...CQ1) How are priority issues for Australia’s health identified? 1. Account for the differences in health status of men and women in Australia (7 marks) 2. Define the following terms: mortality, morbidity and life expectancy (3 marks) 3. How is epidemiology used to improve the health of Australians? Provide examples (6 marks) 4. Outline two indicators of morbidity. Include examples in your answer (3 marks) 5. Why is it important to prioritise particular health issues in Australia? Include examples in your answer (5 marks) 6. Discuss the limitations of using epidemiology to describe the current health status of a population (4 marks) 7. Compare the health status of Australian males to Australian females (4 marks) 8. Analyse the importance of social justice principles in selecting health priorities in Australia (6 marks) 9. Demonstrate how an illness or disease is selected as a National Priority area (5 marks) 10. What is the role of epidemiology? Explain how epidemiology can be used to determine the priority areas for Australia’s health (4 marks) 11. Explain the main measures of epidemiology. What information do they provide about the current health status of Australians (4 marks) 12. Is Australia a healthy nation compared with the rest of the world? Explain your answer. How can Australia’s health be improved? (5 marks) 13. Distinguish between the terms ‘prevalence’ and ‘incidence’ (2 marks) 14. Identify reasons for Australia’s declining infant mortality rate...
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...Anxiety is a complex emotion identified by various levels of agitation. It is caused by reaction to a threat or perceived threat that generates a ‘fight or flight’ response. In other words, when we experience situations where we are at risk, uncertain, threatened or attacked, we become anxious and take steps to address the concern. From here our natural instincts take over, forcing us to confront it (fight) or escape (flight). At the extreme, anxiety disrupts and unset- tles behaviour by lowering the individual’s concentration and affecting their muscular control. Sporting contests and competitions may contribute to anxiety because of the unpredictable nature of performance or the uncertainty of the outcome. Any sporting contest can give rise to anxiety when one’s perceived ability cHapteR 6 PSyChOlOGy ANd PERFORMANCE 191  START RUNNING ALERT STAY & FIGHT ANXIETY BUTTON Figure 6.8: anxiety can trigger a fight or flight response. Practice HSC exam questions does not measure up to the demands of the task. For example, a boxer might be aware that his preparation has been insufficient, but must go an indefinite number of rounds with a clearly superior opponent. The build-up of anxiety is unavoidable as the mind tinkers with thoughts of ways forward or ways out. This pessimistic appraisal causes negative stress, which underlies most forms of anxiety. Anxiety can also be entrenched in deep-seated expectations, especially if one feels that they cannot be fulfilled. When...
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...[pic] FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE CONTENT: FOCUS QUESTION 1- HOW DOES TRAINING AFFECT PERFORMANCE • Energy systems • Types of training and training methods • Principles of training • Physiological adaptations in response to training FOCUS QUESTION 2- HOW CAN PSYCHOLOGY AFFECT PERFORMANCE • Motivation • Anxiety and Arousal • Psychological strategies to enhance motivation and manage anxiety FOCUS QUESTION 3- HOW CAN NUTRITION AND RECOVERY STRATEGIES AFFECT PERFORMANCE • Nutritional considerations • Supplementation • Recovery strategies FOCUS QUESTION 4- HOW DOES THE ACQUISITION OF SKILL AFFECT PERFORMANCE • Stages of skill acquisition • Characteristics of a learner • The learning environment • Assessment of skill and performance FOCUS QUESTION 1- HOW DOES TRAINING AFFECT PERFORMANCE • Energy systems: All energy is provided in the muscles in the form of the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Chemical reactions in the body cause ATP to break down and release energy to the muscles for work. The chemical reactions are a result of a combination of oxygen we breathe and the breakdown of food, mainly carbohydrates and fats. The structure and breakdown of ATP: The ATP molecule has three phosphate molecules attached to it by high energy chemical bonds. One phosphate splits from the molecule and energy is released. The remaining compound is adenosine diphosphate...
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...Health Priorities Report Health Priorities Report yuliya sadaunichaya yuliya sadaunichaya Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been identified as a health priority area because it is major health and economic burden on Australia. It is one of the leading causes of sickness and death in Australia, although there are significant differences in the incidence and prevalence of the disease among population subgroups. CVD can be attributed to a number of modifiable risk factors. The nature of CVD Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to damage to, or disease of, the heart, arteries, veins and/or smaller blood vessels. The three major forms of this disease are: * Coronary heart disease – the poor supply of blood to the muscular walls of the heart by its own blood supply vessels, the coronary arteries * Stroke – the interruption of the supply of blood to the brain * Peripheral Vascular disease – diseases of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries that affect the limbs, usually reducing blood supply to the legs Cardiovascular disease is most evident as stroke, heart attack, angina, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease. Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of most of these conditions. This is the build-up of fatty and/or fibrous material on the interior walls of arteries. This build-up hinders the flow of blood to the body’s tissues and also acts to increase blood pressure. Often, the build-up occurs...
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...The importance of health education for children in early childhood and school settings Introduction Nutrition education in Australian schools is becoming a more prevalent issue than in the past due to the increasing obesity rate. Childhood obesity has accelerated rapidly into one of the most significant health problems as well as being a prominent concern for early childhood professions. Obesity is the largest nutritional problem among Australian children where childhood obesity has been estimated to be rising to the extent of 1% per year. If we take these statistics and skip forward to 2025 it translates to 50% of Australia’s young people will be overweight. Historically the family has been a child’s main source of education in regards to health through a combination of direct and indirect instruction, the child then models this behaviour. Teachers must now also be the facilitators of children’s health education to build on what children are learning from their family, the more knowledge they gain in regards to what keeps them healthy and why, the better prepared they will be for a healthy adult life. A correlation between Australian children’s health and wellbeing, and their educational prospects has been identified. (Mathews 2004) Educators have the opportunity through curriculum to develop strategies to support health and nutritional education in line with best practice by adhering to the Health Promoting Schools model There is hope that improved health education...
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...Cerone Brown Professor Cawley Eng. 101 May 11, 2012 The Common Causes of Sports Injuries. Sport injuries are an epidemic in the U.S. and there’s little anybody can do to stop them. The good part of partaking in athletics is that it’s a great way to get and stay in shape. The bad part is suffering an injury in competition can flush a potential winning season down the drain. The ugly is that a sports injury can effect more than just a season; it can affect an athlete’s life even when he/she stops playing. Since sports injuries are so prevalent, I will explore specific ways to help Prevent such painful acts to occur. Pay attention and be sure to consider the tips on the causes and prevention of sports injuries. Stretching and warming up is focal step in the attempt to prevent injuries. Growing up playing numerous of sports, I was always told to stretch before playing. Stretching before playing was emphasized by my coaches so I wouldn’t pull a muscle. Warming up is a four-step process. The steps include gentle loosening, some form of aerobic activity, static stretching and sport specific exercise (Bird). I always thought warming up was a one step thing. Meanwhile stretching and warming up does numerous of good things for the body to help prevent a nagging injury. Enhancing flow of blood to the muscles by increasing the heart rate, warming up muscles, tendons and ligaments are the main results for stretching...
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...PDHPE Principles of Training 400m Run The principles of training should be applied to any athlete, elite or otherwise, when designing a training program that will result in maximising benefits in their chosen sport. The principles of training that will be included for this specific 400m elite runner are: progressive overload, specificity, variety, reversibility, training thresholds and warm up/cool down. It is vital to recognise the importance of progressive overload in a training program since the human body will consistently adapt to the demands put upon it, therefore it is vital that the training load is progressively increased. Progressive overload allows the body to work at a higher intensity in response to training stress at the lower level. Weight, duration and intensity are all examples of how the training load can be increased to apply the progressive overload principle. In the case of an elite 400m runner progressive overload can be used to steadily improve the strength in the upper and lower legs and the lower back, which is required for the explosive movement off the blocks and in their running stride. To give this athlete power, absolute strength must be developed. High resistance absolute strength training in the leg area (calf raises, lower back extensions) with low repetitions (1-2 reps) should be done for the first 2 weeks then a gradual increase in repetitions (4-8) over 4-5 weeks will employ the principles of progressive overload to benefit an elite 400m...
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...Richard Johnson Anglican School Stage 6 PDHPE Preliminary Course Assessment Task Two Details: | Unit: Core 2- Body In MotionAssessment Task Number: 2Weighting: 25%Due Date: 31 July 2015 (Term 3 Week 2)Task Title: Training ProgramTotal Marks: 50Draft and Review: 10 marksFinal Submission: 40 marksOutcomes: P7, P8, P10, P11, P17 | Context Coaching staff of high representative sporting teams/individuals will always plan training programs to effectively develop their teams or athletes. They will use various methods and techniques when designing these programs so that athletes can develop their fitness and skills. Task Choose a sport of your choice. This sport will be your focus in completing each section of this task. Part A- Draft and Review 10 Marks To gain 10 marks you need to complete the following * Submit at least 1 draft to a friend for “peer-feedback” * Submit at least 1 draft to the teacher for feedback * Complete Part A Student Reflection and submit sheet on assessment submission * Complete Part B Student Reflection and submit within 24 hours of assessment being returned. Part B- Training Program 20 Marks Design a week long training program using the FITT principles. Ensure your athletes have both anaerobic and aerobic training incorporated, in a ratio relevant for your chosen sport. You should also ensure you train the relevant health and skill related components of fitness. Part C- Report (1-2 pages) 20 Marks Justify your training...
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...Therefore, this suggests that the law is in fact an ‘empty concept’ for a particular community within the Australian society. If the law cannot address major concerns within society, there is no confidence within the legal system. Interventional Education Programs In order to achieve continual equality before the law for domestic violence victims, it is essential that effective solutions are put in place. An extremely effective solution is the use of educational reform within all communities of society including that of the Indigenous and Aboriginal people. Within NSW, teachers will incorporate the Prevention of Domestic Violence Toolkit into lessons for the mandatory Year 7 to Year 10 Personal Development, Health and Physical Education (PDHPE) syllabus. Programs within schools is an extremely powerful way to ensure young people have the knowledge and understanding of the risks of domestic violence, and how they can potentially protect their own wellbeing, as well as others within the community. Domestic violence programs within schools will ‘ interrupt the cycle of violence by educating children about domestic violence and assist children who may already be experiencing violence in their homes. Therefore, programs within schools can potentially reduce likelihood for children to offend when older,ultimately reducing rates of incarceration and recidivism. Programs as such will benefit the Aboriginal community in particular, as domestic violence is a prominent issue within the community...
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...decades, children’s mental health and well-being has emerged as a significant priority for the education system to address. Due to the significant influence a child’s education has on their life, schools have been recognised as a key site for intervention and skill-building in regards to this issue. In conjunction with the HPS approach, this has manifested itself in the creation of teacher resources focused on dealing with mental health in the classroom setting as well as mental health promotion partnerships and an overall understanding of the importance of fostering a positive environment in which children can learn. While mental health is not a defined category within the curriculum, mental health literacy falls across multiple strands of PDHPE curriculum including ‘growth and development’, ‘interpersonal relationships’ and ‘personal health choices’. Within these strands there is a focus on equipping children with skills useful in communicating, understanding and dealing with emotion, interacting with others, making decisions, self-control and psychological resilience. Teachers, who are ultimately responsible for implementing the curriculum within the classroom, have been identified as having an “integral role to play” in supporting children’s mental health and well-being however, many have expressed concern regarding their capacity to effectively do so (Thornton, 2011). According to Helen Tobler of The Australian, “while education departments do provide general policy advice on...
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...The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory System Anatomy & Physiology of Sport and Exercise Task 2: Laboratory Report BTEC Extended Diploma in Sports and Exercise Science Year 1 Contents Page 1 Front Page 2 Contents Page 3 –8 Introduction 9 Method 10-11 Results 12-18 Discussion Introduction The hypothesis for this project is to look at the effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system (heart rate and blood pressure) and the respiratory system (breathing rate) which will increase with exercise. This is because as we begin to exercise our bodies demand for oxygen rises as the need for energy increases, therefore we must breathe at a faster rate in order to supply oxygenated blood to the working muscles. The heart must beat quicker in order to push the oxygenated blood to the working muscles and this in turn will increase blood pressure. The Cardiovascular System. The cardiovascular system does not consist of the lungs. Cardio = the heart Vascular = the blood and blood vessels The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body and carry hormones to different parts of the body. Remove waste products from energy production, maintain body temperature and homeostasis. The function of the blood vessels in particular is to deliver oxygen rich blood around the body and remove waste products. ...
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...consultation paper, Defining Mandatory Outcomes in the K–6 Curriculum, which also involved surveys, submissions and state-wide consultation meetings with teachers across NSW. This process helped to bring about the current NSW Primary Curriculum Foundations Statements. Collaborating with teachers and educational professionals the statements developed by the board of studies NSW give clear direction of what must be taught through each of the stages of learning in the K-6 curriculum (The Board of Studies NSW, 2007). The NSW Primary Curriculum is structured into six key learning areas (KLA’s), English; Mathematics; Science and Technology; Human Society and its Environment; Creative Arts; and Personal Development, Health and Physical Education (PDHPE). The KLA’s, along with the syllabus, remain at the core of planning and programming, and are broken down into various broad strands. These strands help the educator to manage planning and prioritise learning at each stage (The Board of Studies NSW, 2007). The broad strands are laid out as follows: * English * talking and listening * reading * writing * Mathematics * Working Mathematically * Number * Patterns and Algebra *...
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...PDHPE Assessment Task 2 Health Report Question 1. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders experience many health inequities compared to non-Indigenous Australians, these include: • Lower life expectancy: Indigenous Australians have lower life expectancy than non-Indigenous Australians. For example: Indigenous boys born between 2010 and 2012 can expect to live to 69.1 years and Indigenous girls to 73.7 years compared with 79.7 for non-Indigenous boys and 83.1 for non-Indigenous girls. • Higher hospitalisations: Indigenous Australians have higher hospitalisation rates compared to non-Indigenous Australians due to their poorer health status. For example: Indigenous Australians were hospitalised for potentially preventable conditions nearly 4 times as often as non-Indigenous Australians between July 2010 and June 2012. • More likely to smoke: Indigenous Australians are more likely to take part in health risk behaviors such as smoking, which contributes to poorer health status. For example: Two out of 5 Indigenous Australians aged 15 and over (41%) were current daily smokers in 2012–13, which, after adjusting for age, was more than twice the rate of smoking among non-Indigenous Australians in 2011–12. • Lower rates of physical activity: Physical inactivity rates are significantly higher in the Indigenous population than in the non-Indigenous population. For...
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...Appendix 1: Literature Review Report to the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations Scoping study into approaches to student wellbeing Literature Review PRN 18219 July 2008 Erebus International Australian Catholic University Table of Contents Appendix 1: Literature Review 1 Table of Contents 2 Executive Summary 4 Section 1: Project Overview 4 Section 2: What is Student Wellbeing? 5 Section 3: The Outcomes of Student Wellbeing and its Pathways 6 1. Physical and Emotional Safety 6 2. Pro-social values 7 3. A supportive and caring school community 7 4. Social and Emotional Learning 7 5. A Strengths-based Approach 8 6. A sense of Meaning and Purpose 8 7. A Healthy Lifestyle 9 Section 4: International Focus on Student Wellbeing 9 Section 5: Student Wellbeing in the Australian Educational Context 9 5.1: Australian Government National Frameworks in Education 9 5.2 Report on the of the Responses of State and territory and non-government education authorities to the Concept of a National Student Wellbeing Framework 11 5.3 Student Wellbeing in State and Territory Curriculum and Policy Documents 11 Section 6: Whole School Approaches to Student Wellbeing: Issues of School Leadership, Implementation and Sustainability of Student Wellbeing Initiatives 12 Section 1: Project Overview 13 1.1 Introduction 13 1.2 Project Objectives 13 1.3 Methodology 14 Section 2: Student Wellbeing and its Pathways 16 2.1 What is Student Wellbeing...
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