...it is the host of many different pollutants. However some of the main pollutants found in water can include, but is not limited to, pathogens, organic wastes, biochemical oxygen, chemical pollutants, and sediments. All of these pollutants have a tendency to create a huge problem if consumed by humans or absorbed by the environment. These pollutants are primarily blamed on humans because of the lack of respect we truly have for the environment. Human waste is the main culprit in water pollution because humans throw out whatever they deem as unnecessary into rivers, oceans, lakes, etc. This is primarily seen in agricultural runoff points, which are usually from farms that have animals and croplands. These animals defecate on the soil which is washed away through rain and then ultimately goes into the runoffs. Storm drains are another place where pollutants can come from because these drains are normally used in connection with sewage from toilets that are flushed. Third world countries have a bigger problem with pollutants in the water because they normally bathe, wash clothes, dispose of bodily fluids and drink from the same water source. These water sources become overcome with pollutants and this causes more sickness to the people of those countries which in turn use the same water and the cycle seems to never end. One type of pathogen that is found in water is Infectious Hepatitis which is a viral liver disease that can cause severe illness. There are an estimated...
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...devices, but it is pure fantasy to imagine medically testing all of them as well. If we had credible information about a pandemic brewing elsewhere in the world, we could redirect flights and aircraft from the affected region and screen their passengers more intensively. So screening can be of value, but not without the intelligence that lets us focus on those individuals who might pose a genuine risk. Detection depends on intelligence, speed of intelligence is crucial 3 types of information Clinical data: That means relying on the public health community to gather information about people with symptoms that could suggest the presence of something like anthrax or a plague. This information concerns pathogens in the air itself. BioWatch program with pathogen detectors around the country to help us...
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...Beaver Fever Beaver Fever Giardia, sometimes known as “Beaver Fever” due to the potential possibility of beavers being the source of a parasite that causes Giardiasis, a disease that causes diarrhea. (Department of Health: Information for a Healthy New York, 2001) It is an infectious parasite transmitted most commonly through contaminated water that causes havoc in the gastrointestinal system, can be prevented through drinking clean water and keeping bathroom surfaces clean with disinfectants. This parasite falls into the protozoan category of pathogens which also contains tropical diseases such as malaria. Although the United States has these type of pathogens largely controlled, they are more rampant among non-industrialized countries. (Donatelle, 2011) According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, giardiasis is spread by: “Swallowing Giardia picked up from surfaces (such as bathroom handles, changing tables, diaper pails, or toys) that contain stool from an infected person or animal, drinking water or using ice made from water sources where Giardia may live (for example, untreated or improperly treated water from lakes, streams, or wells), swallowing water while swimming or playing in water where Giardia may live, especially in lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, and streams, eating uncooked food that contains Giardiaorganisms, having contact with someone who is ill with giardiasis, and traveling to countries where giardiasis is common” (Centers for Disease...
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...WATER PURIFIERS Water filtration is the strategy in which you take sullied, soiled water and go it through a movement of channels to clean and disinfect it. My social affair contained Brian (Team Leader), Laura (Recorder), Alynsia (Materials Producer), and myself Louis (Materials Producer) are responsible for cleansing the town of Brown's Water. The case of water that was researched by the social occasion was a generosity looking substance that from our understanding contained: mineral oil, vinegar, macerated leaves, garlic, and treated soil. This is not a mix of essentially everything that you could have sway our water in this town. As ought to be clear our water is a to a great degree squalid and rank substance that ought to be washed down soon or various will be affected and possibly fail horrendously. Like everything else there is a purpose behind the four methods for water sterilization. Extraction is the underlying stage in our methodology, and its inspiration is to clean water enough so partials are not any more present. This will clean water enough to get retested. Filtration is the second step in our sterilization method. Filtration is used to clean little partials close by contaminants so that a water test can be reused. Refining is the methodology that the social occasion used next. This system changes test into steam, and after that hits a chilly divider, which will change steam afresh into water. The explanation behind this is to clean the water test. Stage...
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...Pathogens Melanie Ziemer Bio/340 August 31, 2015 Martin Winkler Pathogens In America today there are more viruses than there are people. (Bode Science Center, n.d.) One of the most prevalent viral diseases is herpes. “There are many different types of herpes, the most common are herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2).” (Bode Science Center, n.d.) Both types of herpes are cause by two very closely related viruses, and are spread from direct or indirect contact with contaminated persons or objects. (Bode Science Center, n.d.) Herpes simplex type 1 may appear as tiny blisters by the lips, nose, or in the eyes and herpes simplex type 2 may appear as tiny blisters on the genital area. (Bode Science Center, n.d.) This paper will be concentrating on herpes simplex type 1, the point of entry, how it interacts with normal flora of the body, how it affects the innate immune system, and how it affects the adaptive immune system. To understand how herpes simplex 1 infects a person, it is important to understand the structure of the virus itself. The herpes simplex virus have a unique structure, they are enveloped, have double strained DNA genome that is contained a large core, and have a spherical shape. (Bode Science Center, n.d.) “The herpes simplex virus type 1 has glycoproteins on its envelope and this makes it a target for external influences.” (Kennedy, n.d.) The herpesvirus needs a host, has a slow replication process and can also have long...
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...The human body is composed of systems that work hand-in-hand for the development and maintenance of the overall health of a person. These systems work in different and unique roles but help each other by working together to fight against the body’s enemies. One of the most essential systems in the human body is the immune system which consists of different cells, tissues, and organs found in various parts of the body that serves to defend and protect it against diseases and infections that are harmful to it. The immune system works constantly because every day, the human body is exposed, in many ways, to unknown infections brought about by certain pathogens around the environment. These pathogens impose threats to the body which may include...
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...Intro Pathogens in drinking water may contain disease-causing organisms, or pathogens. Pathogens include various types of bacteria, viruses, protozoan parasites, and other organisms (EPA). Contamination of drinking-water by microbial pathogens can cause disease outbreaks and contribute to background rates of disease. There are many treatment options for eliminating pathogens from drinking-water. Finding the right solution for a particular supply involves choosing from a range of processes. It is important to know the removal and inactivation of pathogenic microbes in water (WHO). Issues Having pathogens in your drinking water causes many problems, which can interfere with your health. Inadequately treated water may contain disease-causing organisms, or pathogens. Pathogens include various types of bacteria, viruses, protozoan parasites, and other organisms (WHO). Pathogens in drinking water are not safe and can be very harmful. The first issue pathogens in drinking water causes is Cryptosporidium. Which is a single celled protozoan parasite commonly found in lakes and rivers, especially when the water is contaminated with sewage and animal waste. Cryptosporidium can cause many different symptoms, which include diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps (WHO). A Cryptosporidium is also a parasitic coccidian protozoan, which is found in...
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...dependent on. According to the International Potato Center (CIP), global demand for potato is increasing (Bowen, 2003). The plants are often influenced by adverse biological and environmental conditions, such as many biotic and abiotic stresses that can limit the growth and yield of the plant or leading to death. Different physiological and biochemical responses can be influenced by stresses. Among different biological stresses, viruses are one of the most important pathogens that cause reducing potato yield either in quantity or quality. PVY, PVA and PLRV are the most important viruses which result in crop loss during potato production. According to the reports, the levels of damage for the potato crops ranging from 10% to complete crop failure during infection with these viruses (Salazar, 2003; Warren et al., 2005)....
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...INTRODUCTION: Bloodborne pathogens are microorganisms that present in human blood and they can cause diseases. These pathogens include: – Viruses such as hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), also, parasites such as malaria and certain fungi. Sharp-tools, needle-sticks and other apparatus-related injuries may expose stuff to bloodborne pathogens. To eliminate the risk of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens, implement an exposure control plan for workers on their worksite with enough details on protection measure. The plan must also describe how a worker will use personal protective, work practice controls, clothing and equipment, employee training, medical surveillance, hepatitis B vaccinations, and other provisions as required by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)'s Bloodborne Pathogens Standard. Diseases related bloodborne pathogens Here are the basic facts the worker should know about common diseases related bloodborne pathogens. HIV is the virus that causes to AIDS. HIV attacks and lowers the human immune system, and they make it difficult to fight off common diseases. A person can carry HIV for many years and not have any symptoms until it turns into full-blown AIDS. Fever, chills, weakness and swollen lymph nodes are early HIV symptoms of HIV. HIV does...
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...title of this report is Food-Borne Pathogens, a paper provided as part of a course requirement for Technical Writing. This topic was selected to share information about food-borne pathogens, what illnesses they cause and the possible food items contaminated with that pathogen You will be learning steps for prevention of food-borne diseases. I think you’ll be interested to discover the location of the possible contaminants of those pathogens. There are thirty known food-borne pathogen, I only selected these sixteen since they are the most common. BACILLUS CEREUS It causes two types of illnesses a diarrheal type or an emetic type (vomiting) this depends when in the incubation period. The incubation period goes between 30 minutes to 15 hours. The symptoms are diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. The possible contaminants are meats, milk, vegetables, fish, rice, potatoes, pasta, and cheese. You pay careful attention to food preparation and cooking guidelines to prevent contaminations. CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI Even with low numbers, it causes infection, with an incubation period of one to seven days. The symptoms are: abdominal cramps, nausea, diarrhea, headache that varying in severity. The possible contaminants are raw milk, eggs, poultry, raw beef, cake icing, and water. You must use pasteurize milk; cook foods properly; and prevent cross-contamination. CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM The illness is toxin produced by the pathogen, the incubation period goes from...
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...INTRODUCTION ‘An infection is the entry and multiplication of an infectious agent in the tissues of a host. If the infectious agent fails to cause injury to cells or tissues, the infection is asymptomatic. If the pathogens multiply and cause clinical symptoms, the infection is symptomatic and once the infectious disease is transmitted directly from one person to another, it is a communicable or contagious disease. The presence of a pathogen does not mean that infection will begin. Development of an infection occurs in a cycle that depends on the presence of an infectious agent or pathogen, a reservoir or source for pathogen growth, a portal of exit from the reservoir, a mode of transmission, a portal of entry to a host and a susceptible host. Once all these are intact an infection will develop. Nurses follow infection prevention and control practices to break the chain so that infection will not develop’ (Perry, 2001 p.835). Many patients in the hospitals develop nosocomial infections which are “infections acquired during hospitalization or developed within a hospital setting” (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2010...
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...White mold is caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and develops as a white cottony growth on the stem, stem branches and pods of bean plants (photos 1, 2). The fungus also produces black, hard mats of mycelium (called sclerotia) near these cottony growths (photo 3). Sclerotia allow the organism to survive adverse (winter) conditions. The disease cycle starts when the leaf canopy covers the row spaces and when the soil surface is cool but moist enough for the sclerotia to germinate (photo 4). Soil conditions of near field water holding capacity for ten to fourteen days and temperatures between 59-65 degrees F favor sclerotia germination. Upon germination, small mushroom-like bodies called apothecia appear on the soil surface. Spores are produced by the apothecia and infect wilted flowers or other dead plant tissue, later spreading to living plant tissue. Infection kills some plants and severely reduces the yield of plants with pod infections (photos 5, 6). High humidity and plant canopy temperatures between 68 and 76 degrees F favor the spread of this disease. Crop rotation helps prevent build up of inoculum. A rotation of three to four years between susceptible crops is necessary to accomplish this. Sunflower, potato, canola, mustard, and soybeans should not be grown in close rotation with edible beans because they are susceptible. Small grains and corn are recommended in a rotation with edible beans because they are not susceptible. The use of bean varieties...
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...a) Infectivity – the pathogen ability to survive, and multiply (infects) in a host cell b) Invasiveness – the ability to degrade and migrate through the extracellular matrix and invade the host cells. c) Virulence – the ability of the pathogen to defeat the host defenses which is to increase the severity and also the longevity of the symptoms d) Pathogenicity – the capacity to bring the disease situation. Pathogenicity is the sum of the effects of the destruction and obtrusiveness e) Host range – which has a pathogen that can contaminate. A few pathogens have certain host range. In this manner, the disease is restricted to one host. Different pathogens have wide host extents, and they can bring about illness in numerous species f) Horizontal...
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...Introduction Banana (Musaspp.) is the fourth most important global food commodity after rice, wheat and maize in terms of gross value production. At present, it is grown in more than 120 countries throughout tropical and subtropical regions and it is the staple food for more than400 million people (Molina and Valmayor, 1999). Among the production constraints, Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cubense(Foc) is the most devastating disease affecting commercial and subsistence of banana production through out the banana producing areas of the world (Ploetz, 2005). The disease is ranked as one of the top 6 important plant diseases in the world (Ploetz & Pegg, 1997). In terms of crop destruction, it ranks with the few most devastating diseases such as wheat rust and potato blight (Carefoot andsprott, 1969). The disease almost destroyed the banana export industry, built on the Gros Michel variety, in Central America during the 1950’s (Stover, 1962). In addition, the widely grown clones in the ABB ‘Bluggoe’ and AAA ‘Gros Michel and Cavendish’ sub groups are also highly susceptible to this disease worldwide. Presently, Fusarium wilt has been reported in all banana growing regions of the world (Asia, Africa, Australia and the tropical Americas) except some islands in the South Pacific, the Mediterranean, Melanesia,and Somalia (Stover, 1962; Anonymous, 1977; Ploetz and Pegg, 2000). The fungus Focis the soilborne hyphomycete and is one of more than 100 formae...
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...THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRICHODERMA REESEI IN THE BIOCONTROL OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES A project report submitted for examination in fulfillment of the requirements for the course Unit SBT 414: RESEARCH PROJECT in the Bachelor of Science (Microbiology and Biotechnology) Degree. AMWAYI ANGELA LUKALE I23/3384/2008. Signature…………………… Date……………………….. SUPERVISOR: DR. P.M WACHIRA Signature …………………… Date………………………. SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES. UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. 2011-2012 DECLARATION iii DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v ABSTRACT vi CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 JUSTIFICATION 2 1.2 OBJECTIVES 3 1.2.1 Broad objective 3 1.2.2 Specific objectives 4 CHAPTER TWO 4 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1 Trichoderma Spp. 4 2.2 Fusarium species 8 CHAPTER THREE 11 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY. 11 3.1 Media Preparation 11 3.2 Isolation of pathogenic fungi (Fusarium spp). 12 3.4 Dual culture inoculation 13 CHAPTER FOUR 13 RESULTS 13 CHAPTER FIVE 18 DISCUSSION 18 CHAPTER SIX 20 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 20 REFERENCES 21 8. Dudley, N. S. (2007). Pathogenicity of four Fusarium species on Acacia koa seedlings. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, Forest Health Protection. 21 12. James, R. L. (2002). Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum on young Douglas-fir seedlings by a nonpathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service...
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