...Pertussis is a highly contagious and vaccine-preventable acute respiratory infection caused mainly by Bordetella pertussis. This organism is a gram-negative, fastidious, pleomorphic bacillus, and the cause of whooping cough has remained one of the main 10 causes of death in infants in the world (A,B). Pertussis can occur at all ages, but the severity is higher among young infants who have not completed their immunization schedule (C,D). Although the disease has been decreased following the introduction of whole cell pertussis vaccines (WPVs) in the 1950s, many studies have described re-emergence of pertussis during the last decade (E,F). Therefore, pertussis has not yet been eradicated due to the following criteria 1) the difficulties related...
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...get into the host organism are similar. They first multiply then start destroying different tissues and cells in the host organism. They may release toxins that make the host environment conducive for their survival. The toxins harm the cells of the host organism, thus leading to different illnesses. The illnesses caused are normally very infectious, and they may lead to epidemics. This paper will compare and contrast the pathogens causing whooping cough and zygomycosis. Causal pathogens Whooping cough and Zygomycosis are some of the infectious diseases caused by different pathogens. In whooping cough, the pathogen infects the respiratory system, causing severe coughing in the victims. It is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. Zygomycosis is a broad range of fungal infectious diseases that affect the face; particularly the nasal cavity, and the eyes as well as the skin. It is caused by fungi in the Mucorales and Entomophthorales (Vazquez Para 1). The pathogens causing whooping cough and Zygomycosis have several similarities and differences. Classification Bordetella Pertussis belongs to the Kingdom Bacteria, and it is in the phylum Proteobacteria. The bacteria are in the class Beta Proteobacteria and order Burkholderiales. It belongs to the Alcaligenaceae family under the...
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...In a letter to parents, Raff (2014) calls out anti-vaccine activists, “They say that vaccines aren't that effective at preventing disease. But 3 million children's lives are saved every year by vaccination, and 2 million die every year from vaccine-preventable illnesses” (Raff, 2014). Raff also addresses the fact that the MMR vaccine doesn’t cause autism, and that thimerosal doesn’t cause autism either, in fact it hasn’t been used in most vaccines since 2001. Raff encourages parents to educate themselves on the issue and to read the scientific studies that have proved that vaccines don’t cause autism. The letter also points to the fact that Wakefield’s paper that claimed a link between vaccines and autism has been withdrawn and his medical licenses revoked. Public health education campaigns have not been effective in dispelling parent’s concerns that vaccines cause...
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...This research paper informs you about the disease pertussis or whooping cough as others may call it. This disease has been around for a very long time and even though there has been a vaccine for over 50 years, this disease seems to still be a problem. Experts are always working around the clock to find new and improved vaccines to rid the world of the pertussis bacteria. In the first section of the text the author will describe the history of the bacteria that cause the whooping cough and exactly what it is comprised of and the toxins that it carries which make the bacteria so deadly and hard to figure out and treat. The signs and symptoms of this disease are very similar to those of the common cold so many people often mistake it as such and do not seek medical advice until it is too late. The second portion of the text is going to tell you about the recent and past trends of the disease in the United States. The numbers are unpredictable and no one can seem to put a finger on the actual reason why this is, there are a few opinions however. There are a few new vaccines that have been introduced to the world and the hopes are that they will be as helpful as the old vaccine that was given over 50 years ago. “Whooping cough affects approximately 48.5 million people every year, of whom 295,000 die.” (Nordqvist, 2014) Pertussis is a very severe and highly contagious respiratory disease commonly known as the whooping cough caused by the bacteria Bordetella Pertussis. Until...
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...“Prevention is better than cure.” This common statement could not relate any better than it does with the controversy surrounding the morality, effectiveness, and safety of childhood immunizations. The major argument is whether or not laws should be established to declare vaccination mandatory for all children. “The US food and Drug administration (FDA) regulates all vaccines to ensure safety and effectiveness,” (ProCon.org, 2012) therefor there should not be any reason to risk the health of any child. Vaccinating our children not only ensures their safety but also that of their future to come. The first major concern parents have when it comes to childhood vaccinations is that of the health and safety of their children. Some parents believe that vaccines were developed to help the spread against dangerous transmittable diseases. Other parents are under the impression that vaccines themselves present high risk factors for their children. Both have strong arguing points in this controversy and have good reason to believe in what they do. Proponents argue and the facts clearly show that since the emergence of vaccines in the twentieth century for common life threatening diseases, such as measles and diphtheria, the related number of deaths has decreased by more than 500%. On the other side, opponents argue that childhood vaccines are responsible for the dramatic increase of autoimmune diseases. Many proponents argue that childhood vaccination is vital and should be...
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...choose to expose their children to deadly preventable diseases because they believe that those vaccines cause autism. This makes sense because you know, autism is transmitted through things like kissing, sharing toilet seats, and getting vaccinated against diseases that could have wiped us all out except they didn’t because some kick-ass motherfucker in a lab coat put in the time to figure out how to make that un-happen. Oh wait. No, I’m sorry. Autism is that disease that only affects the gays and meateaters? Nope, sorry again, I remember now. Autism is nothing like any of those things — it’s not something you contract. Goddamn science and its insistence on peer-reviewed findings. “But, but Wakefield said”… STOP RIGHT THERE. The 1998 research paper by Andrew Wakefield which linked autism to the MMR vaccine is a load of lies. It has been confirmed by the UK Medical board that Wakefield not only abused autistic children but fabricated everything. In contrast, there has been over 92 peer reviewed studies involving over 25 million children and still no link to autism was found in any case, in all of the studies. Phew, the saga is over you say. The facts are that there is no evidence that vaccines cause autism (really, there is none), and there is solid evidence (mountains of it, in fact) that vaccines prevent deadly diseases. Come on, you say, no one would be so stupid to actually believe vaccines cause autism? Wrong again. 1 in 4 American parents believe vaccines cause autism in...
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...Autism The Search Story I am writing my research paper over Autism. Autism is one of many mental disabilities; there are mild and severe forms of autism. People who are diagnosed with autsim are hard to visually point out because other than the far away look in their eyes, they physically look like everyone else. People with a mild form of autism talk slower and keep to themselves and have a very childish personality. Those with severe autism seem to be in a different world, they usually have one hobby and stick to it, they are generally very happy and jump around and like to make noises. All people with autism prefer to be left alone and they are very intelligent despite their first impressions. My cousin Nick was diagnosed with autism when he was 18 months old, he is extemely compassionate and constantly happy. He does prefer to be alone to watch his Disneys movies repeatedly. Nick will be 19 this coming September and we still don’t know what caused his disability, his mother is sure that it was caused by the vaccines but the doctors are begging to differ on that opinion. What I want to know the most about autism is how it is diagnosed and how children get it. How does the doctor know that it is autism and not another disability? Is autism given through immunizations when the child is born, or is it genetic? The Search Results Screening for autism is difficult because there is no medical test, so doctors have to look to the behaviors of the children (“Autism Spectrum Disorder...
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...Vaccines: The Right Choice? Alex Hauke Walmart Pharmacy Abstract This research paper takes an in depth look at the question of whether vaccines are the right choice when it comes to your health and staying healthy. Opposing views say that vaccines are unsafe and pose more risks than benefits, this paper explores those claims using rebuttable sources and helps readers to better understand vaccines and what their benefits and risks are. Most believe that the benefits of vaccines far outweigh the risks but some still have doubts and some very rare cases of vaccines causing disease have added to this doubt. This paper explores the world of vaccines in an effort to educate the less knowledgeable. Research Findings Introduction The history of vaccines begins with the long history of infectious disease in humans, and usually it is reported that the origin goes back as far as Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, 400 B.C. He described diphtheria, mumps, and epidemic jaundice among other conditions (Hussein, et al. 2015). The earliest methods of immunization and protection against smallpox dates back to about 1000 A.D., and are attributed to the Chinese. It has been said that the son of a Chinese statesmen was inoculated against smallpox by blowing powdered smallpox sores into his nostrils. Another way of inoculation was the removal of fluid from the sores of an infected person and then rubbing it into a cut or scratch of a healthy individual. It took almost six centuries...
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...Unvaccinated Children: Should they be allowed in public schools? Assignment 5: Persuasive Paper Part 3: Possible Disadvantages, Answers, with VisualsYour Name Lisa Teitler Eng 215 March 13, 2016 Unvaccinated Children: Should they be allowed in public schools? Today’s vaccinations are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in order to ensure their effectiveness and safety to the general public. Currently there are no federal laws which mandates vaccination, but there is a vaccination requirement per state for children entering school. The chart below details which vaccines are mandated for public school by several states: Children who are not vaccinated have a greater chance of death than children who received the required vaccinations. The safety of vaccinations is in questioned by many, asking if they are safe for children to receive. They are safe and should be required for children since those vaccinations help prevent illnesses, lower the risk for some diseases and it might even cause financial growth. There are several advantages of receiving the recommended vaccines. One advantage is that they are designed to put foreign antigens into the body so the body will produce antibodies to fight it off. The body will produce two types of immune responses when an antigen is introduced in order to ensure total immunity from the disease. Vaccines ensure that children get immunity from diseases instead of contracting them. Having immunity is a major advantage...
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...Organizational Structure Paper Brianne Fluegel MGT/230 March 2nd, 2015 Sylvester Taylor Organizational Structure Paper There is no better way of knowing a certain organization than actually working for them. Sanofi Pasteur, my employer, is a global pharmaceutical company. Sanofi is broken off into a few different companies, Sanofi Aventis, Sanofi, and Sanofi Pasteur. Each division has its own distinct purpose. My employers purpose at Sanofi Pasteur is formulate, fill, inspect, and package vaccines. The motto of the company is that we may live in a world where no one suffers or dies from a vaccine preventable disease and that is what the company focuses on. There are constantly new trials and on going research for new vaccines, improving the ones we already have, and expanding our reach to the world. Some diseases that we prevent with our vaccines are Influenza, Tetanus, Meningitis, Yellow Fever, Pertussis, and Dengue Fever. In order for a company that is so large and influential to be successful, the organizational structure of the company must be strong and clear. Sanofi Pasteur operates within a vertical structure. The hierarchy is run from the board of directors, to the CEO and president, to top level managers, mid level managers, and lower level managers. The company just named a new CEO to start on April 1st, 2015 after removing the previous CEO. The board, CEO, and president operate the company from France, not on our actual production campus. On campus we have...
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...always fought against diseases and famine. But it seemed like they found a way to fight back by use of vaccinations when Edward Jenner created the first smallpox vaccine in 1796. As the years go on, vaccinations have become a major controversial topic since many believe they may be able to trigger disabilities and cause side effects, even though they save countless lives. The Centers for Disease Control recommends children get vaccinations from birth to age six but there happens to be no federal law that make vaccinations mandatory, though all 50 states require specific vaccines for children entering the public school system. Though there are many pros to vaccines, many people believe they can lead to health problems. In the following research paper, they will all be presented and discussed. Vaccines, the development of medicines, and hospitals have helped humans...
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...risks of vaccines when deciding whether or not to have a child vaccinated. Vaccines are made up of products that stimulate a person’s immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, protecting the person from that disease. They are usually administered through needle injections by mouth or sprayed into the nose. They are made up of small amounts of weakened or dead versions of bacteria, viruses, or other antigens that stimulate the immune system to create antibodies that prevent future infections from the disease. There are fourteen vaccine-preventable diseases that are considered potentially serious and have been routinely vaccinated against; these are: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Meningococcal, Rotavirus, Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Polio, Hepatitis A and B, Pneumococcal disease, Varicella (Chicken Pox), and Haemophilus Influenza Type B (HIB disease). Not long ago, these diseases disabled and killed millions of American children but because of the United States high compliance with childhood immunization schedules, these diseases have now become very uncommon (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Immunization is a subject that evokes very strong opinions in the public and usually creates a lot of debate as to their efficacy, safety, and reliability. The main questions parents have to answer are whether to immunize or not, and do the risks of the disease outweigh the risks of the vaccine. To condense, some normal advantages...
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...including the polio vaccine by Dr. Salk in 1954. With massive polio vaccinations since 1954, eradication of the disease was declared in 1994 in the Americas. However nowadays there are many groups that believe vaccines are doing more harm than good. A recent perceived rise in autism rates and the push for more vaccines during infancy has caused some parents and researchers to believe there is a relationship between the vaccines and autism. Out of concern for safety of their children, some parents are choosing not to vaccinate or alter the government recommended vaccination schedule. Many doctors agree with government schedules for vaccinations and relate them to the elimination and reduction of diseases such as polio, measles, mumps, pertussis and more. This essay will explore the positions of parents, researchers and physicians regarding vaccines against disease. Most parents evaluate the risks and benefits of vaccines based on what their pediatrician recommends. This paragraph should talk about what parent’s believe and why. Doctors typically follow the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines with regard to vaccinations. Risks related to injection site redness and pain, malaise and fever are minor and can be treated with comfort measures like a cold compress to...
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...Should Vaccines Be Required for Children? Terry J. Vervenne DeVry University Should Vaccines Be Required for Children? Shots, inoculations, vaccines, do children need them? This is the issue that needs to be discussed. Why are vaccines a necessity of current times? Even though vaccines may have some side effects, they have saved many lives as everyone already knows. They prevent many types of diseases and stop the spread of others. Just image having to send your children to school that’s filled with other children carrying diseases and viruses. Viruses such as small pox, measles, and mumps that could invade your child’s body which in most circumstances will then be brought home and spread to other family members. Therefore, every child in America needs to be vaccinated before beginning school because vaccines can prevent disease, save lives, and alleviate sick days at school. Firstly, many of these contagious diseases in children are preventable. Many of the viruses that cause diseases such as measles, mumps, or small pox are very dangerous. Sometimes the symptoms are very mild or not even noticed. While other times the symptoms can be severe, possibly even leaving a residual effect. For example, as everyone knows, if an adult male contracts mumps, this may cause sterility. Another example is polio, although preventable, once this disease is contracted it can lead to permanent muscle weakness. Once someone contracts one of these types of disease, it can possibly be fatal...
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...Vaccination Controversy Julie S. Bertram Excelsior College Author's note This paper was written for MLS 500: Graduate Research and Writing taught by Dr. Kyla Hammond Most healthcare professionals and leaders attribute vaccination as the single-most important reason for increasing the health of the human population during the past one hundred years. As a result, required immunizations are common in the U. S. and other developed countries. However, there is a segment of society who argue against vaccination due to worries that immunizing negatively impacts future health. More and more information is becoming available that presents allopathic vaccination in an ugly light. (Sharma, 2003) For the past century, vaccines for diptheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and now more recently, hepatitis B and varicella have programmed our immune systems to be powerful protectors of our health. Compulsory state immunization laws have increased the U.S. immunization rate to 77%, the highest ever. (Largent, 2012) Despite high immunization rates, there is an underlying progression of a movement of parents questioning whether the vaccines are contributing to health conditions such as autism. Contributing to the uncertainty are occasional anecdotal accounts of parents with children who experience adverse reactions. Fear causes many parents to entirely forego vaccines for their children. Regardless of mandatory school vaccine laws for school children, physicians can...
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