Free Essay

Pearl Harbour

In:

Submitted By OanaMisha
Words 943
Pages 4
Atacul de la Pearl Harbour

Cauzele ofensivei japoneze.

Japonia, țară tradiționalistă, consevratoare a valorilor trecutului, trece printr-un proces de modernizare în timpul împăratului Meiji (1868), ajungând să reprezinte singurul factor din afara spațiului european și american, ce ridica pretenții din punct de vedere industrial. O serie de cuceriri fără înfrângeri întâresc credința poporului în armată, care treptat preia controlul politicii interne/ externe. Astfel, între anii 1904-1905 japonezii câștigă războiul cu Rusia, iar în 1914, în calitate de aliat al Angliei, își vor extinde controlul asupra teritoriilor Tsing-tai și Shantung, împreună cu insulele Marshall, Caroline și Mariane, devenind astfel puterea predominantă pe latura vestică a Pacificului.

O nouă etapă este declanșată de refuzul englezilor de a reînnoi alianța. Fiind acuzați de tendințe expansioniste, japonezii vor fi limitați de măsuri legislative demarate de americani – în 1924 asiaticii sunt exluși ca imigranți. Tot acum, britanicii își manifestă dorința de a construi o bază navală în Singapore, acest act fiind interpretat ca demers împotriva tării nipone.

Criza economică din anul 1929 ridică probleme japonezilor, care consideră expansiunea drept singura metodă de a liniști poulația – în 1931 vor invada Manciuria, transformând-o într-un stat aliat, Manchuko. Cum Liga Națiunilor și Statele Unite nu recunosc japonezilor ocuparea acestui teritoriu, aceștia din urmă decid să se retragă din Ligă în anul 1933.

Din anul 1937 japonezii încep ofensiva împotriva Chinei, invadând partea de nord. În 1940, armata aduce la putere un guvern pro Axă, pentru ca în toamna aceluiași an să fie semnat Pactul Tripartit cu Germania nazistă și Italia fascistă. Un an mai tărziu, Japonia va încheia un pact de neutralitate cu Rusia sovietică, ce prevedea liberatea de a întreprinde operațiuni expansioniste în sud. Tot în 1941, niponii vor prelua Indochina franceză, determinând astfel inițiativa președintelui Roosevelt de a pune embargo asupra activelor japoneze din conturile bancare americane, exemplu preluat și de britanici și olandezi. Japonia importa 88% din necesarul de petrol și se va adresa în repetate rânduri americanilor pentru a ridica restricția asupra comerțului. În plus, americanii vor întări insulele Filipine în caz de război, în ciuda cererilor japoneze de stopare a acestei directive. Guvernul prințului Konoye, va fi înlocuit de generalul Hideki Tojo, iar inițiativa plănuită de a ataca baza americană de la Pearl Harbour este amânată la cererea amiralului Yamamoto, în speranța unui success al tratativelor cu Washington-ul.

Efectivele militare angrenate în confruntare.

Din punct de vedere al materialului, marina militară japoneză era superioară, Arma crucială a japonezilor era reprezentată de portavioane. Japonezii au utilizat pentru operațiunile din sud-vestul Pacificului doar 11 divizii din totalul de 51 și doar 700 de avioane de luptă ale trupelor de uscat din totalul de 1500, înărite cu 480 de avioane ale marinei militare și încă 360 de aparate pentru atacul de la Pearl Harbour. Din efectivele aviației se remarca avioanele de vânătoare Zero, dispunând și de o capacitate de luptă amfibie. Forțelor japoneze li se opuneau 307 avioane operaționale cu baza în Filipine, incluzând 35 de bombardiere B17 cu rază mare de acțiune, 158 avioane britanice în Malaysia, 144 avioane olandeze și în Birmania, englezii dispuneau de 37 avioane de vânătoare.

Strategia japoneză avea un dublu scop – defensiv și ofensiv, urmărind să obțină livrările de petrol care să permită Japoniei să învingă China și în același timp să o izoleze de rezervele necesare pentru a rezista.

Atacul propriu-zis

Inițial, japonezii își propuneau un plan de cucerire în treo faze: ocuparea Filipinelor în 50 de zile, a Malaysiei în 100 de zile și a Indiilor Olandeze în 150 de zile. Cu toate acestea, amiralul Yamamoto a schimbat strategia, optând pentru un atac prin surprindere al bazei de la Pearl Harbour, pentru a paraliza flota SUA din Pacific. Stabilirea orei atacului va ridica probleme, datorită diferențelor regionale – se va opta pentru începerea operațiunilor între orele 17.15 și 19.00, iar atacurile să aibă loc dimineața devreme, după ora locală.

Japonezii vor alege calea nordică, via Insulele Kurile, pentru a ajunge la Pearl Harbour. Țintele erau: portavioanele americane (japonezii se așteptau să se afle între 3 și 6 portavioane), navele de linie, rezervoarele de petrol și avioanele principalelor baze. Pentru acest atac japonezii au folosit 6 portavioane, cu un total de 423 de aparate, din care 360 au fost folosite în atac: 104 bombardiere de mare altitudine, 135 bombardiere în picaj, 40 de bombardiere torpilatoare, 81 de nave de vânătoare, 2 nave de linie, 3 crucișătoare, 9 distrugătoare și 3 submarine, plus 8 tancuri petroliere.

La data de 2 decembrie 1941 s-a primit confirmarea acțiunii, iar pe 4 decembrie a avut loc ultima alimentare cu combustibil. La 6 decembrie, în ajunul atacului, japonezii au aflat că la Pearl harbour nu exista niciun portavion. Avioanele au fost lansate între orele 6.00 și 7.15. Submarinele japoneze au fost detectate de mai multe ori, unul fiind scufundat de distrugătoarele americane, iar altul de aviația maritimă. Stația nordică de radio a reperat la scurt timp după ora 7.00 o mare forță aeriană, însă centrul de informații a crezut că este vorba de bombardierele B17, care trebuiau să sosească din California.

Din cele 8 nave de linie americane, 4 au fost scufundate, iar alte 4 grav avariate. Au mai fost scufundate 3 distrugătoare, 4 nave mai mici. 188 de avioane americane au fost distruse și 63 avariate, în timp ce japonezii au pierdut doar 29 de avioane, în schimb au pierdut toate cele 5 submarine. Pierderile umane au însumat pentru americani o cifră de 3.435 de morți și răniți, și doar 100 de partea japonezilor.

În urma atacului de la Pearl Harbour flota americană din Pacific a fost practice scoasă din acțiune.

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Critical Evaluation of Customer Satisfaction of Transportation Services in Hong Kong

...Assignment Title: Critical Evaluation of Customer Satisfaction of Transportation Services in Hong Kong Learning Outcomes Assessed Learning Outcomes Assessed Feedback relating learning outcomes and assessment criteria given to students: Areas for Commendation Areas for Improvement General Comment Assessors Signature Overall Mark : Subject to ratification by the assessment board Moderators Signature Students Signature: You must sign this declaring that it is all your own work and all sources of information have been referenced: TLH307 International Tourism & Hospitality Management - Urban Tourism TLH307 International Tourism & Hospitality Management Urban Tourism Critical Evaluation of Customer Satisfaction of Transportation Services in Hong Kong Muhammad Norfarid Bin Farali Khan Student ID: 089101850 BSc (Hons) International Tourism and Hospitality Management The University of Sunderland Date of Submission: 18-Jul-2011 2 Muhammad Norfarid Bin Farali Khan BTTD1 0907A Bachelor Of Science(Hons) In International Tourism and Hospitality Management TLH307 International Tourism & Hospitality Management - Urban Tourism Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Transportation and Tourism ..................

Words: 4792 - Pages: 20

Free Essay

Studnt

...MR. LIN Zechen Gender: Male D.O.B: 04/05/1989 Mailing Address: A0806, Harbourfront Horizon All-Suite Hotel 8 Hung Luen Road, Hung Hom Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Mobile phone: +852 93492500 Email: simonlinnz@hotmail.com EDUCATION BACKGROUND 07/2010 ~ 06/2013 The University of Auckland: Bachelor of Commerce in Accounting and Finance 08/2013 ~ 08/2014 City University of Hong Kong: Master of Arts in International Accounting AWARDS AND QUALIFICATIONS Academic year 2007 Certificate of The National Second-Class Athlete (CHINA) Academic year 2011 Certificate of Distinction in Introductory Statistics Academic year 2012 Top 5 of the Cost and Management Accounting Course Championship of the interfaculty basketball game WORKING EXPERIENCE 11/2010-02/2011 Internship in Lishui AUDITING BUREAU Traced general leger accounts to original source documents Assisted senior auditor in inventory count 12/2011-02/2012 Internship in BDO Shanghai Assisted senior auditor in performing variance and trend analysis for the revenue and expense numbers listed on the financial statements of the SHANGHAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT CO., LTD. SKILLS Fluent English in Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking; Computer skills: Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint), MYOB; High ability of organization, leadership and communication; HOBBIES AND INTERESTS Basketball is one of my favorite sports and I play it every weekend no matter how busy I am. Besides, I am keen on fitness...

Words: 275 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Bristol Harbourside

...economy, exporting woollen and additional manufactured goods as well as imports in sugar cane, tobacco, rum and cocoa. During the late 1700’s Bristol’s Port business was affected due to the River Avon’s tidal range of 35 feet. This large tidal range meant that the ships were beached in the mud of the River Avon for hours awaiting for the tide to come back in, in order to unload and load cargo. This had a knock on effect of the Ports business causing many ships to move trade to the Port of Liverpool. In an attempt to overcome the challenge of the second highest tidal range in the world the floating harbour was put forward as a solution. During the next two centuries the harbour flourished as a lively profitable port. (Visit Bristol. 2015) The floating Harbour was constructed to sustain a more or less constant water level along the Bristol Dockland stretch of the River Avon. The floating harbour constructed between 1804 and 1809 assisted Bristol’s cities growth, becoming one of the most significant ports in the world. (Bristol Post. 2014) In the late 1960’s Bristol dockland area came close to fatal decline due to the cargo ships increasing in size. As a result the large cargo ships...

Words: 1838 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Dna & Codes

...THE PEARL MARKET                                                                  TABLE OF CONTENTS I.   II.   HISTORY OF FINE PEARLS MYTHS. ................................................................................... 2   .MAJOR CATEGORIES OF FINE PEARLS. ............................................................................ 3 III.            THE VALUE OF FINE PEARLS. ........................................................................................... 3 IV.              CULTURED PEARLS – MAN AND NATURE JOIN FORCES. ................................................. 4 V.   HISTORY OF CULTURED PEARLS 100 YEARS. ................................................................... 4 VI.          IMITATIONS – ALL MAN. ................................................................................................... 4 VII.          MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CULTURED PEARLS . ................................................................. 5 VIII.        PEARL CULTIVATION AREAS. .......................................................................................... 6 IX.              CREATING CULTURED PEARLS. ...................................................................................... 6 X.   XI.   PEARL PRODUCTION – Volume...

Words: 2654 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

The Pearl Greed Quotes

...devices in a story can really bring out its themes and the point that the author is trying to get across. John Steinbeck’s novel The Pearl is abounding with literary devices that are used to show greed. Greed had a very important role in this novel. The main character, Kino, had found what he called ‘the pearl of the world’ and was overcome with greed because of this relic. Kino originally wanted to use this pearl’s wealth to heal his son, Coyotito, who was stung by a scorpion. However, it wasn’t just Kino that was overcome with the power of the pearl-some characters in the book felt its pull indirectly. This novel shows symbolism, foreshadowing, and character reactions to the power of the pearl. Symbolism in this novel is extremely...

Words: 803 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Farenheit 451 Unit 2 Dialectical Journal

...“I want your expertise in hiring the best mercenaries and skilled craftsmen available to assist Professor Kinnock, as secrecy for this project is of the utmost importance.” Kane thought for a while, sipping on his wine. “I know the perfect man, his name is Jouka, a well-disciplined individual with superior leadership skills with loyal followers who will do as he directs and for the right price, his loyalty can be bought.” “Good. Secure their services. You and your mercenaries are going to Milorien.” “Milorien, my lord?” Kane was dumbfounded, but after a few moments, he composed himself and asked the question that Nightburn knew he would ask. “What’s at Milorien?” “An old military installation that my father and Professor Kinnock secretly constructing, although it’s a pile of rumble now, with time, it should be possible to return it to its former state. I want you and your men to begin reconstruction under the direction of Professor Kinnock. I have made arrangements for you to procure the funds you’ll need to accomplish this task.” Nightburn then stood, and pulled out a world map from his desk drawer laying it out in front of them. He tore away sections of the map leaving only Milorien, marking the location of the base with his pen. “You are not to tell anyone about this, especially Balthazar. Under no circumstances, can anyone other than those directly involved in this project, know about its existence. Do you understand my meaning?” “Yes, your meaning is crystal clear...

Words: 936 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Lllkl

...of everything, I still believe people are really good at heart.” This means that even if people do bad things, deep down they are still good people that care for other human beings and have feelings. I agree with this statement. In the novella The Pearl by John Steinbeck and the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles, the characters Kino and Gene are still good at heart despite the bad things they may have done. In the novella The Pearl by John Steinbeck, Kino is a young Mexican man who finds a valuable pearl. Before finding the pearl, Kino has a peaceful life with his wife, Juana and his son, Coyotito. Kino finds a pearl and people try to take advantage of him to get their hands on the pearl. Because of this, Kino is driven to do things he normally would not and the mood of the story turns dark. He beats a man who tries to attack him, he beats his wife for trying to get rid of the pearl and the bad luck it is causing Kino’s family and finally, he kills a man who tries to take the pearl away from him. This story is told from a third person point of view that allows the reader to get to know Kino before and after he finds this pearl. The reader sees that Kino is a good person who, because of the bad fortune this pearl is bringing him, is forced to do things that he normally would not. Despite all of his mistakes and the bad things that happen in the story, Kino is still a good...

Words: 710 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Isolation In Lord Of The Flies

...What does isolation mean? Isolation means when someone is cut off from the world or they are in a mental institution. The boys were isolated because they have no interaction with the outside world. They did not have any adults to tell them what to do. The island they were on was away from local city or towns. The boys had to find a way to survive even without any way of knowing how to do something. The novel “Lord of the Flies” by William Golding is about a group of boys on an airplane that crashes on an island. The reason the boys left England is because there was fighting going on during World War II. The novel starts off with Ralph looking around and wondering where all the adults are. He finds out all the adults are dead; however, all the children are still alive. Ralph meets a fat boy named Piggy. The two boys are wounding around the lagoon and they found a conch shell. The two boys meet the other young boys. All of the boys have a meeting about how to get off of this island. Jack has another idea he wants to hunt for food. The elect Ralph as the chief of the island. Jack is elected as the hunter for the group of boys. Jack gets tired of keeping up with the fire. Instead, he and some other boys make their own little tribe. During the chant, the boys brutally beat Simon and eventually it kills him. The boys have the fire going and a navy ship come to the store. The officer helps the boys get back home. Golding uses characters and setting to explain the theme of isolation...

Words: 1071 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Japnese

...Name _______________________ Date ________________________ Period_______________________ The Pearl Study Questions Chapter 1 1. Why is there no need for Kino and Juana to talk? a. Kino is angry with Juana. b. Every morning is the same, so they know what to do and don’t need words. c. Juana left Kino a note. 2. What song replaces the Song of the Family? a. The Song of Morning b. The Song of the Scorpion c. The Song of Evil 3. Why does Juana repeat “ancient magic words” to guard against evil? a. A scorpion is walking toward Coyotito. b. The brush house is on fire. c. Juana is a witch. 4. How did the scorpion manage to sting the baby? a. Coyotito shook the rope the scorpion was on and it fell in his crib. b. Kino dropped the scorpion in the crib. 5. Why is the scorpion sting so dangerous for a baby? a) Scorpion bites cause swelling, fever and stomach cramps. b) Scorpion bites can make an adult very ill and kill a baby. c) Scorpion bites leave an ugly scar. 6. Why does Kino think the doctor will not come to them? a. The doctor is too far away. b. They don’t know where the doctor is. c. The doctor is too busy taking care of his rich patients. 7. Draw the procession described on page 8 and label the characters going to see the doctor. 8. What do the beggars infer about Kino and Juana? a. They see them running and think there is an emergency. b. They see their old clothes...

Words: 1935 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

John Steinbeck Symbolism

...The Pearl by John Steinbeck is a great book that depicts how greed can corrupt a man. The Pearl is best known for its surplus of imagery and symbolism. One example of symbolism Steinbeck incorporated in the book is Kino’s boat. Kino’s boat can be seen as a symbol for family. His family was all pearl divers and the boat had been passed down from generation to generation. The songs that Kino hears are also symbols. They symbolize what is going around him. For example, when Kino first sees the pearl in its shell, he hears the Song of the Pearl That Might Be, also, when the doctor enters Kino’s home, he hears the Song of Evil. Another example of symbolism Steinbeck included is the pearl itself. When Kino first finds the pearl, it is seen as...

Words: 274 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

John Steinbeck Meaning

...The Pearl Literary Analysis In 1947 John Steinbeck wrote a novel, “The Pearl”, about exposing social injustices practiced on a poor indigenous community of pearl divers in La paz Mexico. John used the pearl as multiple motifs to make the theme during the book. The indigenous pearl divers of La Paz would never break out of poverty, even when they find a big beautiful pearl.The reason is that the people who live in the town would never allow it by stealing, tracking, and even killing. This book is exposing it secretly with the pearl representing something different throughout the book. In the beginning of the book the pearl represents hope and opportunity. The quote is “On the surface of the great pearl he could see dreams from” (19). The quote means that with the pearl they could do things that they only thought of in their dreams. The pearl represents something else, which is evil. Everything that the family thought would be so good went downhill very fast. “He felt cloth, struck at it with his knife and missed, and struck again and felt his knife go through cloth” (37). Kino, the main character, is attacking someone trying to steal the pearl in the middle of the night....

Words: 477 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Executive Summary of Harbour City

...Executive Summary Background of Harbour City Customer base The customer base of Harbour City is local people. It is divided into different zones where different types of shops or facilities can be found accordingly in order to attract customers of varied classes. Shops selling international luxury brands in Zone OC attract customers who can afford to have high cost of living. Zone GW contains restaurants of different cuisines and a cinema. KidX in Zone OT comprises of shops selling children fashion and the largest Toys “R” Us in Asia. These attract families to shop at the mall. Shops selling trendy brands, which are specifically popular among teenagers, can be found in and near LCX in Zone OT. Floating Population Harbour City is famous among foreign visitors. Harbour City is located at Canton Road Tsim Sha Shui which is adjacent to many tourist attractions such as the Victoria Harbour. There are hotels surrounding Harbour City also. And it can be easily accessed as it is near the MTR station, the Star Ferry pier and a bus stop. So Harbour City attracts many tourists every year. Market Position in Hong Kong Harbour City deserves the title of one of the largest shopping and entertainment centres in Hong Kong. Its huge capacity allows it to contain different restaurants and cinemas. It also contains shops selling both economical and luxury brands. A campaign to promote Harbour City Festival: Christmas Theme: Ginger Bread Man Ginger bread man is...

Words: 691 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Hkfitness

...FOR IMMEADIATE RELEASE 22Febtuary, 2014 Hong Kong Fitness comes to Causeway Bay Hong Kong Fitness is pleased to celebrate the much-anticipated the grand opening of our fitness center in Causeway Bay which will be held on 28 February 2014 at 2:00pm. The center is located at 30/F, IDC Building, 10 Central Road, Causeway Bay. “ We expect to be opening our newest center in Causeway bay which has the largest staff of any center. They will provide the greatest service and suitable advices of gym to our members, helping them get fit faster and stay fit longer. I believe that it would be the best and one of a kind gymnasium in Hong Kong,” said Joyce Ng, CEO of Hong Kong Fitness. “We are pleased to be the guests of ribbon cutting and have opportunity to visit this 1,000 square-meter gym,” said by James Lane and Betty Tang. After speech, visitors can visit the facilities and join free yoga classes. The center has dedicated areas for training and yoga classes. Visitors can also try advanced electronic fitness equipment out, such as running machine and exercise bike. The newest center provides over 18 training and yoga classes, such as jazzercise, boxing and dance classes, opening 24hours a day, 7 days a week. It is convenient to people who are busy in the daytime. Personal training, nutrition and health care planning, babysitting services are also available. About Hong Kong Fitness Established in April, 2010,...

Words: 334 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Mccafe in Hk

...also have seasonal specials. If you happen to enjoy their coffee in the store like I do, you may get a free sampler. It doesn't happen frequently. But I did have a very good experience one year of trying a white chocolate coffee sampler before Christmas time in the one close to the Tsim Sha Tsui Star Ferry station. Most Starbucks in Hong Kong have big comfy sofas. You rarely find one without. My best friend, Elaine, loves to go to those where you can enjoy the Hong Kong Victoria Harbor view (coming soon link to Junk Boat ride page). If you are lucky enough to get a table next to the window, from my point of view, that is one of the most enjoyable moments in life. You can find the Hong Kong Starbucks with harbour view in World Trade Centre, near Ocean Terminal and Harbour City. The Starbucks in Prince Building has a very peaceful atmosphere. During Chinese New Year, many companies in Hong Kong give out red pocket envelopes for free with their logos on them. Since I love Starbucks so much, I saved it as a collection. - See more at:...

Words: 312 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Press Release

...Press released HK Fitness celebrates opening ceremony for new fitness centre in Causeway Bay (Hong Kong – 18 December 2014) HK Fitness has today held a ceremony to officiate the opening of its newest and most extraordinary fitness centre located at 30/F, IDC Building, Causeway Bay from 2 pm to 4 pm. HK Fitness expands the importance of fitness through the fitness centre in bustling city. During the ceremony, Joyce Ng, the CEO of HK Fitness, and Betty Tang, the celebrity guest, held the section of ribbon cutting followed by the speech spoken by CEO of HK Fitness. After the HK Fitness staffs guided the tours of the facilities politely, the experienced yoga tutors were available to provide free classes for guests to take a try in yoga lessons. The new centre in Causeway Bay has a total floor area of 1000 square meters and provides advanced electronic fitness equipments, which opens 24 hours a day no matter weekday or weekend. The area for personal training and yoga classes has been dedicated for customer needs. “We are proud and excited about the opening of the new fitness centre in Causeway Bay since HK Fitness is a place for salaried men to release their strain after working,” said Joyce Ng, the CEO of HK Fitness. “The new centre provides a comfortable and cozy area for customers to strengthen their body.” HK Fitness was established in April, 2010, which has 10 conveniently located centres in Hong Kong. The slogan of the company is ‘Get Fit Faster and Stay Fit Longer’ that...

Words: 313 - Pages: 2