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Pepsi vs Cola

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Politica de marketing – principalul avantaj competitiv al COCA COLA COMPANY

COCA-COLA este o bautura racoritoare in varsta de peste 100 de ani si care a aparut ca orice altceva decat o bautura racoritoare. Inventata de un farmacist, fost

combatant

in

armata

confederatiei,

JOHN

STYTH

PEMBERTON, COCA-COLA a fost introdusa initial ca medicament exotic – ce continea atat cocaina din frunzele de coca, cat si cafeina din fructele de cola.
Frunzele de coca erau preferatele indienilor bolivieni, care le mestecau in timp ce munceau. De aici si numele unuia dintre primii concurenti ai COCA-COLA,
Cola-Bola.
COCA-COLA a fost la inceput un medicament. „O bautura delicioasa, invioratoare, racoritoare, fiind un medicament pentru afectiunile nervoase, dureri, nevralgii, isterii, melancolii”, spunea unul din primele anunturi publicitare. Pe la inceputul secolului, COCA-COLA a inceput sa straluceasca. Pe la
1902, cu un buget de 120.000 de dolari pentru publicitate, devenise cel mai cunoscut produs din America. In urmatorul an, compania renunta la cocaina, schimband formula datorita reclamei, dar si miscarii de temperanta. In 1907,
825 din cele 994 de tinuturi din fostele state confederate renuntasera la alcool.
„Cea mai buna bautura de temperanta din tara”, clamau panourile publicitare.
„Sfanta apa a Sudului”, strigau sudistii nordistilor.
In 1915 un designer din Terre Haute, Indiana, a realizat o sticla noua de
6.5 uncii care a devenit semnul unicitatii COCA-COLA. De-a lungul anilor au fost produse peste 6 miliarde de astfel de sticle. Noul design al sticlei a venit la timp; imitatorii rasareau peste tot in tara (numai in 1916, 153 de impostori au fost condamnati de tribunal, printre care si Fig-Cola, Cold-Cola, Cay-Ola,
Koca-Nola).
In anii douazeci insa COCA-COLA nu mai avea nici un concurent.
Singura problema a companiei era cum sa mareasca consumul de bauturi racoritoare pe cap de locuitor, care a crescut incet de la 2.4 galoane in 1919

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Politica de marketing – principalul avantaj competitiv al COCA COLA COMPANY

la 3.3 galoane in 1929 (astazi este de 40 de galoane). Reclamele COCACOLA incercau sa stimuleze consumul: „Setea nu cunoaste anotimp”-1922,
„Pauza care te invigoreaza”-1929.
Criza din anii treizeci a ajutat concurenta, mai ales PEPSI COLA si
ROZYAL CROWN, sa urce. Ideea de baza era sticla de 12 uncii care s-a vandut la acelasi pret cu sticla COCA-COLA de numai 6.5 uncii. PEPSI COLA a avut ideea inca din 1934, dar abia din 1939 (la sosirea lui Walter Mack) a fost pusa in miscare. A fost creat si un cantec de reclama radio, pe muzica celebrului John Peel:
„PEPSI COLA are acum
Doispe uncii, mult mai mult;
PEPSI COLA bea si tu,
Tot un banut, dar de doua ori mai mult!”
A fost o strategie stralucita, executata cu maiestrie; si-a atins tinta, mai ales la tineri. In materie de dulciuri sau racoritoare, cei mici vor mai degraba cantitate decat calitate. Si totul s-a facut cu un buget pentru publicitate foarte limitat. In 1939 COCA-COLA a cheltuit 15.000.000 de dolari pentru reclama, iar PEPSI COLA - 600.000. Acum COCA-COLA erau la serviciu: nu puteau creste cantitatea decat daca renuntau la mai bine de un miliard de sticle de
6.5 uncii. Nici pretul nu puteau sa-l scada, din cauza sutelor de mii de automate de o fisa.
Principiul numarul doi al ofensivei: „Gaseste o slabiciune in puterea liderului si ataca in acel punct.” PEPSI COLA

lansase un atac clasic pe

flancuri, la pret, dar a fost mai mult de atat, transformandu-se intr-o ofensiva directionata spre centrul puterii COCA-COLA. Cei din Atlanta considerau in mod evident ca puterea lor consta in sticla de 6.5 uncii; o utilizau in fiecare reclama si chiar au inregistrat-o ca marca. Raymond Loewy a numit-o „cel mai perfect ambalaj de pe piata”. Compania PEPSI a transformat aceasta putere intr-o slabiciune: sticla perfect proiectata pentru 6.5 uncii nu putea fi marita la
12 uncii. Astfel, in timpul celui de-al Doilea Razboi Mondial PEPSI COLA a

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Politica de marketing – principalul avantaj competitiv al COCA COLA COMPANY

depasit atat pe ROYAL CROWN cat si pe DR. PEPPER, devenind numarul doi. Principiul defensiv numarul doi: „Cea mai buna strategie defensiva este curajul de a ataca singur:” COCA-COLA ar fi trebuit sa se atace singura cu un nou produs inainte ca sa o faca PEPSI, iar momentul ideal pentru a lansa un astfel de produs cu pret scazut dupa ideea PEPSI ar fi fost la inceputul crizei din anii ’30 (Double Cola, un produs de astazi al COCA-COLA, ar fi fost un nume perfect).
La scurt timp dupa razboi COCA-COLA revine; economia se intorsese impotriva PEPSI. Pe masura ce cresteau pretul la zahar si costurile muncii, la fel crestea pretul unei sticle de PEPSI (la inceput 6, apoi 7 centi). „Tot un banut, dar mai mult” a devenit „de doua ori mai mult si mai bun”. Apoi PEPSI si-a schimbat concentrarea, de la consumul pe piata la consumul privat, vanzand aparate pentru facut PEPSI la domiciliu, introducand si o sticla mai mare. „Fii sociabil” era noul slogan PEPSI, in timp ce strategia de marketing se concentra acum pe vanzari in supermarket-uri; iar efortul i-a fost rasplatit.
COCA-COLA a inceput anii ’50 de la scorul de 5 – 1 in favoarea ei. La inceputul anilor ’60 PEPSI redusese handicapul la jumatate. Cat putea rezista
COCA-COLA unor sticle mai mari? Momentul adevarului a fost in 1954: vanzarile COCA-COLA au scazut cu 3%, iar cele ale PEPSI au crescut cu
12%.
Anul urmator insa COCA-COLA a lansat blitzkreig-ul: sticle de 10, 12 si
26 uncii. Pe masura ce sticlele vechi se goleau, ele erau scoase din uz si sticla celebra de 6.5 uncii a intrat definitiv in istorie. Si in fiecare an sloganul se schimba in functie de metodele companiei de a contraataca miscarile
PEPSI: „COCA-COLA face ce lucrurile bune sa fie si mai bune”-1956,
„Semnul bunului gust”-1957, „Gustul racoritor si inviorator”-1958, „Te invioreaza cu adevarat”-1959. Toate aceste schimbari erau rodul confuziei care domnea la Atlanta. Sticlele mai mari au fost „unu” iar generatia PEPSI a fost „doi” din „un-doiul” cu care PEPSI cu care PEPSI a lovit-o decisiv pe

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Politica de marketing – principalul avantaj competitiv al COCA COLA COMPANY

COCA-COLA. Gasirea slabiciunii din puterea liderului este principiul cheie al marketingului de razboi. In ce consta puterea COCA-COLA? A fost prima bautura cola, fiind pe piata de mai mult timp decat PEPSI. Aceasta autenticitate era un semn clar al puterii evidente a COCA-COLA, dar avea si un rezultat mai putin vizibil. Cei in varsta erau potentialii consumatori de
COCA-COLA; cei tineri erau mai probabil consumatori de PEPSI. Mai mult, sticlele mai mari ii atrageau pe tineri. Ce adult putea sa dea pe gat o sticla de
12 uncii ca un adolescent? Prima expresie a acestui concept a aparut in 1961:
„PEPSI, pentru cei care gandesc tinereste”. In 1964 ideea a capatat aripi cu clasicul „Trezeste-te la viata, esti generatia PEPSI”. Intentia noii strategii
PEPSI era sa faca concurenta sa para complet depasita; lucru pe care l-a si facut, dar a avut si un alt efect psihologic la fel de valoros. A profitat de avantajul traditionalei rivalitati dintre tineri si varstnici: cum COCA-COLA beau mai multe persoane in varsta, tinerii isi pot exprima rebeliunea band PEPSI.
Aceasta strategie a dat roade, pozitionand-o pe PEPSI pe primul loc in topul preferintelor tinerilor. In timp ce COCA-COLA isi ingroapa clientii, se nasc noi clienti PEPSI.
De asemenea PEPSI utilizeaza in mod inteligent muzica, forma traditionala de rebeliune a tinerilor, ca o componenta cheie a strategiei sale.
PEPSI utilizeaza staruri ale muzicii pop ca Michael Jackson sau Lionel Richie.
Adultul il vede si se intreaba: „Cine mai e si asta?” Noul slogan PEPSI
„alegerea unei noi generatii” este o alta expresie a acestei strategii, care este punctul de atac impotriva „mosilor” care beau COCA-COLA.
Dar, ca multe alte companii, PEPSI isi uita frecvent strategia proprie. In ultimele doua decenii PEPSI a utilizat aceasta idee in numai o treime din perioada. Doua treimi au fost utilizate pentru alte campanii: „Gustul care bate alte cola, PEPSI ti-l ofera”-1967, „Ai multe de trait, PEPSI are multe de oferit.”1969, „PEPSI, acum!”-1983. Pentru un produs de larg consum schimbarea strategiei de publicitate in fiecare an este o mare greseala; nu trebuie sa-ti schimbi strategia decat atunci cand treci la alt tip de razboi de piata. Desigur,

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Politica de marketing – principalul avantaj competitiv al COCA COLA COMPANY

din punct de vedere tactic, cuvintele, imaginile, muzica se pot schimba ori de cate ori este necesar. Dar nu si strategia.
Eforturile constante ale PEPSI au erodat incet, dar sigur pozitia COCACOLA. De la 2.5 la 1 in 1960 la 1.5 la 1 in 1985. De-a lungul anilor COCACOLA a ratat oportunitatea de a bloca PEPSI, neintroducand un nou produs intr-o sticla mai mare. „Tot un banut, dar de ori mai mult” putea fi valabil si pentru COCA-COLA.
Dar in 1970 COCA-COLA si-a descoperit strategia defensiva potrivita – de a fi lider: „ESTE ADEVARATA!” Prin implicatie, toate celelalte bauturi racoritoare nu erau decat imitatii ale COCA-COLA, ceea ce de altfel este adevarat. Strategia „Este adevarata!” a profitat si de publicitatea despre
„Merchandise 7x”, formula secreta a COCA-COLA. De la dr. Pemberton se pot numara pe degetele unei singure maini numarul celor care cunosc formula secreta 7x. acest tip de publicitate este inestimabil deoarece capteaza imaginatia publicului. In anul 1982 COCA-COLA a atins culmea insipiditatii cu sloganul „COCA-COLA este…” Chiar daca au renuntat la „este adevarata” de ani de zile, ideea nu s-a pierdut. Intreaba cine-i adevarata pe oricine si ti se va raspunde „COCA-COLA”. Intreaba „Cine este?” si vei vedea cat de multi oameni stiu raspunsul.
O alta miscare strategica a companiei PEPSI merita toata atentia.
Numita „provocarea PEPSI”, ea consta in testarea a doua cola nenumite, legati la ochi. In aceste teste degustatorii prefera PEPSI in raport de 3 la 2 cu
COCA-COLA, rezultat trambitat imediat in toata mass-media. A fost o strategie buna? Poate, deoarece exploateaza un punct slab al concurentei.
Deoarece PEPSI este cu circa 9% mai dulce decat COCA-COLA, gustul favorizeaza PEPSI. Dar nu este buna ca al doilea front in strategia ofensiva.
Un numar doi nu-si permite doua campanii: principiul numarul trei –
„Lanseaza-ti atacul pe un front cat mai ingust posibil:”
Spre sfarsitul anului 1997, sectorul bauturilor racoritoare a avut de suportat neajunsurile unui anotimp neprielnic, iarna, in luna ianuarie volumul

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Politica de marketing – principalul avantaj competitiv al COCA COLA COMPANY

vanzarilor urmand, pe ansamblu, o curba descendenta. Pentru a depasi aceste dificultati, dar si pentru a veni in sprijinul consumatorilor, marile companii producatoare au initiat ample campanii de promovare a produselor.
„Pe hartie”, cele doua companii sunt foarte diferite. Cu 66% din vanzari
(17 miliarde USD) si 75% din profituri in afara Statelor Unite, COCA-COLA ramane o companie mondiala. Foarte centralizata (toate deciziile se iau la
Atlanta, in cladirea

COCA-COLA), ea realizeaza, la 114 ani, 100% din

activitate in sectorul bauturilor. In 1997 COCA-COLA, care comercializeaza peste 160 de bauturi diferite, printre care Sprite, cafeaua Georgia, apa de masa Bonaqua, a vandut pentru prima data un miliard de bauturi pe zi in intreaga lume. Din ce in ce mai implicat in gestionarea activitatii sale de imbuteliere (participare, control al managementului), „capcaunul din Atlanta”, care isi adjudeca, dupa analisti, 51% din piata mondiala a bauturilor racoritoare, nu revendica totusi decat 2% din pietele planetei pentru bauturile nealcoolice, caci nu mai exista decat apa gazoasa, cafeaua, ceaiul sau apa de la robinet, acestia fiind niste concurenti de neinvins: „Vom inlocui ceaiul englezesc de la ora cinci cu o COCA-COLA rece”, afirma Bill Casey, patronul zonei Europa.
In fata acestei masini de razboi, a carei valoare bursiera, sub imperiul fostului sau PDG, Roberto Goizueta (care a decedat in 1977), s-a multiplicat cu 40 in 15 ani, Pepsi Cola joaca pe calea diversitatii. Jumatate din cele 18 miliarde de USD ale cifrei de afaceri provine din activitatea sa in domeniul biscuitilor aperitiv, dupa reteta Frito-Lay, O reduta foarte profitabila, unde firma este lider mondial.
Pana in 1997, PEPSI COLA detinea in portofoliu si restaurantele
Kentuky Friend Chicken, Pizza Hut si Taco Bell. Mai tanara decat vechiul sau inamic (doar 102 ani), PEPSI a fost inventata tot de un farmacist. Momentan marca albastra detine doar 30.5% din piata americana, fata de 43% COCACOLA. Dar in afara Statelor Unite ea este mult mai departe: pe intreaga planeta ea este vanduta intre 3-3.5 produse COCA-COLA. Cele doua

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Politica de marketing – principalul avantaj competitiv al COCA COLA COMPANY

companii se detaseaza insa in domeniul imaginii; sponsor al Jocurilor
Olimpice, al Cupei Mondiale de Fotbal sau al Turului Frantei, compania
COCA-COLA ramane fidela strategiei sale, de a-si lega numele de toate marile intalniri ale sportului mondial. Pe de alta parte, PEPSI prefera starurile: de la cantareata Janet Jackson la fotbalistii Roberto Carlos si David Beckham.
Dar si aceasta companie mizeaza pe sport: la jumatatea lui februarie 1997, contra unui cec de 7.3 milioane USD pe an, PEPSI a monopolizat drepturile
Campionatului de Fotbal din China.
Totusi anul 1998 a marcat o pauza severa in lupta companiilor. Criza pietelor de desfacere a produs o cadere de 15% a profiturilor COCA-COLA, obisnuita de 15 ani cu cresteri anuale de 20% privind rezultatul net. Beneficiile grupului PEPSI COLA au scazut si ele cu 7%.
Ca obiective viitoare, firmele viseaza sa transforme China (5 litri de bautura gazoasa pe locuitor si pe an) sau India (1.2 litri) in imensa America
(190 litri pe locuitor si pe an).
In 2000, dupa revista „Beverage Digest”, cele doua companii au cheltuit peste 3.3 miliarde USD pentru publicitate. PEPSI anunta ca va sponsoriza
Campionatul Rus de Fotbal, in timp ce COCA-COLA se grabeste sa sponsorizeze echipa nationala a balonului rotund si Supercupa (Campionatul de Fotbal American).
„Spre deosebire de majoritatea sectoarelor industriale, tehnologia nu este decisiva in razboiul COCA-COLA – PEPSI COLA”, explica la New York
Andrew Conway, analist la Morgan Stanley. „Imaginea conteaza mai mult”.
Conway a calculat ca in 2000 COCA-COLA a cheltuit, pentru fiecare bautura vanduta, aproape 35 centime in marketing. La ultima Cupa Mondiala de
Fotbal, COCA-COLA a investit 50 de milioane USD in „acompaniament media”, numai pe piata frantuzeasca, fata de 6.5 milioane de catre PEPSI.
Aceasta din urma joaca pe cartea „tanar si rebel”. „Tinta noastra? Tinerii intre 15-25 ani” confirma Massimo D’Amore, patron la sectia de marketing international. Dupa „Generatia PEPSI” si „Generation Next”, marca albastra va

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Politica de marketing – principalul avantaj competitiv al COCA COLA COMPANY

inghiti un miliard de franci intr-o noua campanie angajata de francezi la agentia CLM – BBDO si desfasurata in 157 de tari (dar mai putin in Statele
Unite). Sloganul sau: „Cere mai mult!”. De acum trei ani numarul consumatorilor de bauturi racoritoare se va dubla in tarile in curs de dezvoltare. „Cu aceasta campanie vrem sa seducem”, explica Christophe
Lambert, patronul CLM – BBDO. Au fost filmate noua spoturi, printre care si cu Janet Jackson sau cu echipa de fotbal Manchester United.
Aceasta grija constanta pentru diferentiere se regaseste si in strategiile de comunicare ale celor doua marci: PEPSI mizeaza pe staruri in timp ce
COCA-COLA pariaza pe evenimente, PEPSI considera ca starurile sunt efemere in timp ce COCA-COLA a preferat intotdeauna evenimentele sportive. Firma din Atlanta, partenera FIFA din 1978, a semnat acum doi ani un contact de sponsorizare pentru urmatoarele doua editii ale Cupei Mondiale la Fotbal; suma estimativa – 10 milioane USD pe an.
Cu Pepsi One grupul new-yorkez vizeaza un miliard cifra de afaceri.
Desigur, COCA-COLA va face totul pentru a impiedica atingerea acestui obiectiv. „Daca nu putesi sa-i bateti, cumparatii!”. Acest credo este aplicat de
COCA-COLA intotdeauna cand are posibilitatea sa atace PEPSI. Pentru a ramane in cursa, PEPSI a trebuit sa adopte o metoda radicala: copierea organizarii industriale a inamicului.
Un fapt se ignora adesea: imbutelierea constituie nervul razboiului in domeniul cola. Pentru a-si nimici concurenta, COCA-COLA a construit o masinarie redutabila botezata „Sistemul Cola” care-i permite sa-si decupleze forta de lovire cu cheltuieli mai mici, caci firma din Atlanta nu-si vinde direct bauturile. Ea furnizeaza sirop concentrat celor 1000 de imbuteliatori instalati in
200 de tari. Acestia adauga apa gazoasa si se ocupa de distributie, incasand o parte din beneficii.
Avand

in

vedere

productivitatea,

intr-adevar,

fuziunile

dintre

imbuteliatori sunt puternic incurajate sau chiar impuse de „gigantul rosu”. In
Statele Unite numarul imbuteliatorilor a scazut in 30 de ani, de la 3000 la 278,

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Politica de marketing – principalul avantaj competitiv al COCA COLA COMPANY

firma bazandu-se acum pe 11 „imbuteliatori ancora” care realizeaza 45% din vanzarile sale de bauturi din intreaga lume. Unii sunt veritabili „monstri”. Cu toate acestea, intreprinderile COCA-COLA se afla sub o stricta supraveghere: capitalul sau este detinut 44% de COCA-COLA si toti directorii au fost formati in Atlanta. Cea de-a doua cheie a dispozitivului este tocmai controlarea imbuteliatorilor. Pana in 1981, COCA-COLA se multumea sa-si vanda siropul prin franciza. Dar in anul 1999, pentru prima data firma preluat partile de capital (30%) de la unul dintre ei, in Filipine, care era considerat prea putin performant. Trei ani mai tarziu „gigantul din Atlanta” si-a dublat in aceasta tara partea sa de piata, strivindu-si adversarii.
PEPSI a preferat mult timp o organizare mai simpla: fie ca-si controla direct imbuteliatorii (care dtin 37% din vanzarile actuale), fie ca se baza pe unul sau mai multi francizori din zona. Acest sistem prezinta insa mari inconveniente: el obliga firma PEPSI sa imobilizeze mult capital, ceea ce priveaza de bani lichizi pentru a putea investi in imbiteliatori. Rezultat: simtindu-se neputincoisi in fata masinilor bine rodate din tabara adversa, francizorii de la PEPSI si-au intetit in ultimul timp si loviturile pe la spate.
Pe frontul din est, de la Moscova la Budapesta, razboiul bauturilor racoritoare atinge paroxismul. Din 1991, cei doi rivali au cheltuit 3.3 milioane
USD pentru constructia de uzine, plasamentul retelelor de distributie tentaculare, actiuni de sponsorizare. Si peste tot cu acelasi rezultat: victoria companiei COCA-COLA. Un exemplu elocvent ar fi in Rusia unde, in 1991, se vindeau cinci PEPSI pentru o COCA-COLA, ca la sfarsitul anului 1996 raportul sa fie de 6 la 1 pentru COCA-COLA. Fantastic este ca in sapte ani, numai in
Rusia, COCA-COLA a investit 650 milioane USD, construind 12 uzine de imbuteliere, adesea intr-un timp record (uzina din Rostok a fost pusa in functiune la sapte luni de la inceperea constructiei); din 1996 efectovele
COCA-COLA in Rusia au crescut de la 3500 la 10.000 de persoane.
In fata acestei situatii, PEPSI a folosit mai intai artileria marketingului: concerte gratuite ale pop-starurilor internationale, cosmonautii statiilor MIR

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Politica de marketing – principalul avantaj competitiv al COCA COLA COMPANY

savurandu-si sticla de PEPSI in direct la TV...Dar in zadar. La sfarsitul anului
1996 PEPSI a anuntat constructia a 11 uzine pana in anul 2001, investitiile ridicandu-se la suma de 510 milioane USD.
In prezent, eforturile numarului doi pe piata cola se concentreaza pe ultima tara unde PEPSI mai rezista inca „atacului rosu”, Ungaria. In aceasta tara de zece milioane de locuitori, unde fiecare dintre ei bea 73 de litri de cola pe an (mai mult deca un californian), nu se vand decat 1.4 bauturi racoritoare
COCA-COLA pentru un produs PEPSI. Iar albastrii nu vor sa renunte la nimic: preturi mici (o sticla de 2l de PEPSI costa 61 de centi, fata de 73 de centi pentru o COCA-COLA), o avalnsa de premii (cupoane care ofera tricouri sau week-end-uri la schi). PEPSI a negociat de asemenea cu distribuitorii maghiari, grupul Julius Meinl (160 de magazine), 80% din spatiul rezervat bauturilor racoritoare din localuri; in schimb, ii varsa acestui club o renta de
1.6 miloane pe an.
In fata acestei ofensive, COCA-COLA a reactionat prin organizarea, la sfarsitul lunii ianuarie, o loterie gigant, distribuind peste 540.000 USD drept premiu. Sub dopurile sticlelor se ascundeau pastile plastifiate cu castiguri de
41.000 USD (salariul mediu in Ungaria este de 350 USD). COCA-COLA a creat de asemenea, la 100 km departare de Budapesta, un parc de distractii nautice, cu plaja artificiala, animatie si concerte. Intrarea este gratuita. In
1998, 9% din populatia maghiara a frecventat „Baile COCA-COLA”, care costa filiala maghiara 2% din cifra sa de afaceri anuala. Ceea ce conteaza pentru
COCA-COLA este sa-i faca in ciuda companiei PEPSI COLA, al carei festival rock de pe Insula Dunarii atrage in fiecare vara 250.000 de fani.

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Politica de marketing – principalul avantaj competitiv al COCA COLA COMPANY

Acest razboi stim ca a inceput, dar nu stim si poate nu vom sti niciodata cand se va termina si cu a carei victorie. Important de retinut este faptul ca in lume suprematia la bauturile racoritoare carbogazoase o detine COCA-COLA; acest fapt se datoreaza in principal imaginii companiei si nu caracteristicilor produselor. Tranzactii internationale

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