...Chapter 14 Firms in Competitive Markets MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A firm has market power if it can a. maximize profits. b. minimize costs. c. influence the market price of the good it sells. d. hire as many workers as it needs at the prevailing wage rate. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 14-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Market power MSC: Definitional 2. A book store that has market power can a. influence the market price for the books it sells. b. minimize costs more efficiently than its competitors. c. reduce its advertising budget more so than its competitors. d. ignore profit-maximizing strategies when setting the price for its books. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 14-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Market power MSC: Applicative 3. The analysis of competitive firms sheds light on the decisions that lie behind the a. demand curve. b. supply curve. c. way firms make pricing decisions in the not-for-profit sector of the economy. d. way financial markets set interest rates. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 14-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive markets MSC: Interpretive 4. For any competitive market, the supply curve is closely related to the a. preferences of consumers who purchase products in that market. b. income tax rates of consumers in that market. c. firms’ costs of production in that market. d. interest rates on government bonds. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 14-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP:...
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...Perfect Competition Perfect competition is a problem that is emerging in a market in which buyers and sellers are informed about all elements of monopoly that are absent and the market price of a commodity is not control by individual buyers and sellers. Perfect competition is simply looked as a market structure where competition is at its greatest possible level. According to Kirzner (2000), “Perfect competition therefore came to mean the situation in markets where each and every participant lacks any power whatever directly to influence product price or product quality”. Perfect competition is used to compare other and real-life market structures. A real life market structure such as agriculture is the industry that closely resembles a perfect competition. The four key characteristics of perfect competition are a large number of small firms, identical products sold by all firms, perfect resource mobility or the freedom of entry into and exit out of the industry, and perfect knowledge of prices and technology. These four characteristics basically describes that a perfectly competitive firm does not have any control over the market. A large number of small firms that produce identical products have a large number of perfect substitutes that exist for the output produced by any given firm. This means the demand curve for a perfectly competitive firm's output is perfectly elastic. Freedom of entry into and exit out of the industry means that capital and other resources are perfectly...
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...What is the Market INTRODUCTION: We will talk about the market in general way, so we will define the meaning of the market and its structure. The term market refers to the group of consumers or organizations that is interested in the product, has the resources to purchase the product, and is permitted by law and other regulations to acquire the product. The market definition begins with the total population and progressively narrows. So now we will describe the following terms: 1. Market definition. 2. Structure of the market. 3. Perfect competition 4. Imperfect competition. MARKET DEFINITION: When we go to define the term o market we can say that it is the convergence of views between the seller and buyer, and divided the market into three big markets: the commercial market, market default and markets in the world economy, which is itself subdivided into markets other, and in terms of destination and economic concept, I mean any groups of people bound together by nothing specific commodity and any place characterized by the swap on a commercial scale. The market divides into different categories according to the purposes for which they performed , in terms of continuity may be permanent as a market securities, or temporary as markets villages and exhibitions , and in terms of breadth may be local as markets cities, or universal as a market of sugar, and in terms of the types of goods traded divided markets divisions of various for...
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...INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………...3 CHAPTER I Perfect Competition Market……………………………………………..5 1.1. Perfect Competition Market Characteristics ……..………………….5 1.2. Perfect Competition Supply and Demand…………………………...9 CHAPTER II Perfect Competition Short-Run Supply………………………………..13 2.1. Short-Run Production Alternatives of a Competitive Firm………... .13 2.2. Short-Run Equilibrium and Supply Curve ………………………… 23 CHAPTER III Perfect Competition Long-Run Supply………………………………29 3.1. Long-Run Equilibrium Conditions…………………………………..29 3.2. Long-Run Industry Supply Curve…………………………………...33 3.3. Perfect Competition Market Efficiency……………………………...36 CHAPTER IV Practical analysis……………………………………………………..41 CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………………...45 LITERATURE………………………………………………………………………...47 APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………...49 INTRODUCTION The issue of supply in the perfect competition conditions is a rather complex topic. It comprises of many crucial points that I will try to identify and explain. Some of them will be caused by the perfect competitive conditions’ regulations of the general processes of the supply formation, profit maximization, equilibrium achieving and others, dictated by the characteristics of the perfect competition itself, such as a large number of small firms, identical products sold by all firms, perfect resource mobility or the freedom...
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...Exercise 9 Solution Chapter 11 Firms in Perfectly Competitive Markets 11.1 Perfectly Competitive Markets 1) Which of the following is not a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market structure? A) There are a very large number of firms that are small compared to the market. B) All firms sell identical products. C) There are no restrictions to entry by new firms. D) There are restrictions on exit of firms. Answer: D Comment: Recurring Diff: 1 Page Ref: 368/368 Topic: Market Structures Objective: LO1: Explain what a perfectly competitive market is and why a perfect competitor faces a horizontal demand curve. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Special Feature: None 2) Which of the following is a characteristic of an oligopolistic market structure? A) There are few dominant sellers. B) Each firm sells a unique product. C) It is easy for new firms to enter the industry. D) Each firm need not react to the actions of rivals. Answer: A Comment: Recurring Diff: 1 Page Ref: 368/368 Topic: Market Structures Objective: LO1: Explain what a perfectly competitive market is and why a perfect competitor faces a horizontal demand curve. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Special Feature: None 3) Perfect competition is characterized by all of the following except A) heavy advertising by individual sellers. B) homogeneous products. C) sellers are price takers. D) a horizontal demand...
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...What does the term of “Invisible Hand“ stand for? What are the real consequences and premises of “Invisible Hand”? Introduction In Adam Smith’s conception, it is the ‘invisible hand’ of the free market that organizes the seemingly chaotic and self-interested activities of human beings into a beneficent and industrious social order. The conception tries to describe “Self – regulating nature of market” based on natural inclination of human-being. Unplanned, unintended actions coined with natural inclination of self-interest channels ambitions towards meeting social necessities. The main motto of the argument was that the market freely will lead to perfect equality. Actually, perfect competitive market fundamentalism was bulwarked with “Invisible hand”. It is very arguable and ambiguous that why Adam Smith called this sort of regulation “invisible hand”. Cognitively, it is tangible but in terms of understanding of special mechanism is very incomprehensible and too invisible to put forward as a market regulatory factor. Self-interest as a part of human nature took a role of supervisor and established “self-regulatory nature of marketplace”. Diving into deep comprehension of the term of invisible hand, we can see that the term implies decentralization of the wealth among inhabitants. We can face with the term of “invisible hand” in his previous work called “The Theory of Moral Sentiments” which envisages the natural propensity of human-being: “They are led by an invisible hand...
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...DEFINITION OF 'MARKET' 1. A medium that allows buyers and sellers of a specific good or service to interact in order to facilitate an exchange. The price that individuals pay during the transaction may be determined by a number of factors, but price is often determined by the forces of supply and demand. 2. The general market where securities are traded. 3. People with the desire and ability to buy a specific product/service. INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'MARKET' 1. Markets do not necessarily need to be a physical meeting place. Internet-based stores and auction sites are all markets in which transactions can take place entirely online and where the two parties do not ever need to physically meet. 2. If a broad market index (such as the S&P 500) fell, people might say that "the market was down," using the S&P 500 as a proxy to represent the overall market's performance. 3. For example, "the widget market" is referring to all the people who will buy widgets. 7. Macroeconomics - Nominal vs. Real GDP, and the GDP Deflator The main difference between nominal and real values is that real values are adjusted for inflation, while nominal values are not. As a result, nominal GDP will often appear higher than real GDP. Nominal values of GDP (or other income measures) from different time periods can differ due to changes in quantities of goods and services and/or changes in general price levels. As a result, taking price levels (or inflation) into account is necessary when...
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...manager of a firm in a perfectly competitive firm, would have no discretion in setting prices of your product ANSWER Perfect competition demands very strict assumptions that are unlikely to be found in many if any markets in the real world. Markets that most closely equate to perfectly competitive ones are those in which there are very large numbers of buyers and suppliers, reasonably free entry and exit from the market and well informed consumers. It is in such markets that the purchase decision is driven by price. A perfect competitive (price taker) market exists when the following conditions occur: • Low entry and exit barriers - there are no restraints on firms entering or exiting the market • Homogeneity of products - buyers can purchase the good from any seller and receive the same good • Perfect knowledge about product quality, price, and cost • No single buyer or seller is large enough to influence the market price Managers must take the existing market price; if they set a price above the market price, no one will buy their product because potential buyers simply will go to other suppliers. Setting a price below the market price does not make any sense because the firm can sell as much as it wants to at the market price; selling below the market price will just reduce profits. Because Managers must take the current market price a purely competitive market is also called a "price takers" market. The firm can sell as much as it...
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...from perfectly competitive markets where there are many sellers who are price takers to a pure monopoly where one single supplier dominates an industry and sets price. We start our analysis of market structures by looking at perfect competition. Firms operate within their market, which consists of: Supply side: all of the firms producing similar products Demand side: all buyers willing to purchase the products Markets differ; the auto market is far different from the tomato market, for example. Thus economists separate markets into 4 categories: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Perfect competition: There are many, many small sellers (technically, there must be an infinite number of sellers), each of whom produces an identical product. It is very easy for new sellers to enter this market, and it is easy for existing sellers to leave the market. Examples: There are no real world examples of perfectly competitive markets. The stock market comes close. 2.0 Analysis 2.1 Perfect competition Perfect competition describes a market structure whose assumptions are extremely strong and highly unlikely to exist in most real-time and real-world markets. The reality is that most markets are imperfectly competitive. Nonetheless, there is some value in understanding how price, output and equilibrium is established in both the short and the long run in a market that holds true to the tough assumptions of a world of perfect competition...
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...MARKET STRUCTURES MARKET STRUCTURE In economics, market structure (also known as market form) describes the state of a market with respect to competition. MAJOR MARKET FORMS The major market forms are: • • • • • Perfect competition, in which the market consists of a very large number of firms producing a homogeneous product. Monopolistic competition, also called competitive market, where there are a large number of independent firms which have a very small proportion of the market share. Oligopoly, in which a market is dominated by a small number of firms which own more than 40% of the market share. Monopoly, where there is only one provider of a product or service. Natural monopoly, a monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm. The imperfectly competitive structure is quite identical to the realistic market conditions where some monopolistic competitors, monopolists, oligopolists, and duopolists exist and dominate the market conditions. These somewhat abstract concerns tend to determine some but not all details of a specific concrete market system where buyers and sellers actually meet and commit to trade. The correct sequence of the market stucture from most to least competitive is perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly. The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of producers and consumers in the market,...
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...Competitive Markets Economy Competitive Markets Economy A market which converges all of below assumptions is called perfectly competitive market: ''Assumption 1. All the firms in the industry sell an identical or homogeneous product. Buyers of the product are well informed about the characteristics of the product being sold and the prices charged by each firm. Assumption2. The output of each firm, when it is producing at its minimum long-run average total cost, is a small fraction of the industry's total output. Assumption3. Each firm is a price-taker. This means that each firm can alter its output without significantly affecting the market price of its product. Assumption 4.Each firm must passively accept the existing market price, but it can sell as much as it wants at that price. Assumption5..There is freedom of entry and exit, which means that any new firm is free to enter the industry and start producing if it so wishes, and any existing firm is free to cease production and leave the industry. Marginal cost and marginal revenue in the perfectly competitive market where all firms operate under the same cost conditions, marginal cost is considered as the most important factor after price that affect the supply curve, and firms that cannot adopt the lowest cost methods of manufacturing are hard to maintain in this market. The goal therefore of all firms is to maximize their profits which increases as long as marginal revenue...
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...Differences in the Market Structures In economics there are four main market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Each of these market structures faces the common factor of competition. Various degrees of competition are what separate these market structures. Secondly, the commodity or product plays a huge role in these market structures because some products have substitutes or identical products. Lastly, we will observe the barriers to which a firms face when entering or exiting the market. This is a very important factor in the market structures because relative difficulty in entry and exit of the markets will determine what type of market structure we are examining. Market structures are based on two extremes known as perfect competition and monopoly. Oligopolies lie in the middle of this spectrum. A comparison and contrast of each market structure in short term and long term scenarios will be detailed in the following paper. Perfect competition and Monopoly In a Perfect competition there are four conditions that characterize the perfect competition structure: a large number of buyers & sellers, free entry & exit, product homogeneity, and perfect information. Each of these aspects is compared when examining the differences between monopoly and perfect competition. First in perfect competition there are a large number of small firms. Perfectly competitive firms’ demand curves are perfectly elastic while a monopoly’s...
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...graph shows marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost(MC) the point of intersection. This would be the profit-max quantity. Next is the corresponding price. In the best competition, price=marginal revenue, that is considered constant, but when the economy, is poor the demand withe profit-max quantity is at the demand curve. d. Using the information in(b),demonstrate that the profit-maximizing price and quantity will never be in the inelastic portion of the demand curve. 7. Explain the competitive process when a firm earns a positive economic profit. In the long-term a business may decide to change the factors on the business. This ability changes input factors in the long term allowing any chance a new business can enter the existing business market and , their will be certain businesses that depart the market. In a perfect business, the competitive market has really no barriers to the entry and exit the market. There will be new businesses that may be tempted to jump into the market when existing businesses currently are posting a positive economic profit. The...
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...(Economics) RPVV, Surajmal Vihar Support Material For Teachers In Economics – Class XII Co-ordinators Dr. Seema Srivastava Ms. Meenakshi Yadav Contributors Dr. Seema Srivastava Ms. Meenakshi Yadav Mr.Bharat Thakur Technical Support Mr.V.K.Sodhi Ms.Sapna Yadav Ms.Radha Ms.Garima Ms.Ritu Class – XII Teaching -Learning Material for PGT (Economics) Based on “Week- Wise Distribution of Syllabus 2011 -2012” For the Month of July: Unit-IV (18.07.2011 – 25.07.2011) 7 days (25.07.2011-30.07.2011) 6days Abstract Present unit deals with the Concept of Market Structure which comprises of different market conditions under which the firms produce and sell products in the market. The unit also elaborates upon various Forms of Market Structure such as Perfect Market and * Imperfect Market (*Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly). The conditions and determination of price under various Forms of Market Structure have been discussed. The content based classroom activity has been suggested at the end. It will help in developing Critical Thinking & Analytical ability among students which is the demand of this subject. Questions based on the content to check the progress have been included. Different types of Questions such as Very Short Answer Type, Short...
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...sorry for not doing the right things while I could have. I'm sorry Perfect Competition Perfect Competition and Assumptions Perfect competition is a market structure that in the long run produces allocative and productive efficiency. If all markets were operating with perfect competition then the best allocation of resources would occur for society. There are a few assumptions to perfect competition: * Firms attempt to maximise their profits * There are many participants in the market (buyers and seller), this is important so that no individual buyer or seller represents a large enough share of the market to influence the market price. The market price is therefore determined by the market (it is the equilibrium point). * The product is homogenous (identical, for example sugar or water), if the product had a brand that consumers identified with then it may be able to charge a premium for the brand recognition. * There are no barriers to entry or to exit the market * There is perfect knowledge of the market conditions, all buyers know the prices that firms are charging and therefore will purchase the good at the cheapest going price. * There are no externalities Perfect competition is a theoretical idea based on the assumptions stated above. It is very rare for a market to exist in reality that meets all the criteria and so very few markets can be described as perfectly competitive. Friedrich...
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