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Peace

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KHUTBAH JUMAAT 28 – 11 MAY 2007
ISU PENGGUGURAN KANDUNGAN

Taqdim

Sidang jumaat yang dimuliakan
Saya berpesan kepada diri sendiri dan berpesan kepada seluruh saudaraku muslimin agar bertaqwa kepada Allah, dengan memahmi konsep agama Islam, tujuan, sebab dan rasional Islam diutuskan, dan menghayati segala perintah dan larangan Allah, mudah-mudahan ianya akan membawa kepada kejayaan hidup dunia dan akhirat.

Muslimin yang berbahagia
Minggu ini kita dipaparkan dengan berita pro dan kontra masyarakat berkenaan pengguguran, adakah ianya melambangkan hak wanita membuat pilihan, atau kepakaran para doktor perubatan, atau mungkin manusia terlupa tentang hak untuk hidup serta terlupa tanggungjawab dan tugas sebenar mereka dalam kehidupan ini. Almost a quarter of GPs are refusing to sign abortion referral forms. According to the poll by the doctors' newspaper Pulse, nearly one in five GPs do not believe abortion should be legal. And 55% of the 309 GPs questioned said they wanted the current 24-week limit for abortions to be reduced. The law in the UK states that two doctors need to sign a form referring a female patient for an abortion, to show that the woman meets the grounds that make abortion legal. The most common reasons for abortion within 24 weeks relate to the woman's physical or mental health. But 24% of GPs questioned said they would not sign abortion referral forms and 19% did not believe abortion should be legal. While two days ago, it’s being reported in metro news that a pregnant Irish teenager has won her High Court battle to be allowed to travel to Britain for an abortion. The 17-year-old is four months pregnant. Two weeks ago, she learned her baby was suffering from anencephaly, a condition which prevents the brain from developing. But the teenager was barred from leaving Ireland, where abortion is still illegal unless the mother's life is in danger. The girl is in the care of the Republic's Health Service Executive, which launched a legal battle calling on police and passport authorities to prevent her travelling to Britain. Abortion means expulsion of a human fetus before it has reached proper gestation needed for survival. Di manakah sebenarnya sandaran isu ini. Adakah atas dasar pencarian manusia terhadap keunggulan hak dan pilihan dewasa untuk menerima atau menggugurkan kandungannya, atau hak si bayi dalam kandungan yang berhak untuk hidup. Atau ianya mungkin sekadar satu cara dan usaha escapism atau melepaskan diri manusia daripada tanggungjawab, yang sebenarnya bermula daripada diri mereka sendiri yang inginkan keseronokan semata-mata tanpa mengerti akan erti tanggungjawab dalam kehidupan. Adakah perlu untuk diberikan liputan berkenaan hak manusia, sedangkan di satu sudut yang lain, manusia tersebut mungkin cuba menjulang haknya membuat keputusan, sedangkan keputusan itu membawa kepada pembunuhan dan penamatan hak manusia lain yang akan dan ingin hidup. Para doctor di UK dewasa ini berselisih pendapat tentang perlu atau tidak undang-undang semasa ditukar dan digubal semula, iaitu, kandungan boleh digugurkan dalam masa usia kandungan tidak melebihi 24 minggu atau 6 bulan.
Sidang jumaat yang berbahagia
Persoalan tentang apakah human rights bersifat universal atau partikular sudah lama dibicarakan oleh para ilmuwan sosial diberbagai penjuru dunia. Apakah setiap fasal yang tertulis dalam deklarasi Universal Declaration of Human Rights itu mengandungi nilai-nilai universal? Mampukah semua nilai itu diaplikasikan di setiap negara dan setiap masa dengan melampau batas-batas budaya? Bagi Barat, hak asasi adalah sesuatu yang melekat pada setiap individu dan merupakan faktor intrinsik setiap manusia sehingga negara harus menghargai hak asasi rakyatnya. Sementara bagi negara-negara sosialis, hak asasi hanya ada dan melekat pada masyarakat dan negara sebagai suatu kelompok, bukan sebagai individu. Islam melihat isu hak individu dalam situasi ini serta situasi lain dalam erti kata kebebasan yang bertanggungjawab dan memahami sebab kenapa sesuatu itu dibenar atau dilarang. Islam emphasized on the right to life and the minimum necessary to sustain it. Every human being must have the right, in any society, to the minimum amount of food necessary to live. And we are speaking of living, not surviving. All the Islamic sources call human beings in general and muslims in particular to live like human beings, in dignity and respect for themselves and for others. To be by nature responsible means that one should have the means by which to carry out the responsibility one bears; other wise, the innocent become guilty and we are blaming the victim. Adakah patut kesalahan dua pasangan yang ingin berseronok dan mengikut runtunan hawa nafsu dalam kehidupan, dan si wanita mengandung akibat perbuatan tersebut, lalu anak dalam kandungan dinafikan haknya untuk hidup oleh wanita tadi atas alasan dia mempunyai hak untuk membuat keputusan. Seharusnya mereka melihat kepada mengapa ianya terjadi, dan bukannya mencari dan meminda peraturan agar mereka dapat melakukan apa sahaja yang mereka sukai tanpa batasan undang-undang di dunia ini? Isu pengguguran anak dan hak wanita ini sebenarnya mengajak manusia melihat kerasionalan kenapa satu-satu perkara itu dilarang oleh Allah. Larangan Allah bersebab, iaitu manusia yang melanggar perintah Allah, pasti akan terdorong untuk mencari penyelesaian, dan penyelesaian sebegini hanya bertujuan untuk menghalalkan penerusan perbuatan mereka, dan ianya tidak akan menjadi penyelesaian hakiki. Justice is the foundation of life in society. In Islam, the strongest determinant for courses of action. Eight verses of surah an Nisa were revealed to exonerate a Jew and cast the responsibility for the event on a muslim. The verse that associates bearing witness to the faith with doing justice makes the idea explicit. “O you who have attained to faith, be ever steadfast in upholding equity, bearing witness to the truth for the sake of God, even though it be against your own selves or your parents and kinsfolk. Whether the person concerned is rich or poor. God’s claim takes precedence over the claim of either of them. Do not, then, follow your own desire, lest you swerve from justice. for if you distort (the truth), behold, God is indeed aware of all that you do. It is essential that the social structure guarantee respects for the rights of each person, and this must be expressed in two ways, obviously judicial power must apply the laws fairly to every member of society, but it is equally important that society stretch itself to meet all organizational requirements necessary for the provision of the rights. Ayat ini sebenarnya menunjukkan betapa besarnya tanggungjawab kaum lelaki untuk menjaga kaum wanita, kerana jika ini diabaikan, maka manusia akan berhadapan dengan banyak masalah, seperti isu hak pengguguran ini. Perkembangan teknologi perubatan telah banyak memberi khidmat kepada ibu yang mengandung. Antara perkhidmatan yang diberikan ialah mengadakan pemeriksaan terhadap bayi dalam kandungan setelah mencapai usia empat bulan sama ada bayi tersebut cacat atau sebaliknya. Tidak dinafikan bahawa ibubapa yang mendapat perkhabaran dari doktor bahawa bayi dalam kandungan mereka disah cacat pasti mengalami satu tekanan perasaan antara menerima hakikat kecacatan anak yang bakal dilahirkan atau menggugurkan saja kandungan itu atas alasan kasihan dan simpati pada anak yang akan hidup kelak dalam keadaan serba kekurangan. Di dalam Islam, pengguguran anak selepas 4 bulan hukumnya adalah haram. Bahkan ia merupakan satu perbuatan jenayah. Perbuatan ini merupakan satu pembunuhan ke atas makhluk hidup yang telah cukup sifat dan nyata hidupnya. Oleh itu umat Islam sama sekali ditegah dari melakukannya. Kecuali pengguguran itu terpaksa dilakukan untuk menyelamatkan nyawa ibu tersebut. Ini tidak pula bermakna bahawa pengguguran sebelum 4 bulan dibenarkan dalam Islam. Walaupun ada pendapat dari sebahagian ulama yang membenarkan pengguguran sebelum 4 bulan disebabkan kandungan itu boleh dipastikan hidupnya, ilmu perubatan sekarang telah mengesahkan bahawa janin itu sudah hidup sejak pencantuman benih lelaki dan perempuan. Maka bersandarkan kepada kenyataan ini, maka pengguguran benih itu juga dihukumkan sebagai haram.

Muslimin rahimakumullah
Di US, dua badan utama, iaitu Federal Centers for Disease Control (FCDC) dan Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI), telah mengumpulkan data kes pengguguran anak yang menunjukkan bahwa jumlah nyawa yang dibunuh dalam kes pengguguran di US, iaitu hampir 2 juta jiwa, lebih banyak dari jumlah nyawa manusia yang dibunuh dalam mana-mana peperangan pun dalam sejarah negara itu. Sebagai gambaran, jumlah kematian rakyat US dari tiap-tiap perang adalah: Perang Vietnam 58,151 orang, Perang Korea 54,246, Perang Dunia II 407,316, Perang Dunia I 116.708, Civil War 498.332. Secara total, dalam sejarah dunia, jumlah kematian kerana pengguguran jauh melebihi jumlah orang yang gugur dalam semua perang jika digabungkan sekaligus. Data tersebut ternyata selari dengan data statistik yang menunjukkan bahwa majority orang Amerika (62 %) berpendirian bahwa hubungan seksual dengan pasangan lain, boleh dilakukan sewenag-wenangnya. James Patterson dan Peter Kim, pengarang buku The Day America Told The Truth , menyatakan mereka beralasan jika orang lain bukan melakukannya, tiada sebab mengapa mereka tidak melakukan yang sama, tanpa memikirkan persolan kehamilan dan sebagainya. Dalam dunia perubatan, terdapat tiga jenis pengguguran kandungan. Pertama, pengguguran spontan/ alamiah berlangsung tanpa tindakan apapun. Kebanyakan disebabkan karena kurang baiknya kualiti sel telur dan sel sperma. Kedua, pengguguran buatan/ sengaja/ Abortus Provocatus Criminalis, adalah pengguguran kehamilan sebelum usia kandungan 20 minggu atau berat janin kurang dari 500 gram sebagai suatu akibat tindakan yang disengaja dan disedari oleh bakal ibu mahupun pelaksana proses seperti doktor. Ketiga, pengguguran therapeutic atau Abortus Provocatus therapeuticum adalah pengguguran kandungan buatan yang dilakukan atas dasar kepakaran perubatan mengenalpasti simptom dan kesan. Sebagai contoh, seorang wanita yang sedang hamil tetapi mempunyai penyakit darah tinggi kronik atau penyakit jantung yang parah yang dapat membahayakan baik nyawa si ibu mahupun janin yang dikandungnya. Tetapi ini semua atas pertimbangan kepakaran perubatan dan pelaksanya yang matang dan tidak tergesa-gesa membuat keputusan, melainkan setelah dipastikan keadaan. Islam merupakan agama yang meraikan kepakaran seperti dalam bidang perubatan. Sebagai contoh, seseorang diharuskan tidak berpuasa atas alasan kesihatan, dan dibenarkan qadha puasa diwaktu yang lain, setelah dinasihati oleh doktor, walaupun doktor itu bukan beragama Islam. Dr. Abdurrahman Al Baghdadi dalam bukunya Wujudkah Emansipasi Dalam Islam menyebutkan bahwa jika pengguguran dilakukan setelah setelah ditiupkannya ruh, iaitu setelah 4 (empat) bulan masa kehamilan, maka semua ulama ahli fiqh sepakat atas pengharamannya. Tetapi para ulama fiqh berbeza pendapat jika dilakukan sebelum ditiupkannya ruh. Sebahagian memperbolehkan dan sebahagian mengharamkannya. Ibnu Hajar dalam kitabnya at tuhfah dan Imam Al Ghazali dalam Ihya’ Ulumuddin mengharamkan pengguguran walaupun sebelum ruh ditiupkan. Alasannya bahawa bermulanya bertemu sel sperma dengan ovum (sel telur) maka pengguguran adalah haram, sebab sudah ada kehidupan pada kandungan yang sedang mengalami pertumbuhan dan persiapan untuk menjadi makhluk baru yang bernyawa yang bernama manusia yang harus dihormati dan dilindungi kewujudannya. Pendapat yang disepakati fuqaha, iaitu bahwa haram hukumnya melakukan pengguguran setelah ditiupkannya ruh (empat bulan), didasarkan pada kenyataan bahwa peniupan ruh terjadi setelah 4 (empat) bulan masa kehamilan. Abdullah bin Mas’ud berkata bahwa Rasulullah Saw telah bersabda:“Sesungguhnya setiap kamu terkumpul kejadiannya dalam perut ibumu selama 40 hari dalam bentuk ‘nuthfah’, kemudian dalam bentuk ‘alaqah’ selama itu pula, kemudian dalam bentuk ‘mudghah’ selama itu pula, kemudian ditiupkan ruh kepadanya.” Riwayat Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, Ahmad, dan Tirmidzi. Ini termasuk dalam kategori pembunuhan yang pengharamannya didasarkan pada firman Allah, “Dan janganlah kamu membunuh anak-anak kamu karena kemiskinan. Kami akan memberikan rezeki kepada mereka dan kepadamu.” (al-An’aam [6]: 151). Juga “Dan janganlah kamu membunuh anak-anak kamu karena takut miskin. Kami akan memberikan rizki kepada mereka dan kepadamu.” (al-Isra` [17]: 31). FirmanNYA lagi “Dan janganlah kamu membunuh jiwa yang diharamkan Allah (membunuhnya) melainkan dengan (alasan) yang benar (menurut syara’).” (al-Isra` [17]: 33). Juga “Dan apabila bayi-bayi yang dikubur hidup-hidup itu ditanya karena dosa apakah ia dibunuh.” (Qs. at-Takwiir [81]: 8-9). Menurut pendapat Syaikh Abdul Qadim Zallum dan Dr. Abdurrahman Al Baghdadi, hukum syara’ yang lebih rajih (kuat) adalah, Jika pengguguran dilakukan setelah 40 hari, atau 42 hari dari usia kehamilan dan pada saat permulaan pembentukan janin, maka hukumnya haram. Dalam hal ini hukumnya sama dengan hukum keharaman pengguguran setelah peniupan ruh ke dalam janin. Dalil yang menunjukkan bahwa pengguguran haram bila usia janin 40 hari atau 40 malam adalah hadith Nabi Saw bermaksud, “Jika nutfah (gumpalan darah) telah sampai 42 malam, maka Allah mengutus seorang malaikat padanya, lalu dia membentuk nutfah tersebut; dia membuat pendengarannya, penglihatannya, kulitnya, dagingnya, dan tulang belulangnya. Lalu malaikat itu bertanya (kepada Allah), ‘Ya Tuhanku, apakah dia (akan Engkau tetapkan) menjadi laki-laki atau perempuan?’ Maka Allah kemudian memberi keputusan…” (HR. Muslim dari Ibnu Mas’ud r.a.).Dalam riwayat lain, Rasulullah Saw bersabda:“(jika nutfah telah sampai usia) empat puluh malam…” Pada masa yang sama, pengguguran pada janin yang usianya belum mencapai 40 hari, maka hukumnya boleh (ja’iz). Ini disebabkan bahwa apa yang ada dalam rahim belum menjadi janin karena dia masih berada dalam tahapan sebagai nutfah (gumpalan darah), belum sampai pada fasa penciptaan yang menunjukkan ciri-ciri minimal sebagai manusia. Namun demikian, dibolehkan pengguguran sama ada pada tahap penciptaan janin, ataupun setelah peniupan ruh padanya, jika doktor dan pakar perubatan yang terbukti kepakarannya menetapkan bahwa keberadaan janin dalam perut ibu akan mengakibatkan kematian ibu dan janinnya sekaligus. Dalam situasi seperti ini, dibolehkan pengguguran. Menyelamatkan kehidupan adalah sesuatu yang diserukan oleh ajaran Islam, sesuai firman Allah SWT:“Barangsiapa yang memelihara kehidupan seorang manusia, maka seolah-olah dia telah memelihara kehidupan manusia semuanya.” ( al-Maa’idah [5]: 32) .Kaedah usul fiqh dalam kitab Mabadi` Awaliyah fi Ushul Al Fiqh wa Al Qawa’id Al Fiqhiyah menyebutkan:“Idza ta’aradha mafsadatani ru’iya a’zhamuha dhararan birtikabi akhaffihima” bermaksud “Jika berkumpul dua madharat (bahaya) dalam satu hukum, maka dipilih yang lebih ringan madharatnya.
Muslimin yang dikasihi
The Bible appears to be silent on the topic of abortion. Author Roy Bowen Ward quotes two anti-abortion books in his essay on the personhood of the fetus, stating, "The Old testament has nothing to say on abortion." "If anyone expects to find an explicit condemnation of abortion in the New Testament, he will be disappointed. The silence of the New Testament regarding abortion surpasses even that of the Old Testament." Neither the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) nor the Christian Scriptures address abortion directly. However, writings in the early Christian movement by the end of the 1st century or the beginning of the 2nd century do condemn abortion. Christian Scriptures: Luke 1:41 might be interpreted to condemn abortions after fetal viability. Hanya al Quran dan al Hadith yang memperincikan penegasan tentang situasi dan hukum pengguguran. Sebagai muslim, kita mesti meyakini bahawa Allah tidak menjadikan sesuatu itu sia-sia.
Barakallahu li walakum
Mohd Erfino Johari
erfino@masduke.net

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