...and Eclampsia in Pregnancy Pre-eclampsia also known as toxemia is hypertension associated with protein in the urine and is prevalent in 7 out of 100 pregnant women. Severe form of pre-eclampsia sometimes develop resulting in seizures or convulsions; this is known as eclampsia. The blood vessels constrict during pre-eclampsia thus reducing the amount of oxygen and nutrients delivered to the fetus and can lead to low birth weight. If it is untreated, it may result in liver, lungs, and kidneys failure. It appears during the second or third trimester of pregnancy, and is more prevalent in first pregnancies, multiple births, teenagers, and women over 35. Background Approximately 50,000 maternal deaths occur annually due to eclampsia, with the highest percentage being in third world countries. This study discusses the use of a Criteria-based audits (CBA) to improve quality of care among eclampsia patients admitted at a University teaching hospital in Dar es Salaam Tanzania. The incidence of eclampsia is high (about 6%) with the majority of cases arriving after episodes of convulsions. The quality of health care versus maternal mortality rates average and below average income countries is diverse, whenever, the need arises to achieve the Millennium development goal (MDG) in spite of having less than desirable finances and the infrastructure. Numerous policies have been found for shrinking maternal and perinatal mortality; for example, through high quality antenatal care, delivery...
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...Subjective data Identification: K.G. is a pregnant 23 year-old Caucasian female. Chief complaint: Ms. G. enters the clinic today for a routine obstetric exam. History of present illness: Ms. G. is 34 weeks pregnant and is a G1 P0. Last menstrual period was 10/23/13. Past Medical History: The patient has a history of gestational thrombocytopenia. Past Surgical History: Ms. G. had a benign cyst removed from her anterior neck in 2013. Family History: Ms. G. states that her mother and father both alive and her father has a history of asthma. Ms. G. states that her mother has rheumatoid arthritis. Ms. G. is an only child. Social History: Ms. G. is single. Ms. G. does not smoke or drink alcohol. Ms. G. does not use or has never used illicit drugs. Ms. G. works full-time in the banking industry. Ms. G. does not participate in any form of exercise on a regular basis. Current medications: Ms. G. states that she does take prescription medications. The patient takes prenatal vitamins. Allergies: Ms. G. states she has no medication allergies. Review of Systems General: Ms. G. has gained 30 Lbs. with this pregnancy. Ms. G denies any fever or chills. Ms. G. does have normal pregnancy fatigue. Skin: The patient denies any rashes or lesions. The patient denies any changes in moles or skin growths. Head, eyes, ears, nose and throat: The patient denies any sore throat, cough, congestion. The patient does not wear contact lenses or glasses. The patient denies any...
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...GENETICS CASE STUDY GENETICS CASE STUDY This case study is based on a high-risk pregnancy due to advanced maternal age, genetic test indicating the fetus to have Tay-Sachs Disease and the coping strategies for this family. Rita Trosack is a 43-year old white female, married for six years to husband, Peter, a 46-year old white male. They both work in the financial district of Chicago and live downtown. They have been trying to conceive for two years. They both work an average of sixty hours a week. Rita and Peter were both raised as Catholics; however, they choose not to practice at this time. Rita missed her menstrual period, began having typical signs and symptoms of pregnancy (nausea, dry heaving, tender breasts, and fatigue). The fatigue was so severe she decreased her hours at the bank. An early pregnancy test performed by Rita tested positive. She then calculated her due date as January 27, 2009, since her last menstrual period (LMP) began on April 20, 2008. Rita met with Dr. Zimmerly an obstetrician in a high-risk obstetric clinic. On this first visit he confirmed the estimated date of delivery (EDD) as late January 2009. Due to Rita’s age, the chorionic villus sampling (CVS) was recommended to screen for fetal genetic defects. Rita had the test in early July, which would place her around eleven weeks into her pregnancy; this is the appropriate time in which to perform the CVS. Amniocentesis could have been performed, but this is usually...
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...substances such as soap or clay (Dickens & Trethowan, 1971). These disturbances usually remit after delivery and rarely give rise to physical complications for mother or foetus. However, more serious and chronic eating disorders including bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa may also occur during pregnancy. These conditions are most prevalent among women of childbearing age and some evidence suggests that both disorders can also be precipitated by pregnancy (Weinfeld et al. 1977; Price et al. 1986). The prevalence of eating disorders among pregnant women is unknown, but the low body weight and sexual inactivity of anorexic women suggests that this disorder is much less common than in the general population. Markedly reduced fertility rates have been confirmed in long-term outcome studies of these patients (Brinch et al. 1988). Comparable data are not available for bulimia, but most of these patients are of normal weight and they are more likely to be married than anorexics. Although the prevalence rate for bulimia in women is approximately 1 % (King, 1986; JohnsonSabine et al. 1988), and partial syndromes are also common, no cases were reported in a random series of 119 primigravidae (Kumar & Robson, 1984) or in 92 obstetric patients referred for assessment by a liaison psychiatrist (Appleby et al. 1989). Such low rates of diagnosis may be due to the reluctance of patients to disclose details of their behaviour in the absence of specific questions about dietary habits and attitudes...
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... Table of Contents Abstract 3 Body of paper Introduction 4 History 4 Techniques 6 The Bishop Scoring System 7 Indications 8 Contraindications 10 Risks 12 Nursing 12 Conclusion 15 References Abstract Inducing labor has been occurring since before our time. There are two types of labor inductions, scheduled and elective. For purposes of this paper scheduled inductions will be focused on. A scheduled induction is defined as using artificial methods to start the labor process at a specific time. Inductions are performed for many reasons. In most cases scheduled induction are performed because of medical complications to the baby and/or mother. In healthcare, there has been an increase in incidence regarding scheduled inductions related to convenience for the mother as well as for the doctors. To better understand the complexity of scheduled induction the history has to be addressed. What is the reasoning behind changing the natural birthing process? This paper will explain the methods of induction: pharmacological vs. mechanical, and the indications thereof. Nurse’s play a key role in labor and delivery. They have to be prepared to address and treat their patients’ condition, as well as be knowledgeable on the contraindications of this delicate process. A mother also has to be aware of the benefits and risks before a decision is made to schedule an...
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...Makati Medical Center - College of Nursing SY 2011 – 2012 A Case Study Presentation on the Care of a Mother with Preeclampsia Superimposed on Chronic Hypertension In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirement of NCM102 – Related Learning Experience Submitted To: Submitted By: Leader: Knight, Catherine P. Members: Iglesias, Pauleen Itliong, Juliane B. Javier, Reniccia Janel Joaquin, Gian Denise M. Kwek, Michael Angelo L. La Sangre, Anne Gabrielle B. Lacerna, Iruel Victor III Leynes, Sofia Antonniette M. Lindawan, Ma. Kristine S. BSN II – B Group 2 December 17, 2011 Table of Contents Chapter I - Introduction A. Description of the Case………................................................................. 4 B. Purpose and Objectives........................................................................... 5 C. Significance and Justification....................
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...I. INTRODUCTION A. Number of cases/Statistic data of the disease A.1 Statistics Accurate pre-eclampsia statistics are difficult to obtain because the condition ranges from extremely mild to severe. Mild cases are sometimes not included in official figures. Furthermore, mild cases may have no effect on pregnancy, which is why the figures for pre-eclampsia as a whole are higher than for those that actually complicate pregnancies. Around 10% of pregnant women develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (high blood pressure) or pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure with protein in the urine).Worldwide more than four million women per year will develop pre-eclampsia, and over 63,000 maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia. Action on Pre-Eclampsia estimates that every year in the UK pre-eclampsia is responsible for the deaths of six mothers and 500 to 600 babies. A 2005 to 2006 study showed a promising fall in the numbers of women developing eclampsia since 1992, from 4.9/10,000 to 2.7/10,000. This has arisen as a result of the introduction of management guidelines for eclampsia and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is much more common in first pregnancies, and there is a reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia in the second pregnancy. The risk of women who have had pre-eclampsia developing it again in future pregnancies is 16 percent, and 25 percent if they suffered from severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or they delivered pre-term. This rises to 55 percent if their baby was delivered before...
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...1. Congenital rubella: a) Has an incubation period of 7-10 days. b) May be complicated by polyarthralgia. c) Rarely causes deafness. d) Is an indication for termination if it occurs in the first two months of pregnancy. e) May cause prolonged jaundice. 2. Recognised causes of delayed bone age include: a) Hypopiturtarism b) Primary hypothyroidism c) Congenital adrenal hypoplasia d) Prolonged corticosteroid therapy e) Tuberculosis 3. Kwashiorkor: a) Hypothermia is a recognized complication T b) Edema is mainly due to protein losing enteropathy. T c) Measles is a recognized precipitant F d) The incidence is highest in the first two month of life F e) The birth of a second child to the mother may be a contributory factor F 4. At the age of eight months a baby can be expected to: a) Roll over from front to back T b) Sit up with a straight back T c) Pick a small bead between thumb and finger T d) Say up to five word clearly F e) Feed himself with a spoon F 5. if a child in the ward's develops measles, the following action are appropriate a) Close the wards to all admissions for one week F b) Actively immunized all the other patients against measles T c) Give gamma globulin to all patients who have not been immunized or had measles T d) Forbid visiting by the parents until the rash has gone F e) Give prophylactic antibiotics to all contacts at home T 6. Convulsion in the first week of life is characteristic of a) Hypocalcaemia T b) Post maturity...
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...ADMISSION CARDIOTOCOGRAPHS In the United Kingdom (UK), there is well documented evidence that labour care is dominated by technology interventions (Davis-Floyd & Dumit 1998, Sinclair 2001). One of the most common interventions is the use of Cardiotocographs. The Cardiotocograph (CTG) is one form of fetal assessment that simultaneously records fetal heart rate (FHR), fetal movements and uterine contraction patterns (Nielson & Mistry 2000). Spencer (1992) also describes cardiotocography (CTG) as a composite record of fetal heart rate and uterine activity, which act as a diagnostic test of fetal condition whenever acute or chronic complications arise. Monitoring of fetal heart rate became a widespread practice during the 1970s and has remained an accepted technique for assessing fetal well being in labour until relatively recently (Gauge & Henderson 2005). However, MacLennan (1999) and Thacker et al (2001) argue that the widespread use of CTG in the clinical practice has not been supported by substantial evidence. The introduction of the Electronic Fetal Monitoring (EFM) ‘has been accompanied by confusion and difficulties with interpretation’ (Saling 1996) and ‘despite the fact that no clear evidence exists for its efficacy, especially in low-risk women’ (Murphy et al 1990) it has been integrated into maternity care, and uncertainty about its value remains (Neilson & Mistry 2000). Nevertheless, the aim of the introduction of CTG is to reduce the incidence of cerebral...
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...NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,KUMASI. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- BIRTHWEIGHT OF NEWBORNS IN RELATION TO THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE ATWIMA NWABIAGYA DISTRICT OF ASHANTI REGION OF GHANA. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, ------------------------------------------------- KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI IN ------------------------------------------------- PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ------------------------------------------------- PUBLIC HEALTH (MPH) DEGREE IN POPULATION AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...t TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF PRENATAL CARE AND HEALTH CARE ACCESS ON INFANT DEATH OUTCOMES IN FIVE PUBLIC HEALTH DISTRICTS WITH THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST RATES OF INFANT DEATHS IN GEORGIA INTRODUCTION Infant rate mortality in Georgia is extremely high and is an indicator of the overall poor status of health among women and children in this state. Between 1990 and 2000, it is reported that Georgia was among the states with the highest rate of infant deaths. In 1990 the infant morality rate in Georgia was at 12.4 deaths for each 1,000 live births and decreasing to 8.5 per 1,000 in 1998. The infant death rate among the white population is 6.1 per 1,000 while the African American population was stated at a much greater rate of 13.5 per 1,000, which is over twice as high as infant death rates among the white population in the state of Georgia. (Georgia Department of Human Resources: Infant Mortality Fact Sheet, 2000) PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of this study is to investigate Infant mortality in African American women in Georgia for the years 2000-2005 in five public health districts with the highest rates of infant mortality and five public health districts with the lowest infant mortality rates (so we are looking at 10 public health districts total that can be found on the OASIS website) in the state of Georgia). LITERATURE REVIEW It is stated by the Georgia Department of Human Resources in the work entitled: “Infant Mortality: Fact Sheet” that the primary cause...
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...Running head: GENETIC DISEASE DIAGNOSIS, SCREENING, TREATMENT Genetic Disease Diagnosis, Screening, Treatment, Advocacy and Decision Making Linda Jefferson Western Governors University Contemporary Nursing Issues GNT1 December 16, 2012 Genetic Disease Diagnosis, Screening, Treatment, Advocacy and Decision Making Generally speaking, a pregnancy in today’s society is met with varying emotions ranging from devastation and fear to joy and excitement. Some expectant parents have conceived on accident, some carefully planned. Some expectant parents have conceived with no problems; while others have had difficulty. These parents often find themselves trying different methods and spending a great deal of their finances to increase their chances of conceiving. With that being the case, it is often devastating to finally conceive and find out that your child has a birth defect or a disease such as Tay Sachs. Tay Sachs is a genetic condition, usually found in Caucasians, and primarily those of Jewish descent, and develops in 25% of cases when both parents carry the recessive gene (National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases [NTSAD], n.d.). It’s a neurological disorder that effects brain development. Development of infants afflicted with this disease appears normal at first but soon deterioration of the child’s mental and physical abilities becomes apparent. This deterioration continues until most children afflicted with Tay-Sachs lose their battle for life...
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...------------------------------------------------- Overview[edit] Nutritional science investigates the metabolic and physiological responses of the body to diet. With advances in the fields of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, the study of nutrition is increasingly concerned with metabolism and metabolic pathways: the sequences of biochemical steps through which substances in living things change from one form to another. The human body contains chemical compounds, such as water, carbohydrates (sugar, starch, and fiber), amino acids (in proteins), fatty acids (in lipids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds in turn consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on. All of these chemical compounds and elements occur in various forms and combinations (e.g. hormones, vitamins, phospholipids, hydroxyapatite), both in the human body and in the plant and animal organisms that humans eat. The human body consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved in obtaining nutrition. In a typical adult, about seven liters of digestive juices enter the digestive tract.[citation needed] These break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and modulate their conformations and energy states. Though some molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream...
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...factors. Strong gene and environment interplay along with in-utero programming in context of low birth weight and gestational diabetes are the main contributors of a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pakistan. The real burden of diabetes is due to its chronic complications leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The unique combination of various risk factors necessitates research studies to make appropriate risk assessment tools to control this diabetes pandemic. Better understanding of aetio-pathological genetic and environmental factors are suggesting prevention should begin much before the start of disease process and interventions in high-risk subjects alone will not be sufficient. It is necessary to initiate population based programmes for primary prevention of diabetes including a range of activities targeted at different age groups from fetal life to old age. Synchronized and coordinated efforts from public and private sectors are needed to combat this mammoth health and economic issue. Key words: Diabetes, Pakistan, Introduction: Escalation in rates of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes in Pakistan is posing threats to the economy and quality of life of people due to poor glycemic control and very high rates of complications (1-6). Cost of care is estimated to be very high. Resource constraints society, lack of medical reimbursement and insufficient allocation of health budget are barriers to quality care. Most often the patient is unable to afford the high cost...
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...Inter-American Development Bank Social Protection and Health Division (SCL/SPH) TECHNICAL NOTE Quality Improvement of Health Care in Belize: Focusing on Results Ian Mac Arthur Jennifer Nelson Martha Woodye No. IDB-TN-661 May 2014 Quality Improvement of Health Care in Belize: Focusing on Results Ian Mac Arthur Jennifer Nelson Martha Woodye Inter-American Development Bank 2014 Cataloging-in-Publication data provided by the Inter-American Development Bank Felipe Herrera Library Mac Arthur, Ian. Quality improvement of health care in Belize: focusing on results / Ian Mac Arthur, Jennifer Nelson, Martha Woodye. p. cm. — (IDB Technical Note ; 661) Includes bibliographic references. 1. Health services administration—Belize. 2. Public health administration—Belize. I. Nelson, Jennifer. II. Woodye, Martha. III. Inter-American Development Bank. Social Protection and Health Division. IV. Title. V. Series. IDB-TN-661 http://www.iadb.org The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent. The unauthorized commercial use of Bank documents is prohibited and may be punishable under the Bank's policies and/or applicable laws. Copyright © 2014 Inter-American Development Bank. All rights reserved; may be freely reproduced for any non-commercial purpose. Ian Mac Arthur, ianm@iadb.org Quality Improvement of Health Care in Belize:...
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