...EFFECTIVESS OF USING GEOTEXTILES IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS: LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS Shih-Hsien Yang Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering Dr. Imad L Al-Qadi, Chair Dr. Gerardo W Flintsch Dr. Antonio A Trani Feb 27, 2006 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Geotextile, Life Cycle Cost Analysis, Flexible Pavement, Cost Effectiveness, Agency Costs, User Costs EFFECTIVESS OF USING GEOTEXTILES IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS: LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS Shih-Hsien Yang (ABSTRACT) Using geotextiles in secondary roads to stabilize weak subgrades has been a well accepted practice over the past thirty years. However, from an economical point of view, a complete life cycle cost analysis (LCCA), which includes not only costs to agencies but also costs to users, is urgently needed to assess the benefits of using geotextile in secondary road flexible pavement. Two design methods were used to quantify the improvements of using geotextiles in pavements. One was developed at Virginia Tech by Al-Qadi in 1997, and the other was developed at Montana State University by Perkins in 2001. In this study, a comprehensive life cycle cost analysis framework was developed and used to quantify the initial and the future cost of 25 representative low volume road design alternatives. A 50 year analysis cycle was used to compute the cost-effectiveness...
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...ext.34132; FAX: 886-34252960; e-mail: ccchou@cc.ncu.edu.tw 2Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan Abstract As more and more utility installation and/or maintenance activities are located in highly congested urban roadways, frequent pavement utility cuts in such areas may cause more traffic disruption as well as deteriorate pavement life and quality. Utility owners normally need to obtain permits from public road authorities before commencing utility activities; however, public road authorities in Taiwan currently just issue permits without trying to coordinate and communicate with utility owners involved to schedule their utility-related activities in a more consecutive way. An information model based on the spatiotemporal objects database technique was proposed to help public road authorities identify the utility activities that might be combined together to avoid unnecessary pavement utility cuts. In the proposed model, constraints pertaining to pavement moratorium, utility clearance distance and traffic conditions were considered. The software architecture is discussed, followed by research conclusions. Keywords: Pavement, Utility cut, Utility permit, Spatiotemporal objects database, Temporal database 1. Introduction As more and more people dwell in urban areas, there is an increasing number of utility installation and/or maintenance activities located in such areas that make a great impact on paved roads....
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...vehicles, bicycle lanes, pedestrians and transit. This therefore means that an intersection includes pavement area, its adjacent sidewalks and segments of any intersecting streets affected by the design. 5. Intersection users Intersections are common points to all road users and all roadway users are affected by the design of the intersection. Intersection users include pedestrians, cyclists, motor vehicles and transit (buses, taxis etc.). This can be further classified into motorised and non-motorised road users. The performance of an intersection depends greatly on the traffic control type of the intersection and the priority control given to each individual user type. For signalised intersections the performance of individual users are dependent on the elemental design of the intersection such as: 1) number of approach lanes for motor vehicles and/or buses; 2) amount of right-of-way provided for pedestrians; 3) crossing distance for pedestrians; 4) turning priority controls for cyclists and motorists; 5) turning priority controls for cyclists and motorists; 6) number of turn lanes provided at the intersection. The speed limit used at an intersection also controls its saturation flow and hence the overall performance of an intersection. Typical Intersection Layout and Terminology Above is a basic schematic of a typical intersection with terminology used in this research review. The major roadway is the main intersecting street in an intersection that caters for a greater traffic...
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...Department of Science and Technology-Information and Communications Technology office (DOST-ICT) together with the private sector, like Farlis Development Corporation, is pushing for the improvement of the industry in the country by working together to attract other companies to engage in offshore outsourcing in the country. Cordova is a municipality located in the 6th district of Cebu Province in the Philippines. Most of Cordova lies on separate islands off the southern coast of Mactan island connected over three bridges. The emerging development from the neighbouring cities of Cordova will soon overflow in the municipality. Cordova is favourable for investments like IT Park due to a stable peace and order situation with a concrete road pavement. The current rapid increase of local or foreign...
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...SPORTS CITY School of Engineering, Gautam Buddha University for his able guidance and useful suggestions, which helped me in completing the project work, in time. Finally, yet importantly, we would like to express my heartfelt thanks to our beloved parents for their blessings, friends/classmates for their help and wishes for the successful completion of this project. INDEX TOPIC PAGE NO. ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………….6 2.1 Definition of HPC…………………………………………………..9 CHAPTER 2 2. Objective………………………………………………………………..9 CHAPTER 3 3. Scope of Study………………………………………………………….10 CHAPTER 4 4. Literature review………………………………………………………..11 CHAPTER 5 5. Salient features of HPC………………………………………………....12 CHAPTER 6 6....
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...Chapter I The Problem A. INTRODUCTION Having a term paper as a requirement for the graduating students is important. It may be difficult for the students since it is their first time to make this requirement but it is fun to do this, since this is one of knowing the author and the same time develop the researcher’s skill in analyzing and interpreting ideas. In the writing this term paper the researchers gain information and get familiar to the works and life story of the two authors. This term paper focuses the comparative study of William Blake and Walt Whitman. The researchers gather information through research and analyze the data to answer the question stated in the problem. B. BIOGRAPHY OF WILLIAM BLAKE¹ William Blake was an English poet, engraver, and a painter. A boldly imaginative rebel in both his through and art, he combined poetic and pictorial genius to explore life. YOUTH William Blake was born in London, England, on November 28, 1757, the second son of a men’s clothing merchant. From his earliest year he saw vision. He would see trees full of angels on similar sights, if this were not true mystical visions; they were the results of the artistic intense spiritual understanding of the world. From his early teens Blake wrote poems, often setting them to melodies of his own composition. At the age of ten, Blake started at the well-known Park’s DrawingSchool, at age of fourteen; he began a seven year apprenticeship to an engraver. It was as an engraver...
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...rapid infrastructural development taking place on a global level. There are a large number of projects which are being developed currently with the emerging economy. The countries like China, India, and various other Asian economies are considered to be the growing markets for the geotextile industry. The Asian market dominates the global textile industry and is expected to be the highest among all the regions which is estimated to reach $2.5 billion by 2017. Economic stability in the country has increased the demand for more roads, highways, bridges, railways, dams and canals. Geotextile enhance design, cost effectiveness, durability, and aesthetics of the infrastructure projects. The geotextile industry produces products that perform several functions which include reinforcement, filtration, draining, protection, and separation. The major applications for geotextiles are pavement repair, road industry, erosion control, and waste management. 1.2 ABOUT THE COMPANY Maruti Rub Plast Pvt. Ltd was established in 2008, a group company of Maruti Techno Rubber Private Ltd., which is a renowned brand in the Infrastructure and Construction Sector. It has set up its state-of-the-art manufacturing facility at Greater Noida and installed with World’s best and automated Technical Textile Machine to manufacture Warp- Knitted Geogrids and other Geosynthetic Products. The Flagship Company, Maruti Techno Rubber Private Ltd., are the market leaders in manufacturing...
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...Final Research Methodology Prevention FOD on Runways RSCH202- Intro to Research Methods Muhd Ridwan Bin Abdul Malek Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Contents Introduction3 A Brief Literature Review3 Research Questions4 Theoretical Framework4 Hypotheses5 Study Design5 Population and Sample 6 Variables and Measures6 Data Collection6 Data Analysis Methods 7 Actual Sampling and Data analysis8 Reference 9 Introduction Foreign Object Debris (FOD) has been a problem in the aviation industry. It is important to prevent FOD as it can affect the economic cost for airlines (McCreary, 2008), severe damages on turbine blades (Mehdi 2014) and shallow indentions can developed to a fatigue crack (Chen, 2001). The focus will be on preventing FOD on runway as it is the most important area to monitor in terms of safety aspects (McCreary, 2008). It is also important to examine the preventions in placed and its effectiveness within the organization. A Brief Literature Review Previous research done to prevent FOD has shown that there are several preventions lay out in the aviation industry. Some of them would be by training, inspection as well as maintenance (Bachtel 2008). For training, workers in the airport should receive training in identification as well as removal of FOD. This includes the potential consequences of overlooking it. Training is effective when the importance of safety is emphasis to personnel and passengers, direct and indirect cost of FOD. Procedures...
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...June 2015 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN OF FRUITS & VEGETABLES SECTOR IN INDIA: A REVIEW Saurav Negi1 and Neeraj Anand2 1 Doctoral Research Fellow, Centre for Continuing Education, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India 2 Professor and Head (LSCM & Operations), College of Management and Economic Studies, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India ABSTRACT Purpose- The entire supply chain of Fruits and Vegetables in India is laden with various issues and challenges. To list the possible challenges and suggest a way forward, there is a need to study the supply chain of Fruits and Vegetables sector in India. So the purpose of this paper is to discuss the supply chain of fruits and vegetables sector in India and explain the issues which are affecting it. Authors also suggested the corresponding mitigation strategies to overcome the identified issues and challenges. Design/methodology/approach-Descriptive research has been used for this study. The supply chain of Fruits and Vegetables sector has been explained and attempt has been made towards identifying the issues affecting the supply chain of the sector. The present study undertakes a thorough review of basic and contemporary literature available and tries to explain the factors affecting the supply chain of Fruits and Vegetables sector in India. The literature has been divided into various themes according to the issues in the supply chain and an investigation...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION a) Abstract 1 b) Introduction of the topic2 c) Scope of study2 d) Keywords2 LITERATURE REVIEW a. Definition 3 b. Presentation Of Arguments And Debates4-5 c. Conclusion6 d. Hypothesis And Research Questions6 PROGRAMME AND RESEARCH DESIGN a. Research Objectives7 b. Research Methodology7 c. Questionnaires8-10 RESEARCH FINDINGS a. Research Findings11 b. Analysis Of Research Findings12-13 c. Case Studies14-18 d. Conclusion 19 BIBLIOGRAPHY ABSTRACT This research focuses upon the experience of urban Space by evaluating human behavior and space to human relations. In addition, approaches to installation of temporary activities into the public realm and its impact that these can have upon perception, identity and activities within public space. This research explores the essential presence of temporary activities with in a city ,which requires a critical understanding of the functioning of public space .Finally this research would suggest possibilities of better spatial pattern to enhance spatial interaction and revive urban identities. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION: If an urban environment is to be considered as a spatial ‘system’ and it is to be valued as a whole, “one must consider its parts in relation to its parts, its parts in relation to the whole and the whole in relation to the parts” (Archer et al., 1984, p. 8). People tend to respond to their environment...
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...Does Salt effect the Boiling Temperature of Water? By Jason Project Design Plan Water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212 °F. Dissolved substances such as salt lower the freezing point of water. This is why salt is sprinkled over icy pavement or wet roads in winter. It causes the temperature of the water to reach less that 32°F to form ice. Does it also have an effect on the boiling point of water? Does the quantity of salt added effect the boiling point? My experiment is to find out what effects salt will have on the temperature of boiling water. The hypothesis of my experiment is that if I add more salt then the temperature of the boiling water will increase. I believe the more salt added to the water the higher the boiling temperature is going to be. I will be using 2 cups of water as a base in a 2 quart stainless steel pot. I will add 1 tsp of salt, 2 tsp of salt and 4 tsp of salt and measure the temperature of the water. Literature Review If you heat up two pots of water one with tap water and one with tap water and 20 percent salt water, the pot with the salt water will boil before the pot without salt water. The heat capacity of water is higher than salt water. This means that it takes less energy to increase the temperature of salt water than it does unsalted water. Thus salt water warms up quicker and gets to a boiling point faster than unsalted water. (Dammann, 2013) Dissolving table salt into water will lower the overall vapour pressure of...
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...The Effectiveness of Using Mussel Shells as an Alternative Ingredient in Making Bricks Chapter I ABSTRACT Waste management has been a problem since then because lots of wastes are not used efficiently- needing the people to make a move to convert these wastes into useful things. Thus, this study is undertaken to contribute to the ideas of waste management programs and to find out the effectiveness of mussel shells as an alternative material in making bricks. This study intends to make eco-friendly and affordable bricks by combining the powdered mussel shells, sand and cement with an appropriate ratios. A series of experiments were conducted to study the effect of using mussel shells on the compressive strength and percentage of water absorption of the bricks. The bricks were tested at the construction materials testing center and it proved that the bricks can hold enough strength and can absorb much water. It showed that the sample 1 (3tahong:1cement) has a compressive strength of 3.75MPa which means it is considered as a non structural brick and it has a percentage of water absorption of 13.02%. Since using mussel shell as a component in making bricks will only produce a non structural brick, the researchers conducted another set of samples. Sample 2 can carry more loads 325kN than the two other samples 3 and 4, 275kN and 115kN but sample 2 can absorb more water 19.26% than the other two, 15.7%. Chapter II Introduction Background of the Study ...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study The primary function of any highway is the transportation of people and goods from its source across to its intended destination. The functional effectiveness of any facility as such should be to ensure it serves its designed capacity with the most of convenience and safety for the users and vehicles plying it. This would help improve the level of service of facility and overall see to it that the socio-economic importance of it is realised. Traffic engineering analysis has to be employed to study the characteristic traffic flow conditions of the highway. The speed, density and flow are the basic traffic stream variables that need to be studied together with their relationship with one another in the traffic stream. These variables are very much linked and their relationship would provide an indication of the level of usage and efficiency of a roadway system and provide transportation planners the basic data in the evaluation of the effectiveness of capacity improvement measures. Information on highway traffic conditions is usually collected by organising and conducting traffic surveys and studies. Traffic studies may be grouped into three main categories as inventories, administrative studies, and dynamic studies. Of these three the dynamic traffic studies involve the collection of data under operational conditions and include studies of speed, traffic volume, travel time and delay, parking and accidents. This study is made...
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...Employee's rewards ukessays.com /dissertations/management/employees-rewards.php CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Overview In any organization, employee's rewards usually given to attract, motivate and retain the employees to stay longer and contribute a good quality services to ensure the successful of the organization; in other words, rewards play an important role in creating, building and maintaining the commitment among employees with the purpose to ensure high standard of performances and workforce stability. According to the individual - organizational exchange theme, individuals enter the organization with special qualification and skill, desire and goals, and expect in return a work setting where they can use their skill, satisfy their desire, and achieve their goals (Mottaz, 1988). At the minimum, employees expect their organization to provide fair pay, safe working condition, and fair treatment. (Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Mills, & Walton, 1984). It simply implies that employees offer or increase their commitment when organization meets employees' expectation regarding fulfillment of their important needs. Thus, the exchange perspective explains organizational commitment as a function of work rewards and work values (Lambert, 2000; Mottazz, 1988), and suggests the importance of work rewards for continuously encouraging employees. According to exchange theory and reciprocity norm, employees repay the rewards received from organization through increase commitment to the organization...
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...or pictures, such as painting, photography). Communication is a vital part of personal life and is also important in business, education, and any other situations where people encounter each other (Encarta, 1998). Organizational communication is largely focused upon building relationships, or repeated interpersonal interactions, with internal organizational members and interested external publics. For organizations to be successful they must have competent communicators. This case study is an attempt to bring forth, analyze and compare different aspects of workplace communication. It focuses in communication which is considered a significant factor for an organization‘s internal and external progress. It is a study on literature, which aims to link the literature findings with a real case of a company which lacks effective organizational/workplace communication. In the end, it proposes certain strategies to be improve effective organizational communication. ii Table of Contents ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................. ii CHAPTER 1...
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