...ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Quick links to online content Ann. Rev. PharmacoL ToxicoL Copyright © 1983 1983. 23:87-101 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved THE TREATMENT OF ACETAMINOPHEN Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1983.23:87-101. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Queen Mary & Westfield on 03/14/11. For personal use only. POISONING L. F. Prescott and J. A. J. H Critchley Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre, and University Department of Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, The Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, EH3 9YW, Scotland INTRODUCTION Acetaminophen (paracetamol, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, 4-hydroxyacetani lide) is a non-prescription antipyretic analgesic that was first introduced into clinical medicine towards the end of the last century (1). It attracted little interest until it was found to be the major metabolite of both acetani lide and phenacetin (2, 3) and in recent years it has become an increasingly popular substitute for aspirin. Acetaminophen seemed to be remarkably safe when taken in recommended doses and formal toxicity studies were never carried out. In 1964 Eder (4) first reported liver damage in cats given 25-50 mglKg of acetaminophen daily for 26 weeks, and two years later Boyd & Bereczky described extensive hepatic necrosis in acute toxicity studies in rats (5). At the same time liver damage was first reported in man following acetaminophen overdosage (6, 7). The use of acetaminophen for self-poisoning has since...
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...Warm-up: • Do you think that we should prevent pharmaceutical firms applying for patents? • Selling drugs online has become a common practice. Do you believe we should go further in this direction? • Is the wave of M&A beneficial for clients in the pharmaceutical industry? Question 1: Derive three opportunities and three threats for GSK by first making the PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment surrounding the pharmaceutical industry. PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment surrounding the pharmaceutical industry: As a reminder: Macro-environment: PESTEL Industry (or sector): 5 forces of Porter + Life cycle THE PESTEL MODEL: 1. Political 2. Social 3. Environmental 4. Economic 5. Techonological 6. Legal SOCIAL FACTORS Ageing population: need more drugs Better informed customers: Firms should give more information, because when you’re sick the first thing you think of doing is looking up on the internet. Firms have to work on their communication Social responsibility: related to medications that are meant to cure people. How much money should be made from drugs that are saving lives? At which point should firms renounce to their huge benefits? Importance of emerging markets: some regions in Asia More: New industries for new diseases, geographical differences (some countries don’t have money to spend on drugs) ECONOMIC FACTORS Globalisation: market is going global concerning drugs and pharmaceutical products Wave of M&A: correlated factor with globalisation ...
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...opportunities and three threats for GSK by first making the PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment surrounding the pharmaceutical industry. (9 points) * PESTEL analysis of the pharmaceutical industry: Political: Since the creation of healthcare insurance, companies have to conform themselves to two kinds of systems: 1) The universal system applied for example in France, with less demand in new technologies. 2) The very selective anglo-saxon system which is looking for high technologies, excluding people who can pay for treatments. As we know the industry have to work on growing political focus on healthcare. Indeed, global governments are looking for healthcare savings especially in this time of economic crisis. Furthermore, as the European Union is trying to harmonize healthcare between its 27 members, pharmaceutical companies will have to introduce reference in pricing and to deal with increasing pressure on pricing. Economic: Due to the context of global economic crisis, the main threat for the industry stands in the reluctance of consumers to spend on healthcare. Like most of the sectors, pharmaceutical industry copes with a reduction in its growth, even if the market perspectives are positive. To emphasize: pharmaceutical growth is following the GDP growth. Social: As the over-65’s consume 4 time more than other citizens, the aged population represents an opportunity for the pharmaceutical companies which will have to respond to increasing demand from...
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...TEACHING NOTES The Global Pharmaceutical Industry Sarah Holland (Manchester Business School) and Bernardo Bátiz-Lazo (London South Bank University) 1. Introduction The case describes how the prescription pharmaceutical industry has changed since its modern beginnings in the early 1950s. The various forces affecting the competitive environment of the industry are discussed in terms of origins, immediate past and immediate future (2004 onwards). As a result, the note provides insights into the evolution of barriers to enter and exit the industry for prescription pharmaceuticals, while aiming to help students to recognise how to set boundaries for an industry. This is a detailed industry note on the “ethical” pharmaceutical industry which provides an opportunity to analyse key success factors of major players. The note centres on a descriptive overview of the predominant issues in the three major Triad market areas: the US, Europe and Japan (although major issues in emerging markets are also mentioned). The note covers the overall industry environment with in-depth discussion of the driving forces in the industry such as globalisation (in particular global regulatory issues, changing world demographics and worldwide pricing disparities); development of new technology; the importance of time to market; and amalgamations. The case also examines issues around corporate social responsibility. 2. Position of the Case The pharmaceutical industry case study lends itself to: •...
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...GlaxoSmithKline PESTEL Analysis. The level of implementation of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) marketing strategy is subject to a range of external and internal factors that shape overall marketing environment for the business. PESTEL strategic analytical tool can be used to study the impacts of external factors to the business where the abbreviation stands for political, economical, social, technological, ecological, and legal factors. Political factors affecting the implementation of GSK marketing strategy include possible changes in international trade regulation and competitive regulation likely to be introduced by the governments of China and India. Economic factors impacting GSK marketing strategy include high rate of economic growth in China and India. Moreover, current economic uncertainties associated with European markets might have negative implications on the marketing strategy Social factors with potential implications on GSK marketing strategy are changes in consumer lifestyles, shifts in consumer attitudes and opinions etc. However, Cameron (2012) specifies increasing level of customer resentment towards large amounts of profits made by pharmaceutical companies and sliding images of large pharmaceutical companies as the most significant social factor in the current environment. Technological factors include breakthroughs in pharmaceutical industry, issues associated with licensing and patenting drug manufacturing technology, as well as, the level of development...
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...drive the pharmaceutical industry with a brief insight into how these levers impact the key players and decisions in the sector. The report will also relate the key drivers of the industry to the pharmaceutical industry in Ireland and how it is facing these global challenges. Historically, the sector was dominated by large scale bulk compound manufacture but this has evolved into a diverse range of complex technologies and treatments. In order to elaborate/detail on how this influences the strategy of individual organisations, we will highlight some of the activities of Glaxo-Smithkline (GSK) and how this company has evolved to adapt to the dynamic nature...
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...Research topic: Global Forces of Petroleum Consumption In Oil and Gas Industry The most feasible research topic to be carried out is global forces of petroleum consumption in oil and gas industry. Petroleum stated as one of the most important natural resources in the world that consumed as most diverse in human living. But it feels like the amount of oil that being produce in the current time as comes to its peak. There is the reason of nowadays-innovative technologies being invented to be the substitution of petroleum usage, but petroleum still playing an important role of objects production such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetic and plastic as the foundation of chemical reaction, which means petroleum is still remain the important position that irreplaceable of natural resources for our human living. Therefore, oil and gas industry companies are facing the hard time as in not just only facing the competitors within the field and also handling the threats from substitutions as well. The most appropriate framework to figure out the macro environmental influences and able to visibly the threats and opportunities from the external issue is PESTEL analysis by containing six aspects, which are political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal as in entire analysis. The most significant influence in political aspect is controlling hydrocarbon reserves by government. The government controls the oil reserves right to their national companies by excluding the other foreign...
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... 3 3) Situational Analysis 3 Vision Statement 3 Mission Statement 4 4) Environment Analysis 5 PESTEL Analysis 5 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 9 SWOT Analysis 11 5) Focus Strategy 13 6) Grand Strategy 13 Expansion 13 Related Diversification 13 7) Conclusion 13 8) References 14 1.0 Executive Summary Business Strategy is the direction and future goal set for a business to achieve the competitive advantages which unique tailored with the available resources within an organization to the rapidly changing environment to achieved their objective. (Johnson & Scholes, 2002) More precisely the strategy involved in the following finding: * Identify the external environmental that give impact to an industry * Identify the internal environment that gives impact on competition and profitability * Evaluate the new opportunity from current and new market * Assess the industry life cycle and forecast future changes in industry * Identify Critical Success Factors This paper report transcript the introduction of the company Atlantic Zeiser (the numbering machine company in the old days) and its subsidiary operation in ASEAN. The report follows by the analysis of its situation analysis and critic the Vision and Mission set by...
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...management techniques and strategies by managers in utilization of resources, enhancing the external and internal environments and ensuring a company market share so as to maximize on profits. We shall evaluate the strategic management of Johnson and Johnson. Through the analysis, major market and business strategies of the company shall be evaluated with the current external and internal business environment. Table of Contents Johnson and Johnson Strategic Management Analysis 1 Contents 1 Chapter 1 3 1.1 Executive Summary 3 1.2 Scope of the Case Study 3 2.1 Company Background 4 2.2 Vision and Mission Statements 5 2.3 Strategies 6 3 TASK A: External Environment 8 3.1 Specific Environment 8 3.1.1 Porters Five Forces 8 Figure 1 9 3.2 Generic External Environment 12 3.2.1 Pestel Analysis 12 3.3 Impacts on the industry: Threats and Opportunities 13 4 TASK B: Internal Environment 16 4.1 J&J SWOT analysis 16 4.2 Summary of Strengths and Weaknesses 17 5 Financial Analysis 19 5.1 Profitability Ratio analysis 19 Liquidity Ratios 21 6 Data Analysis 22 7 Recommendations 23 References 25 Chapter 1 1.1 Executive Summary The strategic management analysis of Johnson and Johnson Company is looking to analyze at the strategic performance of company in its micro and macro environment. J&J is one of the leading providers of healthy products and services in the world with roots in more than 151 countries. What makes this...
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...Decisions………………………………………………5-7 Possible Future Scenarios…………………………………………………………...7-8 Recommendations for Changes in Culture, Leadership, and/or Structure…………..8-9 Summary/Conclusions………………………………………………………………...9 Reference…………………………………………………………………………10-11 Introduction/Overview To start a company, a person or group of people must realize that it is a bumpy ride from the beginning, and that only those who are prepare enough will succeed. They have to follow multiple rigorous steps and come up with innovative strategies to prove that they have what it takes to be successful in the business. Pfizer Inc. is a company that has proven itself throughout time. They are the world’s largest research based pharmaceutical company and were also recognized by Fortune magazine as the world’s largest pharmaceutical company by profit and second largest by revenue, only next to Johnson and Johnson (Fortune, 2013). Pfizer Inc. have evolve throughout the years along with science and have been responsible for the discovery and marketing of some of the world’s most innovative drugs like, Lipitor (use to decrease cholesterol), Lyrica (use for treatment of fibromyalgia), Zithromax (a renown antibiotic), and many others. Although they focus mainly on human drugs, they also produce animal and consumer healthcare products. The company have apply their science and global resources to help and make a positive impact in the quality of life and health of millions of people and animals around the world. To prove...
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...Definition of Marketing Management (Theory 2012 – 2016 ±) Eskayef marketing management depends on the size of the business and the industry in which the business operates. Effective marketing management will use a company's resources to increase its customer base, improve customer opinions of the company's products and services, and increase the company's perceived value. Eskayef believes that professional marketing is the hallmark of their commitment to customers. Eskayef accomplishes marketing objectives through efficient and qualified cadres of Product Executives, Sales Executives and Market Research Executives. Eskayef Bangladesh Limited also has mission and vision to achieve success in the long run in the international market. 1 April 25, 2015 ESKAYEF BANGLADESH LIMITED 2. ESKAYEF BANGLADESH LIMITED Eskayef Bangladesh Limited is one of the fastest growing pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh and is engaged in the manufacture and marketing of a wide range of therapeutic drugs, bulk pellets and animal health and nutrition products. The company's rapid rise since its inception has propelled it to a top ranking position among the pharmaceutical companies operating in the country. The company is a successor of Smith Kline & French in Bangladesh, acquired by Transcom in 1990. Eskayef started its operation with pharmaceutical finished products for the home market....
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...PESTEL ANALYSIS PEST analysis stands for "Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis" and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research, and gives an overview of the different macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration POLITICAL FORCES: Italy has a parliamentary system, like many other European countries. But as usual, Italy has a remarkable complex political environment. There are more than 20 parties. As a result, no party has chance of gaining power alone. So, every single government depends on a sophisticated arrangement of coalitions. During last April it was elected the new Italian government. It is the 62nd government since 1946. Thus the country had an average of one new government per year. No chance! It is impossible to set-up and pursuit long terms goals within this ever changing context. Another dangerous element is again present in Italian politics: right-wing populism. you can blame immigrants for every single Italian problem. Economy : Italy has a diversified industrial economy, which is divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, welfare-dependent, agricultural south, with high unemployment. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods...
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...DIABETES TEST KIT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ANALYSIS STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 1 SECTION A | GROUP 9 IIM RAIPUR Submitted by: Anshoo Saini 15PGP008 Gautham Balaji 15PGP015 Isha Tayal 15PGP018 Koundinya Niggamadda 15PGP026 Piyush Gaurav 15PGP037 Shekhar Suman 15FPM009 Index Industry Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 Industry Activities 2 Similar Industries 2 Market Participants 2 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 3 PESTEL Analysis 4 Industry Outlook 5 Products & Markets 6 Future Outlook 7 Competitive Landscapes, Success factors and Business Locations 7 Major Companies 8 Strategic Recommendations 10 Industry Analysis Industry Definition This industry develops and produces blood glucose meters and testing supplies that help users monitor blood glucose levels. Most manufacturers also develop other medical devices. Industry Activities * Diabetes market research * Glucose meter monitoring research and development * Glucose meter * Glucose meter accessory Similar Industries * Dental Laboratories * Diagnostic & Medical Laboratories * Dialysis Equipment Manufacturing * Health & Medical Insurance * Hearing Aid Manufacturing * Medical Device Manufacturing * Medical Instrument & Supply Manufacturing * Ophthalmic Instrument Manufacturing * Pacemaker Manufacturing * Robotic Surgery Equipment Manufacturing * Syringes & Injection Needle Manufacturing ...
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...The global pharmaceutical industry has grown rapidly over the last few decades. In 2001 it was estimated that its worldwide revenue was 390 billion US dollars, in 13 years this figure has increased significantly to just over 1 trillion US dollars. “Revenue of the worldwide pharmaceutical industry” (2014) it is currently facing its toughest outlook to date with both biotech and pharma sectors starting to sink. This is a very high risk industry and there are many factors that can affect it. PESTEL analysis is a tool used to analyse and monitor the external marketing environment factors that have an impact on a business. Porters five forces states that “the structure of an industry and the ability of firms in that industry to ace strategically depend upon the relative strengths of five forces: current competition, potential competition, the threat of substitute products, the power of buyers and the power of suppliers” Ian Worthington and Chris Britton (2006) By using these tools there will be clear evidence of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that a currently effecting the pharmaceutical industry. The different sectors such as conventional, biopharmaceuticals and vaccines have slight differences when using the porters five forces tool, these will also be looked at in the industry life cycle and determined their place Pestle analysis looks at the likely changes in the six factors...
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...forces : * Threat of entry : Very important * Very high expenses on advertising Direct to Consumer (DTC) * In this industry some specific skills to manufacture drugs are required, because they need to pass severe clinical trials before being commercialized. * It can take a very long time to become profitable and to compensate the speeding in R&D. * The whole industry has a bad reputation because of former issues so it is difficult to have a positive image. * Also, you need numerous sales representatives to have a real impact on the market and to get a global commercial reach. * Threat of rivalry : important * Even niches areas in this industry are more and more crowded. * The top 10 pharmaceutical firms stand for 50% of the global sales. * There is he generic competition from which branded drugs producers are suffering. Indeed when the lifetime of a patent is over , generic companies rush to the market and offer drugs with the same active components but in a very low cost. There is also a real competition between generic companies. * Medium-sized pharmas have to consider M&A as a survival strategy. 2- Which factors explain the wave of mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical industry? The pharmaceutical industry is a really special one, on the contrary of the most part of industries there is very few new products coming to market. Indeed, a lot of money and a really long time are necessary to come up with a new...
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