...deposition. When Acid Rain falls into water it is mixed in with the normal water and causes the pH of the entire body to be raised. Measurments on the pH ( potential Hydrogen ) scale, rise exponentialy, thus, a lake with a pH of 4 is ten times as acidic as a lake with a pH of 5, and a lake with a pH of 3 is 100 times as acidic, After many rain falls of Acid rain, the pH of a normal lake ( 5.8 ) to 4. Acid Rain has been known to reach the acidicy of pH 2, ( battery acid has a pH if 1 ) this is a drastic change, as normal rain is average pH 5.2. Acid Rain can dissolve limestone and chalk, and corrodes outdoor structures. Statues and monuments that are left unprotected can fall victim to the unpredjudiced destruction of acid rain. Acid Rain reacts to different types of soil and rocks in two ways. 1) Acid rain will dissolve alkaline rocks and soil, or will neutralize the alkalinity. 2) Acid rain will increase the acidicy of already acidic rocks and soil, such as granite, or the soil which results from corroded granite. Acidic chemicals, and alkaline chemicals react to each other by reducing the alkalinity or acidicy of each other. Which ever has the strongest pH level, usually will neutralize or reduce the pH of the other, but after the reaction is complete, both substances have undoubtably changed, their pH moved closer to neutral (...
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...8.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) According to the Arrhenius concept, if [pic]were dissolved in water, it would act as A) a base. B) an acid. C) a source of hydroxide ions. D) a source of H- ions. E) a proton acceptor. Answer: B 2) The name given to an aqueous solution of HBr is A) hydrogen bromide. B) hydrobromic acid. C) bromic acid. D) bromous acid. E) hypobromous acid. Answer: B 3) Which one of the following is characteristic of a base? A) produces [pic]in water B) has a sour taste C) has a slippery, soapy feel D) turns blue litmus red E) is insoluble in water Answer: C 4) Which one of the following is characteristic of an acid? A) produces [pic]in water B) has a bitter taste C) has a slippery, soapy feel D) turns litmus blue E) is insoluble in water Answer: A 5) According to the Bronsted-Lowry definition, A) an acid is a proton acceptor. B) a base produces [pic] ions in aqueous solutions. C) a base is a proton donor. D) a base is a proton acceptor. E) an acid acts as the solvent. Answer: D 6) Identify the Bronsted-Lowry acid in the following reaction. [pic] A) [pic] B) [pic] C) [pic] D) [pic] E) [pic] Answer: A 7) The correct formula for sulfuric acid is A) [pic]. B) [pic]. C) [pic]. D) [pic] E) [pic]. Answer: A 8) The name of [pic] is A) aluminum trihydroxide. B) monoaluminum trihydroxide. C) aluminum hydroxide. D) aluminum(III)...
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...Experiment 10. The effect of pepsin on egg white suspension (a) Label four test-tubes 1-4. (b) Into each tube place about 5 cm3 (20 mm in test-tube) egg white suspension. (c) To tubes 2,3 and 4 add three drops of dilute hydrochloric acid. (d) Using a graduated pipette or syringe place 1 cm3 1% pepsin solution in a clean test- tube and heat it over a small Bunsen flame until the liquid boils. Add the boiled pepsin to the egg-white suspension in tube 4. (e) Prepare a water bath in a 250 cm3 beaker or jar by mixing hot and cold water from the tap to attain a temperature of about 40 °C. Have the beaker about half full. (f) Using a graduated pipette or syringe, add 1 cm3 1% pepsin to tubes 1 and 3 only. (g) Place all four tubes in the water bath and copy the table below into your notebook. (h) After five or six minutes remove the four tubes from the water bath and replace them in the test-tube rack. Compare the appearance of the contents and fill in your table of results. |Tube |Contents |Results | |1 |Egg-white suspension & pepsin | | |2 |Egg-white suspension & HCl | | |3 |Egg-white suspension, pepsin & HCl ...
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...pH is a way of expressing how acidic or basic a solution is. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-53). An acid is a substance that increases the solutions concentration of hydrogen ions and a base reduces the solutions hydrogen ion concentration.(Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-53). The pH scale shows us the pH values of some aqueous solutions including pure water, human blood and tears, which are the neutral solutions. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). The pH of a neutral aqueous solution is seven, the midpoint of the pH scale. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). The acidic solutions range from six to zero, zero being most acidic and the basic solutions range from seven to fourteen, fourteen being most basic. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). However, most biological solutions range from a pH of six to eight. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). However, there are exceptions, for example the acidic digestive juice of the human stomach has a pH of around two. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). Therefore, like the proteins structures which are sensitive to their environment so is an enzymes which works better under certain conditions than others.(Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.152-155). Enzymes are organic catalysts (a chemical that speeds up a reaction without changing itself) that engages in the transformation of one organic molecule to another but with a lower activation energy.(Bio 05LA Lab Manual- Lab# 5, UCR...
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...developed to provide nurses with an accurate and systematic method of easily interpreting arterial blood gases. The “6 Easy Steps to ABG Analysis” are listed below for easy reference, and will be explained in more detail in the sections that follow. Lastly, examples will be presented with a systematic review of pertinent findings. The 6 Easy Steps to ABG Analysis: 1. Is the pH normal? 2. Is the CO2 normal? 3. Is the HCO3 normal? 4. Match the CO2 or the HCO3 with the pH 5. Does the CO2 or the HCO3 go the opposite direction of the pH? 6. Are the pO2 and the O2 saturation normal? In order for our analysis to be effective, notes will have to be written next to the results on our lab slip. Alternately, the ABG results can be transcribed onto another paper for analysis (see example one below for the format). www.Ed4Nurses.com 1 6 Easy Steps to ABG Analysis ©2003-2009 Ed4Nurses, Inc. Step 1: Analyze the pH The first step in analyzing ABGs is to look at the pH. Normal blood pH is 7.4, plus or minus 0.05, forming the range 7.35 to 7.45. If blood pH falls below 7.35 it is acidic. If blood pH rises above 7.45, it is alkalotic. If it falls into the normal range, label what side of 7.4 it falls on. Lower than 7.4 is...
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...change in its pH. That is, we can add a small amount of an acid or base to a buffer solution and the pH will change very little. How to calculate pH of buffer solution containing both acid and conjugate base? Dissociation constant definition 1.1 can be rearranged into [pic] or [pic] (note that due to sign change [A-] was moved to nominator). This is so called Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (or buffer equation). It can be used for pH calculation of solution containing pair of acid and conjugate base - like HA/A-, HA-/A2- or B+/BOH. For solutions of weak bases sometimes it s more convenient to use equation in the form [pic]15.3 Two common types of buffer solutions are : (1) a weak acid together with a salt of the same acid with a strong base. These are called Acid buffers e.g. CH3COOH + CH3COONa. (2) a weak base and its salt with a strong acid. These are called Basic buffers. e.g.NH4OH + NH4Cl. Let us illustrate buffer action by taking example of a common buffer system consisting of solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate (CH3COOH/CH3COONa). CH3COOH --- H+ + CH3COO– CH3COONa ---- Na+ + CH3COO- since the salt is completely ionised, it provides the common ions CH3COO– in excess. The common ion effect suppresses the ionisation of acetic acid. This reduces the concentration of H+ ions which means that pH of the solution is raised. Thus, a 0.1 M acetic acid solution has a pH of 2.87 but a solution of 0.1 M acetic acid and 0.1 M sodium acetate has a pH of 4.74....
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...Isotopes are variants of atoms of a particular chemical element, which have differing numbers of neutrons. Atoms of a particular element by definition must contain the same number of protons but may have a distinct number of neutrons which differs from atom to atom, without changing the designation of the atom as a particular element. The number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus, known as the mass number, is not the same for two isotopes of any element. Components of nucleic acid 1). DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid - genetic material that stores information to synthesize proteins and to replicate new DNA. The genetic code is based on four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C). A bind with T and G binds with C.2). RNA = ribonucleic acid - helps in synthesizing proteins. There are three main types of RNA.a. mRNA - messenger RNA, copy of the DNA, sent out into the cytoplasm. Contains the genetic code for making proteins.b. rRNA - ribosomal RNA, building site for proteins. Reads the mRNA and allows the right tRNA to bring in the right amino acid.c. tRNA - transfer RNA, brings the right amino acid to the rRNA.3). ATP = adenosine triphophate, Adenosine is made from adenine and a 5 carbon sugar. It is the energy source for all living organisms cells.What is the function of carbohydrates? Carbohydrates provide the body with a source of fuel and energy that is required to carry out daily activities and exercise. Any extra energy is stored...
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...EDUCATIONAL SERVICES 12-A/2, Yusuf Sarai N.D. 16 Ph.: 65643449, 9810004225 www.eeducationalservices.com Chapter – 2 Acids, Bases and Salts Q 1. You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled water and the other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution, respectively. If you are given only red litmus paper; how will you identify the contents of each test tube? Ans. Dip fresh red litmus paper separately in three test tubes. The solution in which it turns red litmus to blue litmus contains basic solution. The blue litmus paper formed here can now be used to test the acidic solution. Now, put the blue litmus paper in the remaining two test tubes. The solution in which it turns blue litmus paper to red contains acidic solution. The solution which has no effect on any litmus paper contains distilled water. Q 2. Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper vessels. Ans. Curd and sour substances contains acids which react with brass and copper vessels. Because of this, the food becomes unfit for eating. Also, produced acid, corrodes the brass and copper. Q 3. Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an example. How will you test...
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...Lab #1 “Who has the same solid that I have?” Abstract Different Physical and chemical tests were performed on 10 numbered unknown solids and the results of all tests were compared as a class to try and determine which groups had the same unknown solids based on similarities in properties. It was found that my given unknown solid #11 shared similar properties with the unknown solid #1. A side by side analysis of the reactivity test in which Hydrochloric acid (HCI), lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was added to three separate samples of the compounds unknown #1 and #11 aqueous solutions. The results for both unknowns were identical, leading to the conclusion that my unknown solid #11 was the same unknown solid as #1. Introduction When conducting research it is important to be comfortable communicating your results with other researchers so that they can be further analyzed and compared with the results of other research experiments. Another large part of conducting research is to be comfortable determining, describing and comparing chemical and physical properties of compounds. Many compounds can look very similar, but have drastically different chemical properties, so it is important to know which tests can be performed on a compound to help determine what it is, or what it is not. In this experiment 2 sets of six unknown solid compounds were put into small jars and labeled with the numbers 1-12, numbers 4, 6 and 8 were not used. Each lab group was given...
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... and K1 = (4) 30 where K1 and K2 are the first and second acid dissociation constants for H2CO3; the experimentally determined values are K1 = 3.5 x 10-7 and K2 = 5 x 10-11. When successive protonation reactions such as (1) and (2) occur, the extent to which the first reaction proceeds before the second begins depends on the difference between the two acid dissociation constants. By combination of Equations (3) and (4) with those for charge and mass balance, [H+] can be calculated for any ratio of hydrochloric acid to initial carbonate concentration, that is, at any point on a titration curve of carbonate with hydrochloric acid. Because complete and rigorous solution is time consuming, here only procedures for calculating the pH at several convenient points in a titration of 0.1 M sodium carbonate with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid...
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...as well as the plants and crops that the farmers grow. 2. What factors apart from acid rain could be killing trees? Oil spills, areas experiencing droughts, trash and litter, and human beings. 3. Limestone, an underlying material for many soils, dissolves and corrodes when exposed to high concentrations of hydrogen ions. How is this information important in understanding the effects of acid precipitation? Because when the limestone corrodes it produces hydrogen ions; therefore, when it rains, fogs, or snows it causes a more acidic solution to form in the soil, thus, causing more damage to the soil by removing its nutrients. 4. Acid precipitation is considered severe if it falls below pH 4. Considering the pH of rainwater, how easy would it be to convert the rainwater to acid precipitation? It would be extremely easy, being...
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...en las grasas; con el índice se obtienen las impurezas de las grasas. Según el índice de iodo, los aceites se clasifican en secantes (135-200); semis antes (90-135) y no secantes (menor de 90). El índice de acidez sirve para calcular el contenido de ácidos grasos libres. El resultado se da en función del número de miligramos de hidróxido de potasio necesarios para neutralizar los ácidos minerales u orgánicos libres que se contienen en un gramo de grasa. http://producciondejabonesydetergesporestefa.blogspot.com/2008/05/proceso-productivo.html Etapa 3: Control Del pH Se procede a medir el pH y si es necesario se corrige con ácidos o bases para Obtener valores entre 6.5 y 7. Este control es de suma importancia porque Un pH inferior al especificado indica un producto ácido y por arriba de 7 un Producto alcalino. Tanto uno como otros son perjudiciales para la salud y Adicionalmente en el caso de un pH alcalino por encima de 8 inactivaría los Conservantes, lo que provocaría una desestabilización y contaminación de la Fórmula. El manejo de ácidos y bases requiere de mucho cuidado y un conocimiento Acabado...
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...Write your name here Surname Other names Centre Number Candidate Number Edexcel GCE Chemistry Advanced Unit 4: General Principles of Chemistry I – Rates, Equilibria and Further Organic Chemistry (including synoptic assessment) Monday 14 January 2013 – Afternoon Time: 1 hour 40 minutes You must have: Data Booklet Candidates may use a calculator. Paper Reference 6CH04/01 Total Marks Instructions Use black ink or ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all questions. Answer the questions in the spaces provided – there may be more space than you need. Information The total mark for this paper is 90. The marks for each question are shown in brackets – use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be assessed – you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions. A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper. Advice Read each question carefully before you start to answer it. Keep an eye on the time. Try to answer every question. Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over P41214A ©2013 Pearson Education Ltd. *P41214A0128* 7/6/5/5/4/ SECTION A Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes...
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...activity? Purpose: Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells. They break down molecules called substrates. Each enzymes have only one substrate that breaks down. Enzymes are produced in the cells of the body and affect the rate of almost all the chemical reactions which take place in living organisms. The rate of enzymes activity is influenced by temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. The purpose of this lab was to determine the affects of enzyme activity under specific temperature changes, pH values and substrate concentration. Since heat increases the rate of most chemical reactions, the addition of heat causes faster molecular movement. Most enzymes active in living tissue becomes denatured, their secondary or tertiary protein structure breaks down, at the temperature above 40 degrees C. In the effects of pH, it is expected that the changes in pH would have an effect on the action of enzymes. Lemon juice helps keep the apple from growing, because its full of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and it has a low acidic pH level. But extreme high levels of low pH values can result in a complete loss of enzymes activity thus leaving the apple to brown. The effects of substrate concentration, an enzyme substrate complex is formed when a substrate fits into active of an enzyme. The velocity, the rate of speed, at which the enzymes works will increase until it reaches a maximum. If the substrate is present in excess amounts, the reaction rate will...
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...Effect of Temperature on Rate of Reaction of Catalase Abstract Properties of Enzymes focused on the variations of reaction rates amongst enzymes subjected to various circumstances such as temperature, pH levels, different concentrations of substrate, salt concentrations, Metal Copper Sulfate and lastly, the presence of an Enzyme Inhibitor. The assigned section of this laboratory for our efforts was the effect of temperature variations on enzyme reactions. To perform the experiment, we used a spectrophotometer to monitor the baseline catalase activity when they are placed in these two temperatures. In this way, absorbance can be measured over time to monitor catalase activity of the main baseline reaction. Our results showed that temperatures at higher degrees led to being inactive, whereas those at lower degrees lowered the reaction time. This comes to show that each enzyme can have a different optimal temperature and this experiment helped us to understand how reaction rate can be affected by temperature change. Introduction Thousands of complex biological processes are constantly taking place within our bodies. We require material transport, energy synthesis, and the manufacturing of various proteins, hormones, and other molecules (Source 1). Almost all of these everyday processes rely on the function of enzymes to take place. Enzymes are specifically grouped according to their function, and this information can often provide us with clues regarding what type of reaction...
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