...Gender and Philosophy Feminist Ethics of Care Lawrence Kohlberg (the late Harvard psychologist) used experiments and trial tests to come to the conclusion that people usually mature in ‘stages’ (Feminist Ethics of Care [FEC] pg85). The stages 3-6 can be explained in brief terms such as: Stage 3: you’ve outgrown the thought process of where you believe being good means helping and making others happy. Stage 4: you’ve come to the supposition that morality consists of a set of rules for maintaining the social order. Stage 5: believing in the concept “the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Stage 6: to think of morality in terms of self-chosen universal principals of justice. This is the highest level of maturity (FEC pg85). Kohlberg maid this claim, another very popular one was by Carol Gilligan, another Harvard psychologist who made the statement that girls had a “different voice” when it came to conducting her own tests on the same type of studies. She found her female subjects of her case study to think about relationships and connection. They weren’t focused entirely on abstract reasoning but were more circumstantial and concrete. With her study of an eleven year old boy, he said for human life to be worth more than the money that the drug was costing the German man for his very ill wife. He made the reasoning that it was okay to steal the drug, because the money wasn’t as important as his love’s life. The young girl of the same age that she tested on was...
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...Brandon Gregg Second Ethics Assignment Dr. Wesley Palmer Normatively, care ethics seeks to maintain relationships by contextualizing and promoting the well-being of care-givers and care-receivers in a network of social relations. Most often defined as a practice or virtue rather than a theory as such, "care" involves maintaining the world of, and meeting the needs of, yourself and others. It builds on the motivation to care for those who are dependent and vulnerable, and it is inspired by both memories of being cared for and the idealizations of self. If I’m a manager of a company where I make and sell products, I have to make sure that the customers get what they deserve, which is good product, and make sure that the employees are working in a safe environment. Customers are the most important people for any organization. They are the resource upon which the success of the business depends. When thinking about the importance of customers it is useful to remember the following points: Repeat business is the backbone of selling. It helps to provide revenue and certainty for the business. Organizations are dependent upon their customers. If they do not develop customer loyalty and satisfaction, they could lose their customers. Without customers the organization would not exist. The purpose of the organization is to fulfill the needs of the customers. The customer makes it possible to achieve business aims. Customer satisfaction is at the heart of the selling...
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...Care Management Model Based on My Philosophy Care Management A shift from encounter based care to continuums of care is one of the biggest changes occurring in health care today. This change is driven by governmental legislation, payer incentives, and the recognized need by providers and healthcare systems. The lack of coordinated care results in medical errors, unnecessary procedures, and other forms of waste. This also creates higher costs for the patient, lower quality, and produces an unsatisfactory patient experience. A study performed by the Midwest Business Group on Health in collaboration with the Juran Institute revealed that 30% of all health care expenses result from poor quality care. In 2009, total health expenditures in the U.S. were $2.5 trillion. This means that $750 billion was the result of poor quality (Ralston & Park, 2011). Care Management Model Based on My Philosophy Case management and clinical pathways are strategies used to manage patient care. Although they use different approaches, both are related. The primary function of a case management program is to enhance the coordination of needed resources for patients and their families. Case managers facilitate access to services, both clinical and non-clinical, by connecting the individuals to resources that support him/her in playing an active role in the self-direction of his/her health care needs. Clinical pathways, on the other hand, are tools and systems. The tool reflects only part of the case...
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...avert a government shutdown[->0] after midnight action in the House to delay President Obama[->1]'s healthcare law[->2], with both parties trading accusations Sunday about who would be to blame for an impasse. Neither the House nor Senate[->3] planned to meet Sunday, with fewer than 36 hours left to approve a new stopgap spending measure. Instead, members of Congress[->4] fanned out to the TV networks' Sunday news shows to react to mostly party-line votes the House took overnight to again send the spending bill back to the Senate with provisions to undermine the Affordable Care Act. Republicans[->5] have insisted that such provisions be part of any deal to keep federal agencies open once the new budget year begins Tuesday. Sen. Ted Cruz[->6] (R-Texas), who has assumed a lead role among conservatives in pursuing the “defund or delay” strategy, repeatedly argued Sunday that Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid[->7] (D-Nev.) now stands in the way of a resolution. Cruz accused Reid of using "brute political force" to resist any changes in the healthcare law, which Cruz described as the "biggest job-killer in this country." "So far Majority Leader Harry Reid has essentially told the House of Representatives[->8] and the American people, 'Go jump in a lake,' " Cruz said on NBC's "Meet The Press." "If we have a shutdown, it will only be because when the Senate comes back, Harry Reid says, 'I refuse even to talk.' " Reid on Saturday called the Republicans' latest offer — a one-year...
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...The Liverpool Care Pathway: Does it improve the quality of dying? The Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP) is an integrated care pathway developed in the late 1990’s (Ellershaw et al, 1997) as a means of transferring best practice in care of the dying, from the hospice environment to other sectors starting in the acute setting. Currently the LCP is a recognised tool used by clinicians in the United Kingdom as well as over twenty countries, to give appropriate care to patients who have reached the last hours or days of their lives. Described to provide comfort to the dying and also address the needs of the carers (Chapman 2009). During this assignment the author will highlight and explain how a data search was conducted, and will analyse the data retrieved, explaining and evaluating the data to build a discussion based on the chosen topic of end of life care, with a focus on the Liverpool Care Pathway. The author will conclude by producing recommendations for practice. Although described above that the Liverpool Care Pathway is an appropriate tool for providing adequate care for patients, it can also be seen as a controversial pathway, being described as a ‘tick box’ approach rather than a humanistic approach (Chapman 2010). It has been referred to by the UK’s Daily Telegraph as ‘sentenced to death on the National Health Service’ (Devlin 2009). The author has a keen interest in palliative care, after researching is interested in enhancing knowledge surrounding the LCP as there are many...
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...when this act is appropriate, or what the resulting consequences would be if such an act were ever permissible. The point mostly debated between opposing sides is life-worth. What constitutes a life worth living and who is to ultimately decide this? The main problem with this question is that suffering cannot be measured unless one is to endure that same suffering themselves. The view that life is a special gift bestowed by God is held highly by many religions and it is of most importance to them when the debate on assisted suicides arises. A gift from God should not be tampered with let alone destructed. Although the number of ethical issues involved is endless this paper will be focusing on three points. The first point engages in the ethics of assisted suicide and will involve the psychologically vulnerable and the elderly. The second ethical issue to be mentioned will be the presence and/or lack of a definition for a terminal illness. The last point is concerned with the human will to power and how this creates a problem should assisted suicide be permissible. These ethical issues, although strong convictions on their own, can lead to slippery slope arguments and must be looked at very carefully. In addition depending on the standpoint that one would take, these arguments have both strengths and weaknesses. Many people fear the process of aging. They become unable to continue the same lifestyle that they once had and they often are more ill and have to be looked after by...
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...ACHE v. AMA Codes of Ethics ACHE v. AMA Codes of Ethics The American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) Code of Ethics is a list of principles set forth to guide healthcare executives in their daily practice. The Code of Ethics clearly defines the behavior and performance standards required by those performing the duties of healthcare executives. The ACHE Code of Ethics is designed in a way that clearly directs healthcare executives in their interactions with patients, employees, and the community. The ACHE Code of Ethics also clearly defines the responsibilities of the healthcare executive to the profession of healthcare management and also the responsibilities of the healthcare executive to the organization, as well as the responsibility of the healthcare executive to report violations of the code to the appropriate entities. The ACHE Code of Ethics is comprehensive and provides guidance for healthcare executives in the many facets of the profession. One of the areas of strength of the ACHE Code of Ethics is the focus on ensuring that there are adequate processes in places for nearly every area of patient care, including conflict resolution, safeguards to prevent discrimination, ensuring autonomy, ensuring confidentiality, and many others. Because the ACHE Code of Ethics outlines the importance of having these processes in place, it is vital that the healthcare executive ensure that these processes are in place so that he/she can be in compliance with the ethical...
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...Applying the Ethics of Care to Your Nursing Practice “I feel the capacity to care is the thing which gives life its deepest significance.” Pablo Casals (2000) nurse’s caring consciousness and moral commitment to make an intentional connection with the patient. The third element, caring occasion/caring moment, is the space and time where the patient and nurse come together in a manner for caring to occur. U se of the theory of care ethics is discussed to help nurses determine if they are applying this theory effectively in their practice. After a basic definition of caring, including Watson’s caring theory, the evolution of the theory of ethics of care will be delineated briefly. A case will be used to illustrate Tronto’s (1993) four phases of caring and her four elements of care. Theory of the Ethics of Care Edwards (2009) described the evolution of the theory of ethics of care over the last 15 years in three versions. First, Gilligan (1982) began the discussion with a focus on the context of the situation versus impartial deliberation of the ethical issue. Impartial reflection is an element of justice-based moral deliberation and does not take into consideration the level of caring or closeness in the relationship. Gilligan was the first to move moral theorizing from a position where selves were seen as independent to a position where selves are interconnected and interdependent. Strangers would not receive the same level of caring as those for whom we experience a...
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...Personal Ethics Development Paper Saundra Gonzales PHL/323 Ethics in Management February 3, 2014 Frank Campbell Personal Ethics Development Paper The personal ethics that drive me in my nursing career have been tested over the past eight years. My ethics are based on social norms and general standards of conduct that are governed by the hospital I work for. I have signed an agreement for compliance with a code of conduct that lays out the frame work for my personal and professional ethics. As a nurse, the ethical treatment of patients is paramount in my practice. The ethical system in place that has shaped my ethics is the Code of Ethics for Nurses. Beneficence, non-malfeasance, autonomy and human dignity are some important braches of the nursing code of ethics. This ethics system was introduced early in nursing school, and has been reinforced and used as a foundation for all other ethical practice. The code of ethics has helped me make the patient’s safety and comfort a priority, and all things that do not benefit a patient’s well being not as important. When I am being faced with an ethical dilemma, the nursing code of ethics can help guild me to the best option. In an attempt to respect all areas of human rights, I have to understand the vulnerability of the patient and do my best to help them make informed decisions autonomously that can help provide the best outcomes. Patient confidentiality is a must in my person ethics, and I am also legally...
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...Running head: CODE OF ETHICS PAPER Code of Ethics Paper Kimberly Anderson University of Phoenix Code of Ethics Paper The Code of Ethics is intended to be principles to guide organization’s beliefs. These basic principles are established on matters of the organization’s mission statement, quality, and social issues. This paper will review the code of ethics for nursing. This paper will include clarity of goals, identified ethical principles, and grievance procedures. The feasibility of enforcing either part of the code or the entire code will be discussed in this paper. There may be recommendations for strengthening potential weak areas of the codes as written. The code of ethics is a guide to follow in decision-making process when it pertains to ethical issues. According to the American Nurses Association, “The Code of Ethics for Nurses was developed as a guide for carrying out nursing responsibilities in a manner consistent with quality in nursing care and the ethical obligations of the profession (American Nurses Association, 2010).” The code has evolved over the years because of the hard work by the nurses in the past. The code of ethics provides a tool to the nursing profession. Clarity of Goals Many ethical challenges present to nurses daily. The goals of the nurses code of ethics establishes all nurses are following the basic standard of care for patients. There are nine major provisions in the code of ethics for nurses. All parts of the nursing...
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...Essay on Code of Ethics In nursing there is so much emphasis placed on ethics. The reason being is that ethics is a vital part deeply rooted within the field. This paper will look at certain ethical codes in nursing. For example, beginning with a historical overview of the evolution of nursing ethics, and followed by a discussion of the moral principles important to nursing. Next, the paper will look at the outcomes of critical thinking on nursing ethics, and the importance of moral improvement in nurses will be discussed. The following paragraph will discuss the historical introduction of ethics in nursing. The Nursing Code of Ethics began in 1893 with the "Nightingale Pledge" which was patterned after the Hippocratic Oath in medicine, and is understood as the first code of nursing ethics (ANA, 2005). Even though the “Nightingale Pledge is hardly used or enforced by many institution today, much of the same messages or meanings is still practiced today. For, instance in the pledge itself states that “I will abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous, and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug” (Edelstein 1943). I have come to find that this statement means that the nurse giving care should always take precaution when giving medication. A Nurse should deliver optimal care to all patients. Mistakes are made when nurses leave out what is very important. Later on the Nurses' Associated Alumnae of the United States of America and Canada...
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...My law and ethics understanding and beliefs In 1847 the American Medical Association revolutionized medicine in the United States. Members of this newly formed organization, met in Philadelphia as the first national professional medical organization in the world, dedicated themselves to establishing uniform standards for professional education, training, and conduct. They unanimously adopted the world's first national code of professional ethics in medicine. For more than 160 years since, the AMA's Code of Medical Ethics has been the authoritative ethics guide for practicing physicians. Ethics in Hand are pocket-sized guides to the Code of Medical Ethics for physicians and medical students. The Code articulates the enduring values of medicine as a profession. As a statement of the values to which physicians commit themselves individually and collectively, the Code is a touchstone for medicine as a professional community. It defines medicine’s integrity and the source of the profession’s authority to self-regulate. At the same time, the Code of Medical Ethics is a living document, evolving as changes in medicine and the delivery of health care raise new questions about how the profession's core values apply in physicians' day to day practice. The Code links theory and practice, ethical principles and real world dilemmas in the care of patients. The next time you hear a monotheist tell a non-believer that morals come from the Bible or that moral reasoning cannot provide an...
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...Business Ethics in a Hospital Setting Darlene V Nickerson Columbia Southern University Abstract Business ethics in a hospital setting includes a review of many areas. Ethical considerations include the areas of patient care, nursing ethics, physician ethics, patient privacy, and medical billing practices. This paper will touch on ethical concerns for each of these topics. Keywords: hospitals, ethics, patient care, nursing, physicians Business Ethics in a Hospital Setting When beginning a discussion of business ethics in a hospital setting it is important to take a broad approach. Because a hospital is a business and also a treatment facility, the ethical concerns must be considered not only for areas such as billing and privacy but also for ethics related to the appropriate care of patients, nursing ethics, and physician ethics. The ethics of the treatment methods employed based on the patient’s condition must also be considered. Ethics and Patient Care I believe that when discussing the ethical implications of patient care it is helpful to review a real-world scenario. One highly publicized case involved Terri Schiavo and her husband’s fight to stop her tube feedings as there was no hope for her recovery (VandeKieft, 2005). One reason for the high visibility of this case in the media occurred because the patient's husband and the patient's family disagreed on the diagnosis (VandeKieft, 2005). Terri suffered a cardiac arrest due to severe hypokalemia (low potassium...
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...Professional Roles & Values Project Western Governors University A. Functional Difference Professional nursing organizations such as the Wisconsin Nurses Association (WNA) function as an advocate for registered nurses at the state level. The Wisconsin Nurses Assocation “works to protect, promote, and enhance the practice of professional nursing.” (“WISCONSINNURSES.ORG,” n.d.) The WNA encourages members to follow the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses, provides assistance with professional development, and represents nurses at the state and national level. As a member of the WNA I know my voice is heard in Madison and Washington D.C. due to the actions of political action committees. I have the Code of Ethics to guide my practice. And I have access to numerous resources such as workshops, webinars and conferences to assist in developing my professional career as an RN in the state of Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Board of Nursing is a regulatory agency that is part of the Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services. “The Board of Nursing is involved in education, Legislation, licensing, and discipline of Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs), Registered Nurses (RNs), Nurse Midwives and Advanced Practice Nurse Prescribers (APNP).” (“dsps.wi.gov/Boards –Councils/Board-Pages/Board-of-Nursing-Main-Page/,”n.d.) Chapter 441 of the Wisconsin State Statues provides an overview...
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...CASE SCENARIO Leo R. is a 45-year-old patient with diabetes and is a widower with three young children. Two of Leo’s children suffer from chronic medical conditions. His oldest daughter, like Leo, has insulin-dependent diabetes. His only son suffers from grand mal epilepsy, which is poorly controlled by a plethora of medications. Leo works for a small printing business, a job he enjoys, but one that makes it difficult for him to make ends meet. With only six employees, the company’s owner cannot afford to offer health insurance. Leo’s annual salary of $30,000 allows him to purchase only the most basic of health plans, one that does not include coverage for prescription medications. Leo frequently must decide between medications and food, often opting for cheap junk food that is neither nutritious for his young family nor appropriate for a diabetic diet. Leo has recently applied for and been offered several other jobs, but at a lower salary and with no health insurance coverage. Recently, Leo’s diabetes has worsened. He has developed a serious infection that has led to lost wages and, far worse, the loss of his right leg below the knee. Leo is weighing his options. He has heard about a new clinical research trial open to insulin-dependent diabetics that pays $100 a week to research subjects. He has also been quite depressed and begun to wonder if his children might not be better off without him. He has several life insurance policies that would pay off generously if something...
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