...Lupus and Multiple Sclerosis Student’s Name University Abstract This study seeks to classify Lupus Multiple Sclerosis. This study, therefore, is comparing and contrasting the Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, nursing or medical management and prognosis of two different disease processes (Bates, 2011). It will involve a survey research design; the sampling strategy included in this study will be simple random sampling as the required is readily available from secondary sources. About 90 patients suffering from Lupus Multiple Sclerosis will participate in the study. Analysis of data is through the use of regression analysis and descriptive statistics; the research findings will be on the research question and the research objectives. Multiple Sclerosis could have detrimental effects on the human nervous system, especially when misdiagnosed happens or when it is not detected early. It is a disease that requires close monitoring and proper treatment (Schopick, 2011). Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction/Background of the Study…………….………………………………....4 2.0 Problem……………………………………………………………………………….4 3.0 Purpose………………………………………………………………………………..5 4.0 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………..5 5.0 Research Questions…………………………………………………………………...5 6.0 Significance to Nursing……………………………………………………………….6 7.0 Methodology….............................................................................................................6 8.0 Results ………………………………………………………………………………...
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...LS Lou Gehrig’s Disease Samantha Candela Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 283 Professor Hommelson May 28, 2016 Lou Gehrig’s Disease Lou Gehrig’s disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is commonly known as ALS. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord (2016). The body’s motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord then to the muscles throughout the body. In ALS the motor neurons slowly degenerate eventually leading to a person’s death. When the motor neurons die our brain loses the ability to initiate and control muscle movement. As the neurons die, a person’s body loses voluntary muscle action. This causes people to lose the ability to speak, eat, move and breathe. There are two different types of ALS, sporadic and familial. Sporadic is the most common form of the disease, with 90 – 95 percent of the cases (2016). Familial means the disease is inherited, accounting for 5 to 10 percent of the cases. According to The ALS Association a population study has show that a little over 5,600 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with ALS each year (2016). 60% of the people with ALS are men and 93% are Caucasian. People usually develop ALS between the ages of 40 – 70, but has occurred when a person is in their twenties and thirties (2016). ALS is 20% more common in men than in women. Heredity is also a risk factor with 5 to 10 percent of people with ALS inheriting the disease (Mayo, 2014). A recent study...
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...What is multiple sclerosis? Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototypical inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and the most common cause of disability among young adults. Most patients present with a relapsing-remitting illness, characterized by discrete episodes of focal neurological deficit with temporal and anatomical dispersion in the CNS. Although the underlying cause of MS remains unknown, studies have suggested that the pathology of MS begins with the activation and proliferation of T cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs. With the help of MMPs and adhesion mollecules, T cells cross the blood brain barrier(BBB), where they recognize components of the myelin sheath, triggering cytoking relsease and subsequent disruption of the myelin sheath. Damage can be accumulated over time and result in progressive axonal loss and brain atrophy. What is EAE model?...
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...Multiple Sclerosis: A Neurological Enigma Multiple sclerosis is a neurological immune-mediated disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. It is an unpredictable, often disabling disease that disrupts the flow of information within the brain and between the brain and the body. MS affects one in every 500 persons, women twice as frequently as men. It is more common in young adults, and causes a variety of neurological deficits (visual loss, paralysis, sensory loss, ataxia, brainstem signs, psychiatric disorders, and dementia). Many MS cases evolve over a long period (20-30 years) with remissions and exacerbations. Some cases have an acute, even fatal course, and others go into a relentlessly progressive phase after a period of remissions and exacerbations. MS involves an immune mediated process that develops when a previous viral injury to the nervous system has occurred in a genetically susceptible individual. B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and activated T cells, along with pro-inflammatory cytokines, cause inflammation, oligodendrocyte injury, and demyelination. Early inflammation and demyelination lead to irreparable axonal degeneration and scarring (Huether & McCance, 2012). MS not only causes focal inflammatory changes but also causes diffuse injury throughout the central nervous system called MS lesions or plaques. MS lesions can occur anywhere in gray or white matter with localized areas of demyelination, changes in the components of myelin, damage to oligodendrocytes...
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...Kneiser 1 Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology 216C11 Professor Steggall Bessie Kneiser November 28, 2011 Kneiser 2 Abstract Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic immune mediated disease that affects the central nervous system. The bodies immune system attacks normal tissue and/or organs. The attack starts with inflammation against myelin and the cells that make the myelin. Myelin is the insulation that surrounds axons and speeds up nerve impulses. There are multiple symptoms that characterize MS. Double vision, fatigue, numbness and weakness are common traits. Pain in various extremities is common. The actual cause of MS is unknown. There is no cure. There are medications used to help treat the symptoms of MS, such as corticosteriods and interferons. It is diagnosed after an MRI of two different parts of the CNS show lesions that occurred at two separate times. The doctor must rule out any other possible explanation before diagnosing the patient. MS is very stressful for the patient and family. Planning ahead is the best option for families to help them cope with the disease. There are approximately one in seven-hundred and fifty people that have the diagnosis at any given time. MS is more common in temperate areas and unusual in tropical areas. It is extremely rare in Africans. MS is known...
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...NUR 641E Complete Class Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/nur-641e-complete-class/ Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Nurse Educators Discussion Questions week 1-8 Week 1: Question 1= Find an article on a genetic disorder and summarize in two or three paragraphs the genetic component causing the disorder and any multifactorial inheritance components that may contribute to the disorder. Discuss the usual age of disease onset and if the sex-specific threshold model fits the disorder. What education could you present to high-risk patients to reduce the risk of disease onset if a multifactorial component exists? Question 2= Genetic screening has become widely available to the public including prenatal screening of the fetus in utero to screening adults for genetic disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and breast cancer. Share your thoughts on the legal, ethical, and social implications that may be related to genetic screening. How would you educate your patient that is considering having genetic screening? Week 2: Question 1= Choose an FDA-approved prescription medication and discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the medication, including any differences that would be expected based on the patient's age, a condition of pregnancy, or lactation. Address any adverse effects the medication may have based on age, pregnancy, or lactation. Question 2= Active acquired immunity can be achieved through the...
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...definition. (If you want to make them flashcards you may, just make sure that your name is on them and they are rubber banded together so I can record and return them easily.) Chapter 10 Assess Concept mapping Decision making Dynamic Evaluate Expected outcomes Implement Interpersonal Nursing diagnoses Nursing process Outcome identification Outcome oriented Plan Reflective practice Systematic Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) Chapter 11 Cue Data Data base Documentation Emergency assessment Focused assessment Inference Initial assessment Interview Minimum data set Nursing history Objective data Observation Physical assessment Review of systems (ROS) Subjective data Time-lapsed assessment Validation Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Prioritize Factual Accurate Relevant Interpersonal competence Virus Consultation Laboratory study Diagnostic study Chapter 12 Constipation Cancer Actual nursing diagnosis Collaborative problems Data cluster Diagnosing Diagnostic error Health problem Medical diagnoses Possible nursing diagnoses Risk nursing diagnoses Standard Syndrome nursing diagnoses Wellness diagnoses Evolution NANDA Competencies Analyze Interpret Complication Etiology Chapter 13 Relapse Degenerative joint disease Pressure ulcer Sacrum Purulent drainage Clinical pathways (critical pathways, Care Maps) Collaborative interventions Computerized plans of nursing care Consultation Criteria...
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...Running head: PAIN CASE STUDY Case Study: Pain Amit Dhir, Omeid Heidari, Sean Mayer, Ololade Ikuomola & Adam Boyce NR110.542 Physiological/Pathophysiological Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice I 09/29/2015 Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing On our honor, we pledge that we have neither given nor received any unauthorized assistance on this assignment. 1 Running head: PAIN CASE STUDY CASE STUDY Pain Use this document in documenting your response to the Patient Case Questions. CHIEF COMPLAINT “My back is killing me. The pain is mostly sharp and stabbing, and sometimes it’s a dull ache. You’ve got to do something. Those Tramadol pills aren’t cutting it and they’ve bound me up.” “I am not sleeping because of the pain.” MEDICAL HISTORY P.M. is a retired, 81yearold male being seen for a routine health maintenance visit. He has a history of lower back pain, morbid obesity, hypertension, hypothyroid, occipital lobe stroke, bilateral total knee arthroplasty, GERD and sleep apnea. Now reporting pain in feet. He has been a smoker for the past 64 years, reporting 12 ppd. He is accompanied by his wife of 62 years. CURRENT MEDICATIONS Tramadol 50100 mg p.o. Q 12 hrs prn back pain Atenolol 25 mg p.o. Q a.m. Levothyroxine sodium 125 mcg p.o. Q a.m. Clopidogrel 75 mg p.p. Q a.m. Ibuprofen 600 mg ii p.o. prn knee pain Aspirin 650 mg p.o. prn “when I can’t get to sleep” ...
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...Parkinson’s Disease Part 1 Melissa Whisman King University NURS 3005 Pathophysiology Jessica Belnap Parkinson’s Disease Part 1 Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common and complex neurodegenerative disorder. It is second only to Alzheimer’s disease in commonality (Lees, A. J.,2011). Parkinson’s disease is a slowly progressive degenerative disorder and is usually idiopathic. The first extensive description of Parkinson’s Disease was written over 2 hundred years ago. In 1817, English physician James Parkinson write an essay describing six causes of a condition called paralysis agitans (Lees, A.J., 2011). The essay, titled “Essay on the Shaking Palsy” described characteristic traits such as resting tremor, abnormal posture and gait, paralysis, and decreased muscle strength, and the way the condition progressed over a period of time (Lees, A.J., 2011). Early neurologists such as Trousseau, Gowers, Kinnier Wilson, and Erb made contributions to the knowledge of Parkinson’s disease. But the most noteworthy was Jean-Martin Charcot. His specific studies between 1868 and 1881 proved to be the turning point in gaining knowledge about the disease (Lees, A.J., 2011). During this particular period of time, Charcot was able to distinguish between muscle rigidity, muscle weakness, and the slowness of movement, also known as bradykinesia. Charcot was instrumental in renaming the disease in honor of James Parkinson. In 1912, Frederic Lewy observed microscopic particles in the...
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...practice setting is very possible. Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that can present as many different health problems and affect multiple systems of the body. Through this reviewed of pulmonary fibrosis, I will discuss the epidemiology, genetic and cultural component, pathophysiology, clinical signs and symptoms, and current research for pulmonary fibrosis. Epidemiology In the United States 132,000 to 200,000 people are affected by pulmonary fibrosis. It’s estimated that over 50,000 pulmonary fibrosis patients are diagnosed in one year, at the same time 40,000 patients are dying from the disease in the United States. The researchers cannot develop a good profile for pulmonary fibrosis, but found equal in the urban and rural areas of the United States. As the population lives longer researchers believe that the population of the pulmonary fibrosis patients will increase ("Pulmonary fibrosis foundation:," 2013). Genetic and Cultural Component Pulmonary fibrosis effects are most commonly men between ages of fifty to seventy. This population group is even at higher risk if they have a history of smoking. The medial age of survival is three years after diagnosis of disease and five year survival, if the patient receives a transplant (Ding, Luckhardt, Hecker, Zhou, Antony, deAndrade & Thannickal, 2011). Pathophysiology Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease of the lung tissue. Tissue in the lung is made up of connective tissue that has become fibrotic. The...
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...Medical Sciences Journal of Cancer Theranostics Journal of Genomics PubMed Central Indexed in Journal Impact Factor PDF Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11(5):546-558. doi:10.7150/ijbs.11084 Research Paper Evidence for Fungal Infection in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Brain Tissue from Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Ruth Alonso1, Diana Pisa1, Ana Isabel Marina1, Esperanza Morato1, Alberto Rábano2, Izaskun Rodal2, Luis Carrasco1 Corresponding address 1. Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”. c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain. 2. Department of Neuropathology and Tissue Bank, Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid. Spain. How to cite this article: Alonso R, Pisa D, Marina AI, Morato E, Rábano A, Rodal I, Carrasco L. Evidence for Fungal Infection in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Brain Tissue from Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11(5):546-558. doi:10.7150/ijbs.11084. Available from http://www.ijbs.com/v11p0546.htm Abstract Among neurogenerative diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal illness characterized by a progressive motor neuron dysfunction in the motor cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. ALS is the most...
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...Game instructions for one player Game instructions for multiple players Game requires two teams. How to play the game There are two sets of cards. Set 1 contains 5 cards with a description of a patients pain. Set two also contains 5 cards with a description of pain The goal is to match each card in set one with the correct type of pain in set two. Team 1takes game set 1cards with the description of a patients pain. Team 2 takes game set 2 cards with the type of pain. Goal: Team 2 will match each type of pain to the patient description by asking each member of team 1 questions about their pain and through this assessment will determine what pain type they are experiencing. The game ends when each game card in set 1 is matched to the correct game card in set 2. Game Card Set 1 Patient Profile Presenting Complaints and Symptoms o 19 year old male with complaints of dull pain around navel that has been getting progressively worse. Also has been experiencing nausea and occasional vomiting and constipation. Exam Findings o Abdominal guarding and rebound tenderness o Sudden onset and worsen with coughing Diagnosis: Appendicitis Game Card Set 2 Type of Pain Acute Pain Definition: Pain that starts suddenly and is very sharp. It can be a warning of a disease or from a result of trauma. It can also occur with certain events such as: Surgery Broken bones Dental work Burns or cuts Labor and childbirth ...
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...1. How to care for the child with a chronic condition or special needs. Give child choices, some sort of control/independence. Treat them like a normal kid. Mainstreaming: In school in a regular classroom. Do not separate these kids and make them feel different. Don’t focus on things they cannot do but rather focus on what they could do. . Use a more positive approach. Don’t focus on their chronological age because two six year olds will be different. Overall integration into society without stigmas. 2. Phases of reactions that parents go through related to a child with a chronic illness or disability 5 stages 1) Shock 2) Denial 3) Anger 4) Guilt 5) Acceptance. These 5 steps can happen over and over again. i.e., it’s prom night or communion and their child is not like all the other children and the parent may go through these steps again. 3. What is chronic sorrow? A parent dealing with a child with a chronic condition goes through the adjustment process and grief experience it does not happen in one experience. It may happen over and over again when different situations come up. Recurrent adjustment. 4. How to foster an environment of normalcy. Letting them go to a regular school, mainstreaming them, giving them control, treating them overall like a kid, not focusing on chronological age, do not compare to other kids in their age group. 5. Iron deficiency anemia Why does a child get it? We do not see it in the beginning with babies because they have iron stores...
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...of surface electromyographic (EMG) electrodes. The reflex can be elicited by electrical, mechanical or laser stimulation of the skin overlying the trigeminal nerve branches at the supraorbital, infraorbital, or mental foramina (Figure 15). The afferent portion of BR is supplied by branches of the trigeminal nerve, and the efferent motor volleys are conducted by branches of the facial nerve (Figure 16). The trigeminal afferent fibres project through the trigeminal ganglion to the trigeminal brainstem complex, which represent the trigeminal main sensory nucleus and the spinal tract nucleus (45-48). Supra-segmental influences on the BR are less well understood, but evidence from studies in patients with movement disorders, stroke and multiple sclerosis suggest input from the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus(47, 49-51). The reflex response consists of three components; R1, R2, and R3(49). Physiological variations observed in blink reflex recordings were, variations during light sleep , such that the R1 amplitude decreases and may disappear (52, 53). During feelings of apprehension the amplitude of R1 is decreased ,while that of R2 is increased (54). Psychological arousal was found to increase the R2 amplitude (55). 1.3.1.1. Neural pathways for blink reflex The first or early reflex, R1, is a short EMG response (not visible clinically) that occurs at a 10-11 ms latency, ipsilateral to the side of the stimulation. It is mediated by exteroceptive A-beta fibres that project...
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...Robert Ford Narcolepsy Psychiatric Nursing MCI-ECPI Recent statistics show that almost one percent of the American population is affected by narcolepsy. Only a quarter of that one percent has been medically diagnosed with the disorder, whereas others continue to mistake the disorder for other illnesses such as epilepsy, depression, and side effects of different medicines. While many have not heard much about Narcolepsy, it’s just as common and proliferating as other common diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis and appears in every ethnic group in the world. To date, many people are unaware of what narcolepsy is and the side effects of such a quiet and mysterious disorder. If one experiences irrepressible periods of sleepiness through the day, even during your most intense activities today, then perhaps Narcolepsy is something to consider and something that’s need to be research so proper diagnosis and treatment can take place. This is hard to do, when Narcolepsy is so easily overlooked and are mistaken for other illnesses. But even when a person hears the word Narcolepsy, it’s doubtful that they are even sure of what it is or they possess any extensive knowledge on the disorder (Khan, Hazin, & Iqbal, 2009). Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder in which the brain lacks the ability to regulate normal sleep-wake cycles. People with narcolepsy experience uncontrollable spells of sleep at any time throughout the day. Individuals will fall...
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