need of appropriate preventative measures. Information and procedures pertaining to many of the components of infection control can be found within this guide. Transmission of Pathogens There are three ways in which pathogenic agents can be transferred to an unaffected person. These include direct contact, indirect contact, or fluid transmission....
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...UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURAL ASSIGNMENT COURSE TITLE: AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY COURSE CODE: AGN201N INDEX NUMBER: AG/AGR/11/0036 QUESTION: 1. Examples of pathogenic bacteria and their corresponding diseases. 2. Examples of useful bacteria and their importance 30TH August, 2012 Bacteria are living things that belong to a group all by themselves. They are small, single cell organisms called prokaryotes that do not contain a nucleus and are usually found in very large groups because they can quickly multiply. There are many different kinds of bacteria that are all separated into different types and groups, each group having its very own unique qualities that sets it apart from all the rest. A pathogen is a microorganism – in the widest sense, such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus – that causes disease in its host. The host may be an animal (including humans), a plant, or even another microorganism. Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that cause bacterial infection. Below is a table of some pathogenic bacteria and their corresponding diseases. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA | PATHOGENIC DISEASE | Clostridium perfringens | * Gas gangrene * Acute food poisoning * Anaerobic cellulitis | Streptococcus pyogenes | * Streptococcal pharyngitis * Scarlet fever * Rheumatic fever * Impetigo and...
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...[pic] Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense using non-pathogenic F. oxysporum endophytes by Aneen Belgrove 动感之星 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Scientiae In the Facul ty of Natural and Agricultural Science University of Pretoria Pretoria Date October 2007 PROMOTOR: Prof. A. Viljoen CO-PROMOTOR: Dr. C. Steinberg I © University of Pretoria [pic] Declaration I, the undersigned, declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own and original work and that it has not previously in its entirety or part submitted for a degree to any other university. _________________________________ II [pic] TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements XII Preface XIII Chapter 1: Biological control of Fusarium wilt diseases ABSTRACT 2 INTRODUCTION 3 THE FUSARIUM WILT PATHOGEN 4 THE DISEASE 6 CONTROL OF FUSARIUM WILT 7 Chemical control 7 Cultural control 9 Disease resistance 10 Biological control 12 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FUSARIUM WILT 12 Suppressive soils 12 Mechanisms of biological control 13 Antibiosis 13 Competition ...
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