...type of pain experienced by the woman described in the scenario? Phantom limb pain is a condition that is experienced by individuals following the loss of a limb by amputation. The sensations may be present or the individual may also experience pain. According to McCance and Huether (2014), an individual is likely to experience pain post amputation if they had pain prior and between 80 and 100% of these individuals experience chronic pain. There are multiple theories used to explain the occurrence of phantom limb pain with no exact theory being solely correct but a combination of elements from each theory creating the basis for the theory (Chapman, 2011). Phantom limb pain is described by individuals as pain consisting of tingling, numbness, burning, cramping, crushing or throbbing pain (Chapman, 2011). The first theory to explain the manifestation of phantom limb pain is...
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...Swanson, L. and his team conducted an experiment, hoping to confirm that phantom limb pain was in fact coming from the two previously mentions sources; neuromas and abnormal discharges in the spinal cord. In their experiment, they used anaesthetics to inhibit the brachial plexus and spinal anaesthesia to reduce pain from the spinal cord in already amputated rats. However, it was reported that 17% of the rats continued to show discomfort, suggesting yet another source for phantom limb pain . A lot of recent research has been focusing in cortical reorganization where many researchers believe most of phantom limb pain originates from. Once amputation of a limb occurs, neurons in that particular limb are severed and no longer are able to communicate and send signals back into the cortex....
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...Phantom Limb and the Brain Fatima Gutierrez Edward Rodriguez Santa Monica Community school Abstract Phantom limb is an effect in the brain that translates to the body after am amputation of a limb with interior or exterior, this phenomenon has been shown to present long term or temporary. When phantom limb occurs the part of the brain that play. Vital role is the parietal lobe and the central nervous system, sensory neurons sending messages to the central nervous system which gives sensations to the missing limb. There are three characteristics in phantom limb and there are currently three different types of treatments to reduce pain. Phantom limb is reaction to the rewiring of the brain due to an adulation of limb and reaction of the central nervous system. There are currently three types of treatment; immerse virtual reality, prosthetic usage and mirror box to help reduce or remove phantom limb. Introduction Phantom limb is a temporary or long term effect on the brain and body that occurs only post amputation of a limb for an intermittent period of time. Phantom brain can be categorized as a mental disorder, and is assumed to originate from the stem of the region of amputation. There are three types of characteristic in the phantom complex. The first is phantom limb pain (PLP) which emphasis on a painful sensation in the spatial area of the missing limb. Phantom limb sensation(PLS) which is anytype of sensation in relation to the absent limb without any pain. Lastly is...
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...Phantom limb pain is described as a, “pain that feels like it's coming from a body part that's no longer there” (“Phantom pain”). Countless patients have complained about the intense pain experienced when they have had a limb amputated. As of now there has been no cure of treatment for those experiencing phantom limb pain. Many researchers have speculated at what causes this pain in the absence of the limb and some have concluded that the pain is caused by the brain reorganizing neurons and their pathways. This reorganization could be why the brain believes that limb is still attached to the body and why there is so much pain associated with it ("Cause of Phantom Limb Pain in Amputees, and Potential Treatment, Identified”). Dr. Dumaniam of...
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...Well, as Chris pointed out, I study the human brain, the functions and structure of the human brain. And I just want you to think for a minute about what this entails. Here is this mass of jelly, three-pound mass of jelly you can hold in the palm of your hand, and it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space. It can contemplate the meaning of infinity and it can contemplate itself contemplating on the meaning of infinity. And this peculiar recursive quality that we call self-awareness, which I think is the holy grail of neuroscience, of neurology, and hopefully, someday, we'll understand how that happens. 0:51OK, so how do you study this mysterious organ? I mean, you have 100 billion nerve cells, little wisps of protoplasm, interacting with each other, and from this activity emerges the whole spectrum of abilitiesthat we call human nature and human consciousness. How does this happen? Well, there are many ways of approaching the functions of the human brain. One approach, the one we use mainly, is to look at patients with sustained damage to a small region of the brain, where there's been a genetic change in a small region of the brain. What then happens is not an across-the-board reduction in all your mental capacities, a sort of blunting of your cognitive ability. What you get is a highly selective loss of one function, with other functions being preserved intact, and this gives you some confidence in assertingthat that part of the brain is somehow involved in mediating...
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...questions about the meaning of its own existence, about the nature of God. 0:34And this is truly the most amazing thing in the world. It's the greatest mystery confronting human beings:How does this all come about? Well, the brain, as you know, is made up of neurons. We're looking at neurons here. There are 100 billion neurons in the adult human brain. And each neuron makes something like 1,000 to 10,000 contacts with other neurons in the brain. And based on this, people have calculatedthat the number of permutations and combinations of brain activity exceeds the number of elementary particles in the universe. 1:01So, how do you go about studying the brain? One approach is to look at patients who had lesions in different part of the brain, and study changes in their behavior. This is what I spoke about in the last TED.Today I'll talk about a different approach, which is to put electrodes in different parts of the brain, and actually record the activity of individual nerve cells in the brain. Sort of eavesdrop on the activity of nerve cells in the brain. 1:22Now, one recent discovery that has been made by researchers in Italy, in Parma, by Giacomo Rizzolatti and his colleagues, is a group of neurons called mirror neurons, which are on the front of the brain in the frontal lobes. Now, it turns out there are neurons which are called ordinary motor command neurons in the front of the brain, which have been known for over 50 years. These neurons will fire when a person performs...
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...The brain is the largest and most complex part of the nervous system. It weighs about 3 pounds (1.3 kilograms), and contains about 100 billion neurons. Bateman, J. Fremont. "The Brain and Nervous System." The New Book of Popular Science. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug.2013. Cerebrum, one of the major divisions of the brain. "Cerebrum." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug. 2013. Cerebrum The cerebrum, which comprises about 85% of the weight of the human brain, is involved in the ability to plan, to exercise creativity, and to store information in memory. On its surface is the cerebral cortex, a sheet of gray matter named for its wrinkled appearance (cortex being the Latin word for tree bark). Cerebral Cortex. Varying in thickness from about 0.06 to 0.2 inch (1.5 to 4.5 mm), the cerebral cortex not only receives and processes information regarding taste, touch, sight, sound, and smell but also governs muscle movement, thus allowing humans to analyze their surroundings and to respond to them as well. The cerebral cortex is divided into three areas, with two less structurally developed areas respectively processing emotion and smell, and the more elaborate neocortex processing all other functions. The three-layered archicortex is the emotional portion of the brain and is the simplest of the three. The three- to five-layered paleocortex is the olfactory portion of the brain. The neocortex is a more complex six-layered structure...
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...Central Nervous System * Brain and Spinal Cord * Conscious and reflexive Motor and Sensory * Continuous with Peripheral Nervous System Reflex Arc Reminder: Association neuron can modulate Autonomic Nervous System * Part of peripheral but feeds back to the central. * Cranial nerves are peripheral, but have to the do with the autonomic as well. * Parallel subconscious (?) CNS/PNS * Visceral control * Homeostasis Ventricles of the Brain * Interior CSF filled spaces * Interconnected * Continuous with the Subarachnoid Space * Contain Choroid Plexes which produce CSF * Important landmarks for location of structures * Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitors * Impanted and help monitor, because if too high pt stop breathing and die. Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres * 5 types of lobes and two of each type. Each hemisphere divided into 5. Correspond to the bones of the skull (close enough) * Frontal Lobes * Parietal Lobes * Occipital Lobes * Temporal Lobes * Insula Lobes * This lobe is hiding behind the temporal lobe. In folded inside, about the size of a walnut. * Outer Cortex is the outer 2-3 mm * Gyrate are the raised bumps are and sulcis are the grooves between * Cortex is all wadded up into smaller volume Frontal Lobe Functions * Personality * Asses in traumatic brain injury, or if you see change in behavior – aggressive etc * Analysis ...
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...Pain is necessary and important. In fact, it is an inborn drive, vital to our very existence (Hebb). Pain prompts us to change something, for instance, to move our hand off of a hot stove. It, therefore, prevents us from causing damage or even death to ourselves. It motivates us to protect an injured area, and the abatement of that pain lets us know when it is safe to use that area of our body again (Doctor's Surgery Center). While pain is a crucial sensation, required for our survival, it’s no secret that in our day to day lives we want to avoid it at all cost. Pain doesn’t feel good. Therefore, if we can avoid it, we will. This desire to avoid pain makes pain control a very big business. Google the word “pain” and you will get a return of about 215 million websites. These websites offer a vast array of pain management options, including a variety of medications, surgeries, medical therapies, complementary therapies, alternative therapies, emotional therapies, products, tools, and more. Notice the next time you watch television or listen to the radio how many advertisements there are for these products. To get some idea of how much money is spent annually on pain control we will look at just a few of these pain management options. Acetaminophen is the pain relieving ingredient found in Tylenol as well as a few other prescription and over-the-counter medications. The sales of this drug in 2009 were 2.6 billion dollars (Aubuchon). More than 400,000 carpal tunnel surgeries are...
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...others. 4. Deviant – Is not tolerated by cultural norms and/or is statistically odd, keeping in mind context of behavior. (Religious practice gets a pass.) 5. *Duration – Behaviors, Affects and/or Cognitions are persistent regardless of circumstance over time. 6. *Detachment – Person holds beliefs or acts in ways that do not correspond to reality. (Religious practice gets a pass.) TYPES OF RESEARCH- One and two apply only to the social sciences, whereas three, four and five apply to both natural and social sciences, with exception to history, which relies solely on case studies and archaeological based observations. In this case though, I’m only talking how these methods are used for psychology. 1. CASE STUDIES- A detailed account of a subject’s personal history that can be used to draw conclusions based on availability. While specific and possibly accurate to an individual, case studies lack internal and external validity (The confounding factors cannot be...
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...Diasporic Cross-Currents in Michael Ondaatje’s Anil’s Ghost and Anita Rau Badami’s The Hero’s Walk HEIKE HÄRTING N HIS REVIEW of Anil’s Ghost, Todd Hoffmann describes Michael Ondaatje’s novel as a “mystery of identity” (449). Similarly, Aritha van Herk identifies “fear, unpredictability, secrecy, [and] loss” (44) as the central features of the novel and its female protagonist. Anil’s Ghost, van Herk argues, presents its readers with a “motiveless world” of terror in which “no identity is reliable, no theory waterproof” (45). Ondaatje’s novel tells the story of Anil Tessera, a Sri Lankan expatriate and forensic anthropologist working for a UN-affiliated human rights organization. Haunted by a strong sense of personal and cultural dislocation, Anil takes up an assignment in Sri Lanka, where she teams up with a local archeologist, Sarath Diyasena, to uncover evidence of the Sri Lankan government’s violations of human rights during the country’s period of acute civil war. Yet, by the end of the novel, Anil has lost the evidence that could have indicted the government and is forced to leave the country, carrying with her a feeling of guilt for her unwitting complicity in Sarath’s death. On one hand, Anil certainly embodies an ethical (albeit rather schematic) critique of the failure of global justice. On the other, her character stages diaspora, in Vijay Mishra terms, as the “normative” and “ exemplary … condition of late modernity” (“Diasporic” 441) — a condition usually associated...
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...Sensation and Perception Chapter: Sensation and Perception Sensation and Perception Sensation versus Perception Psychophysics and Thresholds Vision USING PSYCHOLOGY: Color Visual receptor: The Eye Operation of the Eye Eye Problem: Color Blindness Hearing Operation of the Ear Ear Problem: Deafness Chemical senses—Smell and Taste Chemical Senses Receptors: The Nose and Taste Buds Operation of the Chemical Senses Other senses: Skin Other Senses: Balance and Body Position Perception Figure-ground Perception The Wholeness of Figure Perception Perceptual Grouping Perception and Attention Stimulus Variation and Perception Perceptual Constancies Visual Perception of Distance Visual Perception of Motion Hearing Perception Illusions as "Errors" in Perception USING PSYCHOLOGY: Clothing Extrasensory perception (ESP) REVIEW QUESTIONS ACTIVITIES INTERESTED IN MORE? 183 Sensation and Perception WHAT'S THE ANSWER? Instructors in Driver Education advise their students to look twice in both directions before driving across an intersection. Why? "Watch it, Klausman! Watch where you're going!. . . Well, would you look at that. He ran into the goal post!" PSYCHOLOGY: Exploring Behavior Sensation and Perception 184 Moments later, "Klausman, how many times have I told you? You've got to look where you're going! What if that had been a defensive player from the opposing team? How do you feel?" "I feel OK, coach, but I've got a bad ringing in my ears." What causes the ringing in...
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...Christian H. Godefroy is a specialist in positive thinking and autosuggestion. He has given training seminars to over 6,000 senior company personnel around the world on self-confidence, communication and relaxation. Today he concentrates on publishing books about personal and professional success and about health and runs his own highly successful publishing companies in France and Switzerland. You can reach him at: mailto:webmaster@mind-powers.com Copyright © 2001 Christian H. Godefroy All Rights Reserved. Duplication in whole or in part is strictly prohibited without the express written permission of the author. Excerpts may be published for review purposes with appropriate citation and reference. This work is protected under the copyright laws of the United States and other countries. Unlawful duplication is punishable by severe civil and criminal penalties. Table of Contents Forward ..................................................................................... 2 About the author... .................................................................. 2 Introduction ............................................................................. 5 Part One: Sophrology ........................................................... 18 Hypnosis ..................................................................................................... 19 Sophrology.................................................................................................... 4 Suggestion...
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...• Deepika Kumari wins bronze at Antalya Archery World Cup. She was the only Indian who made it to the last four in individual women’s recurve competition as veteran Dola Banerjee, Satbir Kaur and Snehal Divakar all lost in the first round. In the Antalya 2015 recurve women’s event Misun Choi and Bo Bae Ki from South Korea won gold and silver medal respectively. • Punjab to observe 2015-16 as Year of Development. It was announced by Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal, in Dhuri Assembly segment of the state. • Dilawar Singh of Haryana has won ‘Pedal for Kashmir’ cycling competition, held along the banks of picturesque Dal Lake in Srinagar. Mohammad Akbar Khan came runner up, followed by another local cyclist Mohammad Adil Teli. While in the under-19 category of the competition for Boys, Mohit Kumar won the first prize. Wahid Ahmad Ganie was placed second, while Amir Sadiq Gojriin finished third. In the girls under-19 category, Komal Deshmuk from Maharashtra, beat local girl Bushra Ali to the first position. State Minister for Public Works Altaf Bukhari gave away the prizes to the winners. • Ace Indian shooter Gurpreet Singh has secured India a fifth quota place in shooting for the 2016 Rio Olympics. He achieved this feat by finishing fourth in the Men’s 10 metre Air Pistol final at the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) Shooting World Cup held in Munich, Germany. Earlier, in same world cup Abhinav Bindra, India’s only individual Olympic gold-medallist, had won a quota...
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...The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Introduction, Commentaries, and Translation What are the Yoga Sutras and who is Patanjali? Over fifty different English translations of the Yoga Sutras are extant, standing as a human testament to how Universal Truth is celebrated in terms of a rich diversity. Rather than the common and external type of knowledge (emanating from book knowledge), the following translation and commentary are a result of an intimate familiarity and direct experience both with an authentic yogic tradition and with western culture, psychology, and language that has been refined, tested in fire, and integrated for over thirty five years of intense practice (sadhana). This work is dedicated toward revealing the universal message of authentic yoga that the sage, Patanjali, first wrote down approximately 2000 years ago. Patanjali is not the inventor of yoga, but rather yoga's most popularly known scribe. What has become known simply as the "Yoga Sutras" (sutra means thread) or almost equally as common, as the "Yoga Darshana" (the vision of Yoga), is actually a compendium of an ancient pre-existing oral yoga tradition consisting of both practical advice and theoretical context. The most accepted format of the Yoga Sutras consists of four chapters (called padas) written in the Sanskrit language approximately 2000 years ago in Northern India while utilizing the terminology of the time, i.e., Samkhya philosophical trappings. The dates ascribed to the Yoga Sutras...
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