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NERACA PEMBAYARAN

Neraca Pembayaran (balance of payments) adalah suatu catatan dari aktifitas ekonomi yang meliputi perdagangan barang/jasa, transfer keuangan yang dilakukan antara penduduk dalam negeri dengan penduduk luar negeri selama periode waktu tertentu, biasanya selama satu tahun. Pencatatan transaksi dilakukan dengan pembukuan berpasangan(double entry bookeeping)
Neraca pembayaran dapat dibagi atas beberapa komponen yaitu neraca berjalan dan neraca modal. * Neraca berjalan (current account) adalah ukuran perdagangan barang dan jasa internasional suatu negara yang paling luas, komponen utamanya adalah neraca perdagangan yaitu selisih antara ekspor dan impor. Jika ekspor lebih tinggi dari impor maka terjadi surplus, sedangkan jika impor lebih tinggi daripada ekspor maka terjadi defisit neraca perdagangan.
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi neraca berjalan : 1. Inflasi
Jika laju inflasi sebuah negara meningkat relatif terhadap inflasi negara-negara mitra dagangnya, neraca berjalannya akan menurun. 2. Pendapatan Nasional
Jika tingkat pendapatan nasional sebuah negara meningkat dengan persentase relatif lebih tinggi daripada negara lain, neraca berjalannya akan menurun. 3. Restriksi Pemerintah
Biasanya pemerintah mengenakan tarif (pajak yang dikenakan ataus produk impor) dan kuota (batas maksimum atas barang yang diperbolehkan untuk diimpor ke dalam sebuah negara) untuk mempengaruhi neraca berjalan. 4. Nilai tukar (kurs) valuta
Jika nilai valuta suatu negara mulai naik relatifnterhadap valuta-valuta negara lain, saldo neraca berjalannya akan menurun.

* Neraca Modal (capital account) mencerminkan perubahan-perubahan dalam kepemilikan aset jangka pendek dan jangka panjang.
a.Transaksi modal jangka pendek:
-Deposit bank di LN
-Deposit bank dalam negeri milik penduduk negara lain
-Pembelian surat berharga LN jk. pendek
-Penjualan surat berharga jk. pendek kpd penduduk LN

b.Transaksi modal jangka panjang:
-Investasi langsung di luar negeri
-Investasi asing di dalam negeri
-Negara memberi bantuan atau hadiah ke negara lain
Sama seperti arus perdagangan, masing-masing pemerintah memiliki wewenang atas arus modal yang keluar masuk negaranya. Misalnya pajak khusus atas laba yang diterima investor lokal dari investasi di luar negeri, sehingga dapat menurunkan minat investor dalam berinvestasi diluar negeri dan meningkatkan neraca modal negara tersebut.

Transaksi dalam neraca pembayaran dapat dibedakan dalam dua macam transaksi, yaitu : 1. Transaksi debit, yaitu transaksi yang menyebabkan mengalirnya arus uang (devisa) dari dalam negeri ke luar negeri. Transaksi ini disebut transaksi negatif (-), yaitu transaksi yang menyebabkan berkurangnya posisi cadangan devisa.
Debit Entries (Transaksi Debit) 1. Import of good and services (impor barang dan jasa) 2. Income payable (pembayaran atas hasil investasi. 3. Offset of real financial recourse provide (tranfer) 4. Decrease in liabilities (penurunan kewajiban) 5. Increase in financial assets ( kenaikan kekayaan)

2. Transaksi kredit adalah transaksi yang menyebabkan mengalirnya arus uang (devisa) dari luar negeri ke dalam negeri. Transaksi ini disebut juga transaksi positif (+), yaitu transaksi yang menyebabkan bertambahnya posisi cadangan devisa Negara.
Credit Entries (Transaksi Kredit) diantaranya: 1. Export of good and services (ekspor barang dan jasa). 2. Income receivable (penerimaan dari hasil investasi). 3. Offset to real or financial resources received (transfers). 4. Increases in liabilities (kenaikan kewajiban). 5. Decrease in financial assets (penurunan kekayaan).
Fungsi dari neraca pembayaran: 1. Untuk membukukan seluruh transaksi keuangan internasional yang terjadi antara penduduk dalam negeri dengan penduduk luar negeri. 2. Untuk mengetahui struktur dan komposisi transaksi ekonomi internasional suatu negara. 3. Untuk mengetahui mitra utama suatu negara dalam hubungan ekonomi internasional. 4. Mengetahui posisi keuangan internasional suatu negara 5. Sebagai salah satu indikator yang akan dipertimbangkan oleh IMF/ negara donor untuk memberikan bantuan keuangan, terutaman negara yang mengalami kesulitan BOP 6. Sebagai salah satu indikator fundamental ekonomi suatu negara selain tingkat inflasi, pertumbuhan GDP, dll
Penyesuaian terhadap neraca pembayaran yang defisit dapat dilakukan menggunakan kebijakan devaluasi yaitu suatu tindakan pemerintah untuk menurunkan nilai mata uangnya terhadap nilai mata uang asing yang bertujuan untuk: 1. Mendorong ekspor dan membatasi impor sehingga diharapkan dapat memperbaiki posisi neraca pembayaran menjadi surplus. 2. Mendorong penggunaan produksi dalam negeri. 3. Diharapkan kurs valas menjadi lebih stabil.

Hubungan neraca pembayaran dengan nilai tukar dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut : * Jika Neraca Pembayaran Internasional seimbang maka kurs mata uang domestik terhadap mata uang asing cenderung stabil. * Jika Neraca Pembayaran Internasional defisit maka kurs mata uang domestik terhadap mata uang asing cenderung melemah (terdepresiasi) * Jika Neraca Pembayaran Internasional surplus maka kurs mata uang domestik terhadap mata uang asing cenderung menguat (terapresiasi)

Contoh Neraca Pembayaran :

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