PHCare: MICROCONTROLLER BASED PORTABLE HEALTH MONITORING DEVICE
Adrian T. Berroya
Junell V. Breciño
A Project Study Presented to the
School of Engineering
AMA Computer College Biñan
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science of Computer Engineering
Biñan, Laguna
December, 2014
Table of Contents
Title Page i
List of Figures ii
List of Tables iii
CHAPTER I I. INTRODUCTION 6
Background of the Study 6
Conceptual Framework 8
Statement of the Problem 9
Objectives of the Study 10
Significance of the Study 11
Scope and Limitation 11
Definition of Terms 12
Conceptual Definition 12
Operational Definition 14
CHAPTER II II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES 15
Related Literatures 15 Mobile Health Monitoring 15 Biomedical Sensors 16 Android 15 Wireless Technology 22 Interfacing UART 30 Arduino 33
Related Studies 37 Foreign Studies 37 Local Studies 39
Synthesis 40
CHAPTER III III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 41
Research Design 42
Respondents of the Study 43
Sampling Design and Techniques 44
Research Instruments 45
Sources of Data 45
Data Gathering Procedures 45
Statistical Treatment 46
System Design 47
System Overview 47
System Block Diagram 49
System Schematic Diagram 52
Material Listing and Specification 56
Hardware Component Design 62
Hardware Program Design 68
Software Design 70
Implementation 75
Project Timeline 75
Assembly Procedure 76
Unit Testing Procedure 86
System Testing Procedure 87
Operation Guide 87
CHAPTER IV IV. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 89
Cost Analysis 100
V. SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 101 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES PAGE 1. Conceptual Framework 8 2. Distribution of Android Versions 17 3. System Overview 47 4. System Block Diagram 50 5. ECG Sensor Circuit 52 6. Airflow Sensor Circuit 52 7. Body Temperature Circuit 52 8. Arduino UNO 54 9. Arduino Xbee Shield 55 10. E-health Sensor Platform 56 11. Arduino uno 56 12. Body Temperature Sensor 57 13. ECG Sensor 58 14. Airflow Sensor 58 15. Communication Shield 59 16. Wifi Module 60 17. Arduino UNO 62 18. E-health Sensor Shield 63 19. Arduino xbee Shield 63 20. Wifi module Roving RN-XV 64
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES PAGE 1. Project Timeline 75 2. Accuracy Table 89 3. Reliability Table 90 4. The grouped frequency distribution table of 40 people living in Elvinda village 91
CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION
An ageing population is now the leading healthcare concern of many countries in the world. Aged patients need more healthcare efforts as they present more cases of chronic illnesses involving higher healthcare costs. Health monitoring device based on modern information technology are expected to play a role in alleviating this problem. Fortunately, there have been dramatic advances in healthcare technology in terms of mobility, size, speed and communication. However, the main drawbacks of currently deployed Health monitoring devices s originate from the fact that patients are ‘constrained’ within smart rooms and beds fitted with monitoring devices. Such monitoring is not ubiquitous in view of the privacy, mobility and flexibility issues concerning patients.
On the other hand, health monitoring products strapped to the patient’s body provide no analysis or recommendations of results. A multi-agent architecture for mobile health monitoring is presented, involving a team of intelligent agents that collate patient data, reason collectively and recommend actions to patients and medical staff in a mobile environment. Background of the Study
Healthcare and medication is a growing priority among millions of Filipinos today. In the era of processed food, social vices like drinking and smoking, and the onset of numerous long term, or even fatal illnesses, it is not surprising for people to worry about the condition of their health and become conscious of their diets and lifestyles. Some families try to appease this worry by getting regular annual check-ups, whilst others take preventative measures such as investing in the correct vitamin supplements. In particular, individuals who have previously faced health predicaments, or have a family history for a disease, may live cautiously and alter his/her lifestyle purposely to promote better wellbeing. Conversely, other families may have a less stringent approach to healthcare; for instance, they may only consult with a doctor when they sense that something is already wrong.(Llaneta, 2010).
It has been shown that rising hospital expenses are the main factor for rising costs in patient healthcare. Many patients with non-life-threatening illnesses needing health monitoring do not necessarily require hospitalizations – they simply require monitoring via mobile systems that encompass intelligent capabilities to detect abnormalities, provide temporary advice, and to alert medical staff in the event of an emergency.(Forbes, 2013)
Intuitively, the proponents have looked on these social issues. The proponents decided to devise an idea base on the current locale and events. Development of a Portable Health Monitoring Device if the user mounts the specific sensor to their body it will monitor current health status by the use of a Android phone the design project would add important capabilities to the device without exhausting the resources of the user, since the datum above shows such devices are at maximum availability and it would be easier to find and more efficient to use.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual frameworks on Figure1, shows overview functions of this project. It illustrates the INPUT, PROCESS, and OUTPUT diagram of this project study.
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of PHCare: Microcontroller Based Portable Health Monitoring Device
The INPUT is the sensors; the sensors will gather the raw data from the user.
The PROCESS is the microcontroller; the microcontroller will interpret the gathered data by the sensors and the data that was interpreted by the microcontroller will send the information to the Wi-Fi module then transmit it to the Android phone.
The OUTPUT is the Android phone; The Android phone will show the gathered data to the patient whose using the device.
Statement of the Problem
Now a days, people are more aware of their health status specially to those who are in age of 40-70 yrs. old as chronic illness began to appear they now need to monitor more of their health status to be able to changed their health habits. And those people need a device that can monitor there vital parameters. With this the proponents come with an idea to design portable health monitoring device that measures heart rate, body temperature and airflow.
Specifically, the study wishes to answer the following questions: 1. How to design a system that is capable of monitoring Heart rate, Body Temperature and Airflow? 2. How to design an android application that will show health status that is gathered by the device? 3. How to develop a device that will provide high integrity output from the device referring to the following criteria:
1.1. Functionality?
1.2. Accuracy?
1.3. Speed?
Objectives of the Study
The study aim is to design and develop PHCare: Microcontroller Based Portable Health Monitoring Device to lessen medical expenses and also help old people to monitor their health.
The study aim is to design and develop Microcontroller Based Portable Health Monitoring Device to lessen medical expenses and also help old people to monitor their health.
Specifically, study aims the following: 1. To design a system that is capable of monitoring Heart rate, Body Temperature and Airflow? 2. To design an android application that will show health status that is gathered by the device? 3. To develop a device that will provide high integrity output from the device referring to the following criteria:
1.1. Functionality?
1.2. Accuracy?
1.3. Speed?
Significance of the Study
To Respondents. This device can help them monitor their heart rate, body temperature and airflow. To Researchers. This gives researchers the knowledge about Microcontroller, Sensors, and Wireless Data Transmission.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This design Portable Health Care (PHCare) covers to help the respondents to monitor their vital parameters such as Heart rate, Body temperature and Airflow to able to know the patient current health status before going to the hospital for validation of the results gathered by the Portable health care device. The android application is capable of displaying the result of heart rate and airflow are inform of signal waves, while body temperature is inform of number. If the result of the android application has reach the limits of the normal vital parameters of a person like for example the normal heart rate of a person 60 to 100 bpm if the result exceed or insufficient you may have a heart complication which requires you for hospitalization. For the body temperature the normal temperature of a person is 37 degrees Celsius if the result is insufficient you may be experiencing Hypothermia and if you exceed you may have a fever. For respiration rate the normal respiration of a person ranges from 12 to 16 breaths per minute if the respiration is to slow you may be experiencing hypoventilation and if your respirations is to fast you may be experiencing Hyperpnoea. Wi-Fi module has a limited range only 35m (indoor) and 100m (outdoor). Connection will lost if the Android phone is far from the Wi-Fi module. The android version that is capable of installing the app is 1.6 to 4.4 versions. The Microcontroller is not capable of using all biomedical sensors at the same time. The Android Application is cannot save the data gathered by the device. It can only be view by the application.
Definition of Terms
This part comprises of the terms that might use to enlighten any misperception and so that the researchers will understand the meaning or the right definition of the terms as they were intended to be applied with. These terms clearly defined in order to make easy understanding of the problem and avoid vague meaning to terms which can be otherwise interpreted in different ways.
Conceptual Definition
Microcontroller. Is a small computer on a single integrated circuit contaprocessor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals Program memory in theform of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM.
Wi-Fi. Is a local area wireless technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internet using 2.4 GHz UHF and 5 GHz SHF radio waves.
Android. Is a mobile operating system (OS) based on the Linux kernel that is currently developed by Google.
Sensor. Is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an (today mostly electronic) instrument For example, a mercury-in-glass thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a voltmeter.
Electrocardiogram. A recording of the electrical activity of the heart. Abbreviated ECG and EKG. An ECG is a simple, non-invasive procedure. Electrodes are placed on the skin of the chest and connected in a specific order to a machine that, when turned on, measures electrical activity all over the heart. Output usually appears on a long scroll of paper that displays a printed graph of activity on a computer screen.
Android Device. Is a mobile phone with more advanced computing capability and connectivity than basic feature phones.
Arduino. Is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It’s intended for artists, designers, hobbyists and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.
Operational Definition
Microcontroller. It acts as the brain and processor of the proposed study that manipulates all measured data from the sensors.
Android Device. Is a mobile phone with more advanced computing capability and connectivity than basic feature phones.
CHAPTER II – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the literatures about Patient Health Monitoring. The researchers took a part by part discussion about Patient Health Monitoring using Android phone. The researchers gathered necessary information about the theories and principles concerning Health Monitoring from books and reliable websites on the Internet.
Related Literature
Mobile Health Monitoring
Mobile Health Monitoring is a critical component of avoiding adverse events, shortening length of inpatient stays and reducing hospital readmissions. Adverse events are reduced because patients are constantly checking-in and reminded to mind their doctor’s orders. “.The bottom line is that mobile technology has been shown to improve patient adherence to prescribed treatment plans,” according to Marc Mitchell, lecturer on global health at the Harvard School of Public Health in Scientific American.
Reducing adverse events through the use of mobile device monitoring means a reduction in healthcare costs, increase in patient engagement and an improvement in population health, which should be the overall goal of all healthcare.(http:/healthcare-executive insight.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/Mobile-Medical-Devices-and-Patient Monitoring.aspx, 10 November 2010).
Biomedical sensors In biomedicine and biotechnology, sensors which detect analyses thanks to a biological component, such as cells, protein, nucleic acid or biomimetic polymers, are called biosensors. Whereas a non-biological sensor, even organic (carbon chemistry), for biological analyses is referred to as sensor or nanosensor (such a microcantilevers). This terminology applies for both in vitro and in vivo applications. The encapsulation of the biological component in biosensors, presents a slightly different problem that ordinary sensors; this can either be done by means of a semipermeable barrier, such as a dialysis membrane or a hydrogel, or a 3D polymer matrix, which either physically constrains the sensing macromolecule or chemically constrains the macromolecule by bounding it to the scaffold. (http://www.news-medical.net/health/Biosensors-What-are-Biosensors.aspx, 2 May 2014)
Android Android is a mobile operating system (OS) based on the Linux kernel that is currently developed by Google. With a user interface based on direct manipulation, Android is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, with specialized user interfaces for televisions (Android TV), cars (Android Auto), and wrists (Android Wear). The OS uses touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, and a virtual keyboard. Despite being primarily designed for touchscreen input, it also has been used in game consoles, digital cameras, and other electronics.
Android Versions. The table below provides a breakdown of Android versions. This is based on devices accessing Play Store as of June 1, 2014, and therefore it excludes Android derivatives that do not access Google Play (for example, Amazon’s declining tablet market share from 14.4% of the Android-tablets in in 2012 to 7.7% in 2013 (9.8% for both years combined)while it had none of the much bigger smartphone market).
Fig. 2 Distribution of Android Versions
Table 1 Android Versions
Features of Android OS
Interface. Notifications are accessed by sliding from the top of the display; individual notifications can be dismissed by sliding them away, and may contain additional functions (such as on the “missed call” notification seen here).
Android provides the ability to run applications which change the default launcher and hence the appearance and externally visible behavior of Android. These appearance changes include a multi-page dock or no dock, and many more changes to fundamental features of the user interface. (http://www.alchetron.com/redsigma/d/Android-Operating-system/T/655/WORLD, 17 February 2008).
Applications. Android has a growing selection of third party applications, which can be acquired by users either through an app store such as Google Play or the Amazon App store, or by downloading and installing the application’s APK file from a third-party site. Google Play Store allows users to browse, download and update applications published by Google and third-party developers, and the Play Store client application is pre-installed on devices that comply with Google’s compatibility requirements and license the Google Mobile Services software. The client application filters the list of available applications down to those compatible with the user’s device, and developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries for business reasons. Purchases of unwanted applications can be refunded within 15 minutes of the time of download, and some carriers offer direct carrier billing for Google Play application purchases, where the cost of the application is added to the user’s monthly bill.
As of July 2013, there are more than one million applications available for Android in Play Store. As of May 2013, 48 billion apps have been installed from Google Play store.( http://www.icansoft.in/android.html, 2013 )
Applications (“apps”), that extend the functionality of devices, are developed primarily in the Java programming language using the Android software development kit (SDK). The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, including a debugger, software libraries, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse using the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin. Other development tools are available, including a Native Development Kit for applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, a visual environment for novice programmers, and various cross platform mobile web applications frameworks.
Development. Android is developed in private by Google until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point the source code is made available publicly. This source code will only run without modification on select devices, usually the Nexus series of devices. The source code is, in turn, adapted by OEMs to run on their hardware. Android’s source code does not contain the often proprietary device drivers that are needed for certain hardware components.
The green Android logo was designed for Google in 2007 by graphic designer Irina Blok. The design team was tasked with a project to create a universally identifiable icon with the specific inclusion of a robot in the final design. After numerous design developments based on science-fiction and space movies, the team eventually sought inspiration from the human symbol on restroom doors and modified the figure into a robot shape. As Android is open-sourced, it was agreed that the logo should be likewise, and since its launch the green logo has been reinterpreted into countless variations on the original design. (http://tutsdaddy.com/what-is-android.html 28 October 2013).
Linux Kernel. Android consists of a kernel based on the Linux kernel long-term support (LTS) branch. As of January 2014, current Android versions are built upon Linux kernel 3.4 or newer, but the specific kernel version number depends on the actual Android device and chipset. Android has used various kernels since its first 2.6.25.
Android is a Linux distribution according to the Linux Foundation, Google’s open-source chief Chris DiBona, and several journalists. Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady, say that Android is not Linux in the traditional Unix-like Linux distribution sense; Android does not include the GNU C Library and some of other components typically found in Linux distributions. (http://andriodopersys.wordpress.com/2014/05/27/development/, 2013).
Android Architecture Diagram
Diagram 1 Android Architecture Diagram
The above figure shows the diagram of Android Architecture. The Android OS can be referred to as a software stack of different layers, where each layer is a group of several program components. Together it includes operating system, middleware and important applications. Each layer in the architecture provides different services to the layer just above it. We will examine the features of each layer in detail.
Software. On top of the Linux kernel, there are the middleware, libraries and APIs written in C, and application software running on an application framework which includes Java-compatible libraries based on Apache Harmony. Android uses the Dalvik virtual machine with just-in-time compilation to run Dalvik “dex-code” (Dalvik Executable), which is usually translated from the Java byte code. Android 4.4 also supports new experimental runtime virtual machine, ART, which is not enabled by default.
Android does not have a native X Window System by default, nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries. This made it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android, until version r5 of the Android Native Development Kit brought support for applications written completely in C or C++. Libraries written in C may also be used in Java application by injection of a small Java shim and usage of the JNI. (http://www.beginandroid.com/intro.shtml, 2010).
Wireless Technology Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor.
The most common wireless technologies use radio. With radio waves distances can be short, such as a few meters for television or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones.
Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications includes the use of other electromagnetic wireless technologies, such as light, magnetic, or electric fields or the use of sound. (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?reload=true&punumber=7742, 13 May 2007).
Applications of Wireless Technology
Mobile Phones. One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the mobile phone, also known as a cellular phone, with more than 4.6 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide as of the end of 2010. These wireless phones use radio waves to enable their users to make phone calls from many locations worldwide. They can be used within range of the mobile telephone site used to house the equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these instruments.
Wireless Data Communications Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile computing. The various available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance, and in some circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and switch between them. To simplify the experience for the user, connection manager software can be used, or a mobile VPN deployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single virtual network. Supporting technologies include: * Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network that enables portable computing devices to connect easily to the Internet. Standardized as IEEE 802.11 a,b,g,n, Wi-Fi approaches speeds of some types of wired Ethernet. Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in private homes, within offices, and at public hotspots. Some businesses charge customers a monthly fee for service, while others have begun offering it for free in an effort to increase the sales of their goods.
* Cellular data service offers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearest cell site. Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved, from earlier technologies such as GSM, CDMA and GPRS, to 3G networks such as W-CDMA, EDGE or CDMA2000.
* Mobile Satellite Communications may be used where other wireless connections are unavailable, such as in largely rural areas or remote locations. Satellite communications are especially important for transportation, aviation, maritime and military use.
* Wireless Sensor Networks are responsible for sensing noise, interference, and activity in data collection networks. This allows us to detect relevant quantities, monitor and collect data, formulate meaningful user displays, and to perform decision-making functions.
Wi-Fi. Is a local area wireless technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internet using 2.4 GHz UHF and 5 GHz SHF radio waves. The name is a trademark name, and is a play on the audiophile term Hi-Fi. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any “wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers’ (IEEE) 802.11 standards”. However, since most modern WLANs are based on these standards, the term “Wi-Fi” is used in general English as a synonym for “WLAN”. Only Wi-Fi products that complete Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing successfully may use the “Wi-Fi CERTIFIED” trademark. (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.html, 06 August 2009).
History of Wi-Fi. 802.11 technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the US Federal Communications Commission that released the ISM band for unlicensed use. In 1991, NCR Corporation with AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11 intended for use in cashier systems. The first wireless products were under the name WaveLAN.
The 802.11 standard uses a large number of patents held by many different organizations.
Some have dubbed Dutch engineer Vic Hayes the “father of Wi-Fi” due to his involvement in negotiating the initial standards within the IEEE while chairing the workgroup.
The Australian radio-astronomer John O’Sullivan developed a key patent used in Wi-Fi as a by-product in a CSIRO research project, “a failed experiment to detect exploding mini black holes the size of an atomic particle”. In 1992 and 1996, Australian organization CSIRO (the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) obtained patents for a method later used in Wi-Fi to “unsmear” the signal.
In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold.
In April 2009, 14 technology companies agreed to pay CSIRO $250 million for infringements on CSIRO patents. This led to Australians labelling Wi-Fi as an Australian invention, though this has been the subject of some controversy. CSIRO won a further $220 million settlement for Wi-Fi patent-infringements in 2012 with global firms in the United States required to pay the CSIRO licensing rights estimated to be worth an additional $1 billion in royalties. (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.html, 10 September 2012).
Serial and Parallel Communication Serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus. This is in contrast to parallel communication, where several bits are sent as a whole, on a link with several parallel channels.
The basic difference between a parallel and a serial communication channel is the number of electrical conductors used at the physical layer to convey bits. Parallel communication implies more than one such conductor. For example, an 8-bit parallel channel will convey eight bits (or a byte) simultaneously, whereas a serial channel would convey those same bits sequentially, one at a time. If both channels operated at the same clock speed, the parallel channel would be eight times faster. A parallel channel may have additional conductors for other signals, such as a clock signal to pace the flow of data, a signal to control the direction of data flow, and handshaking signals. (http://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/NetTechDC01BCD/page_02.html, 21 March 2011).
Voltage Levels. The RS-232 standard defines the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and logical zero levels for the data transmission and the control signal lines. Valid signals are either in the range of +3 to +15 volts or the range −3 to −15 volts with respect to the ground/common pin; consequently, the range between −3 to +3 volts is not a valid RS-232 level. For data transmission lines (TxD, RxD and their secondary channel equivalents) logic one is defined as a negative voltage, the signal condition is called “mark”. Logic zero is positive and the signal condition is termed “space”. Control signals have the opposite polarity: the asserted or active state is positive voltage and the deasserted or inactive state is negative voltage. Examples of control lines include request to send (RTS), clear to send (CTS), data terminal ready (DTR), and data set ready (DSR).
The standard specifies a maximum open-circuit voltage of 25 volts: signal levels of ±5 V, ±10 V, ±12 V, and ±15 V are all commonly seen depending on the voltages available to the line driver circuit. Some RS-232 driver chips have inbuilt circuitry to produce the required voltages from a 3 or 5 volt supply. RS-232 drivers and receivers must be able to withstand indefinite short circuit to ground or to any voltage level up to ±25 volts. The slew rate, or how fast the signal changes between levels, is also controlled.
Diagram 2 Voltage Level RS-232
Diagrammatic oscilloscope trace of voltage levels for an ASCII “K” character (0x4B) with 1 start bit, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit. This is typical for start-stop communications, but the standard does not dictate a character format or bit order.
Because the voltage levels are higher than logic levels typically used by integrated circuits, special intervening driver circuits are required to translate logic levels. These also protect the device’s internal circuitry from short circuits or transients that may appear on the RS-232 interface, and provide sufficient current to comply with the slew rate requirements for data transmission.
Because both ends of the RS-232 circuit depend on the ground pin being zero volts, problems will occur when connecting machinery and computers where the voltage between the ground pin on one end, and the ground pin on the other is not zero. This may also cause a hazardous ground loop. Use of a common ground limits RS-232 to applications with relatively short cables. If the two devices are far enough apart or on separate power systems, the local ground connections at either end of the cable will have differing voltages; this difference will reduce the noise margin of the signals. Balanced, differential, serial connections such as USB, RS-422 and RS-485 can tolerate larger ground voltage differences because of the differential signaling.
Unused interface signals terminated to ground will have an undefined logic state. Where it is necessary to permanently set a control signal to a defined state, it must be connected to a voltage source that asserts the logic 1 or logic 0 level, for example with a pull up resistor. Some devices provide test voltages on their interface connectors for this purpose.
Connectors. RS-232 devices may be classified as Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) or Data Communication Equipment (DCE); this defines at each device which wires will be sending and receiving each signal. The standard recommended but did not make mandatory the D-subminiature 25-pin connector. According to the standard, male connectors have DTE pin functions, and female connectors have DCE pin functions. Other devices may have any combination of connector gender and pin definitions. Many terminals were manufactured with female connectors but were sold with a cable with male connectors at each end; the terminal with its cable satisfied the recommendations in the standard. The standard specifies 20 different signal connections. Since most devices use only a few signals, smaller connectors can often be used.
Personal computer manufacturers replaced the DB-25M connector by the smaller DE-9M connector. Different pin numbers were used for the signals (for this see serial port). This connector, with varying pin outs, became common for personal computers and related devices.
Presence of a 25-pin D-sub connector does not necessarily indicate an RS-232-C compliant interface. For example, on the original IBM PC, a male D-sub was an RS-232-C DTE port (with a non-standard current loop interface on reserved pins), but the female D-sub connector on the same PC model was used for the parallel Centronics printer port. Some personal computers put non-standard voltages or signals on some pins of their serial ports.
Interfacing UART
A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter, abbreviated UART, is a piece of computer hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms. UARTs are commonly used in conjunction with communication standards such as EIA, RS-232, RS-422 or RS-485. The universal designation indicates that the data format and transmission speeds are configurable. The electric signaling levels and methods (such as differential signaling etc.) are handled by a driver circuit external to the UART.
A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. UARTs are now commonly included in microcontrollers. A dual UART, or DUART, combines two UARTs into a single chip. An octal UART or OCTART combines eight UARTs into one package, an example being the NXP SCC2698. Many modern Ics now come with a UART that can also communicate synchronously; these devices are called USARTs (universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver/transmitter).
Transmitting and Receiving Serial Data
The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) takes bytes of data and transmits the individual bits in a sequential fashion. At the destination, a second UART re-assembles the bits into complete bytes. Each UART contains a shift register, which is the fundamental method of conversion between serial and parallel forms. Serial transmission of digital information (bits) through a single wire or other medium is less costly than parallel transmission through multiple wires.
Character Framing. The right-most (least significant) data bit is always transmitted first. If parity is present, the parity bit comes after the data bits but before the stop bit(s).
Table 2 Character Framing
The idle, no data state is high-voltage, or powered. This is a historic legacy from telegraphy, in which the line is held high to show that the line and transmitter are not damaged. Each character is sent as a logic low start bit, a configurable number of data bits (usually 8, but users can choose 5 to 8 or 9 bits depending on which UART is in use), an optional parity bit if the number of bits per character chosen is not 9 bits, and one or more logic high stop bits.
The start bit signals the receiver that a new character is coming. The next five to nine bits, depending on the code set employed, represent the character. If a parity bit is used, it would be placed after all of the data bits. The next one or two bits are always in the mark (logic high, i.e., ‘1’) condition and called the stop bit(s). They signal the receiver that the character is completed. Since the start bit is logic low (0) and the stop bit is logic high (1) there are always at least two guaranteed signal changes between characters.
If the line is held in the logic low condition for longer than a character time, this is a break condition that can be detected by the UART.
Receiver. All operations of the UART hardware are controlled by a clock signal which runs at a multiple of the data rate, typically 8 times the bit rate. The receiver tests the state of the incoming signal on each clock pulse, looking for the beginning of the start bit. If the apparent start bit lasts at least one-half of the bit time, it is valid and signals the start of a new character. If not, it is considered a spurious pulse and is ignored. After waiting a further bit time, the state of the line is again sampled and the resulting level clocked into a shift register. After the required number of bit periods for the character length (5 to 8 bits, typically) have elapsed, the contents of the shift register are made available (in parallel fashion) to the receiving system. The UART will set a flag indicating new data is available, and may also generate a processor interrupt to request that the host processor transfers the received data.
Communicating UARTs usually have no shared timing system apart from the communication signal. Typically, UARTs resynchronize their internal clocks on each change of the data line that is not considered a spurious pulse. Obtaining timing information in this manner, they reliably receive when the transmitter is sending at a slightly different speed than it should. Simplistic UARTs do not do this, instead they resynchronize on the falling edge of the start bit only, and then read the center of each expected data bit, and this system works if the broadcast data rate is accurate enough to allow the stop bits to be sampled reliably.
It is a standard feature for a UART to store the most recent character while receiving the next. This “double buffering” gives a receiving computer an entire character transmission time to fetch a received character. Many UARTs have a small first-in, first-out FIFO buffer memory between the receiver shift register and the host system interface. This allows the host processor even more time to handle an interrupt from the UART and prevents loss of received data at high rates.
Transmitter. Transmission operation is simpler since it is under the control of the transmitting system. As soon as data is deposited in the shift register after completion of the previous character, the UART hardware generates a start bit, shifts the required number of data bits out to the line, generates and appends the parity bit (if used), and appends the stop bits. Since transmission of a single character may take a long time relative to CPU speeds, the UART will maintain a flag showing busy status so that the host system does not deposit a new character for transmission until the previous one has been completed; this may also be done with an interrupt. Since full-duplex operation requires characters to be sent and received at the same time, UARTs use two different shift registers for transmitted and received characters.
Arduino Arduino is a single-board microcontroller, intended to make the application of interactive objects or environments more accessible. The hardware consists of an open-source hardware board designed around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM. Current models feature a USB interface, 6 analog input pins, as well as 14 digital I/O pins which allows the user to attach various extension boards.( http://www.coderdojonova.co/?page_id=43, 02 September 2009)
Hardware. An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller with complementary components to facilitate programming and incorporation into other circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is the standard way that connectors are exposed, allowing the CPU board to be connected to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules known as shields. Some shields communicate with the Arduino board directly over various pins, but many shields are individually addressable via an I²C serial bus, allowing many shields to be stacked and used in parallel. Official Arduinos have used the megaAVR series of chips, specifically the Atmega8, Atmega168, Atmega328, Atmega1280, and Atmega2560. A handful of other processors have been used by Arduino compatibles. Most boards include a 5 volt linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator (or ceramic resonator in some variants), although some designs such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. An Arduino’s microcontroller is also pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory, compared with other devices that typically need an external programmer. This makes using an Arduino more straightforward by allowing the use of an ordinary computer as the programmer.
At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software stack, all boards are programmed over an RS-232 serial connection, but the way this is implemented varies by hardware version. Serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232-level and TTL-level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. (When used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR ISP programming is used.)
The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller’s I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.10-inch (2.5 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available.
The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board to be plugged into solderless breadboards.
There are many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and may be used interchangeably. Many are the basic Arduino with the addition of commonplace output drivers, often for use in school-level education to simplify the construction of buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes permitting the continued use of Shields, sometimes not. Some variants use completely different processors, with varying levels of compatibility.
Software. The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the Wiring projects. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. A program or code written for Arduino is called a “sketch”.
Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software library called “Wiring” from the original Wiring project, which makes many common input/output operations much easier. Users only need define two functions to make a runnable cyclic executive program: * setup(): a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings * loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off
A typical first program for a microcontroller simply blinks an LED on and off. In the Arduino environment, the user might write a program like this: #define LED_PIN 13 void setup () { pinMode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Enable pin 13 for digital output } void loop () { digitalWrite (LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED delay (1000); // Wait one second (1000 milliseconds) digitalWrite (LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED delay (1000); // Wait one second
It is a feature of most Arduino boards that they have an LED and load resistor connected between pin 13 and ground; a convenient feature for many simple tests.[16] The previous code would not be seen by a standard C++ compiler as a valid program, so when the user clicks the “Upload to I/O board” button in the IDE, a copy of the code is written to a temporary file with an extra include header at the top and a very simple main () function at the bottom, to make it a valid C++ program.
ISO 13485: Standards for Medical Devices ISO 13485:2003 specifies requirements for a quality management system where an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to provide medical devices and related services that consistently meet customer requirements and regulatory requirements applicable to medical devices and related services.
The primary objective of ISO 13485:2003 is to facilitate harmonized medical device regulatory requirements for quality management systems. As a result, it includes some particular requirements for medical devices and excludes some of the requirements of ISO 9001 that are not appropriate as regulatory requirements. Because of these exclusions, organizations whose quality management systems conform to this International Standard cannot claim conformity to ISO 9001 unless their quality management systems conform to all the requirements of ISO 9001.
All requirements of ISO 13485:2003 are specific to organizations providing medical devices, regardless of the type or size of the organization.
If regulatory requirements permit exclusions of design and development controls, this can be used as a justification for their exclusion from the quality management system. These regulations can provide alternative arrangements that are to be addressed in the quality management system. It is the responsibility of the organization to ensure that claims of conformity with ISO 13485:2003 reflect exclusion of design and development controls.
If any requirement(s) in Clause 7 of ISO 13485:2003 is(are) not applicable due to the nature of the medical device(s) for which the quality management system is applied, the organization does not need to include such a requirement(s) in its quality management system.
The processes required by ISO 13485:2003, which are applicable to the medical device(s), but which are not performed by the organization, are the responsibility of the organization and are accounted for in the organization's quality management system.
Related Studies
This part shows other studies by some institutions and individuals. They are compared and examined by the proponents and used as basis for the design project.
Foreign Studies
Real Time Health Monitoring Using GPRS Technology by Shubhangi M. Verulkar and Maruti Limkar The system would constantly monitor important body parameters like temperature, heartbeat and would compare it against a predetermined value set and if these values cross a particular limit it would automatically alert the doctor and relatives of the patient via a SMS. (Shubhangi M. Verulkar and Maruti Limkar, 2012)
Intelligent Mobile Health Monitoring System (IMHMS) by Rifat Shahriyar, Faizul Bari, Gourab Kundu, Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed and Mostofa Akbar. IMHMS collects patient’s physiological data through the bio-sensors. The data is aggregated in the sensor network and a summary of the collected data is transmitted to a patient’s personal computer or cell phone/PDA. These devices forward data to the medical server for analysis. After the data is analyzed, the medical server provides feedback to the patient’s personal computer or cell phone/PDA. The patients can take necessary actions depending on the feedback. (Rifat Shahriyar, Faizul Bari, Gourab Kundu, Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed and Mostofa Akbar, 2009)
Android Based Monitoring and Alarm System for patients with chronic obtrusive disease. By Amy Loutfi, Gunnar Akner and Per Dahl. The project is based on the android mobile device (Motorola Galaxy series) and includes pulse and oximetry sensor as an additional device. An accelerometer, embedded in the phone is also used as an additional sensor. (http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:458193/FULLTEXT02, 2011)
Mobile Patient Monitoring: The MobiHealth System. By Aart Van Halteren, Richard Bults, Katarzyna Wac, Dimitri Konstantas, Ing Widya, Nicolay Dokovsky, George Koprinkov, Val Jones, Rainer Herzog. The MobiHealth system provides a complete end-to-end m-health platform for ambulant patient monitoring, deployed over UMTS and GPRS networks. The MobiHealth patient/user is equipped with different sensors that constantly monitor vital signals, e.g. blood pressure, heart rate and electrocardiogram (ECG). These are interconnected via a healthcare body area network (BAN). (http://doc.utwente.nl/66488/1/jith2(5)_konstantas_et_al.pdf, 2013)
Local Studies
GPS and GSM based Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring System. By Bernandino, Dela Cruz, Galimba, Romulo, Salgon, Sarino The project is focused on human ambulatory blood pressure monitoring system using the latest technology in tracking and incorporating different sensors without compromising the patient’s/user’s comfort and ease in everyday living. By measuring a person’s blood pressure at regular intervals over 24 hours or so, the doctor is able to get clear pictures of how your blood pressure changes throughout the set duration. The device that we are going to make is designed to provide a continuous access to a person’s blood pressure through wireless communication. (http://puptaguig.net/researchwithinfo.php?id=36, 2013)
A wearable smartphone-based platform for real-time cardiovascular disease detection via electrocardiogram processing. By Allen C. Cheng and Joseph J. Oresko. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single leading cause of global mortality and is projected to remain so. Cardiac arrhythmia is a very common type of CVD and may indicate an increased risk of stroke or sudden cardiac death. The ECG is the most widely adopted clinical tool to diagnose and assess the risk of arrhythmia. ECGs measure and display the electrical activity of the heart from the body surface. During patients’ hospital visits, however, arrhythmias may not be detected on standard resting ECG machines, since the condition may not be present at that moment in time. (Allen C. Cheng and Joseph J. Oresko, 2010)
Wireless Sensor Networks for Health Monitoring. This architecture is a network enabled system that supports various wearable sensors and contains on-board general computing capabilities for executing individually tailored event detection, alerts, and network communication with various medical informatics services. The customization of such system with a large number of”med nodes” is extremely fast even by non-engineering staff. In this paper, we present the architecture of such device along with experimental analysis that evaluates the performance of such system.
Synthesis
After all the study of information stated in this chapter, more subjects are supported by the proponents. These chapters discuss the ability and limitation of Biosensor technology and Wireless technology. The proponents studied the Biosensor technology and Wireless technology to know the functions of how and why they work. With the studies cited the proponents able to know the things needed for the design project. Compared to the proponent’s design project, the presented foreign and local studies is more user-friendly. The presented study offers more difficult way of interpret the data gathered by the Biosensor. This related literatures cited helped the proponents distinguish which features are already existing and served as pattern for improvement. These literatures had paved the ideas the proponents implemented on their design project.
CHAPTER III – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
This chapter presents the techniques, methods, design and procedures that the proponents use during the development of the project. The purpose of the methods will be used to basically attain the objectives that are needed for the project.
Research Methodology
This section discusses the research process used in this study specifically, it focuses on the research design, respondents of the study, sampling design and techniques, research instrument, sources of data,data gathering procedure statistical tools and techniques necessary for analysis of data.This includes the assumptions and values that serve as a rationale for research and the standards or criteria used for interpreting the data and reaching conclusions.
Research Design
Quantitative research design will be used for this research by the proponents to test a theory by specifying the hypotheses and the collection of data to support the hypothesis. With the help of the data gathering proponents, the researchers can measure the results, and then it is analyzed by using statistical procedures and hypothesis testing. (Creswell, 2008) In this study the proponents will use quantitative research specifically experimental research. Experimental research is to test specific hypothesis, to conduct experiment and also to compare the results of the two groups.
Quantitative research design will be used for this research by the proponents to test a theory by specifying the hypotheses and the collection of data to support the hypothesis. Experimental design is used in which the results are assessed during the process of experimentation. With the help of the data gathering, the researchers can obtain the results, and then it is analyzed by using the appropriate statistical treatment (Creswell, 2008). The proponents also decided to use this type of research method because quantitative research design can provide invaluable practical information such as directly gathering of data.
Inferential statistical analysis is the method that the proponents will be using for analyzing the raw data. It is an analysis that involves the process of sampling. Since the proponents will not cover the population then they will use the inferential statistical analysis. (Gay, Mills, & Airasian, 2011)
Respondents of the Study
To be able to determine if the project was accurate in terms of monitoring the health of the user, the proponents provide the best applicable respondents. Since the study is about health monitoring this preferably suits those who want to use the device. Monitoring your health is a crucial thing to do in daily life.
Respondents: They are the aim of our research project because most of them don’t want to spend too much money just to check their health. With this device they can monitor their health at home or wherever they are. Also, it provides less expenses for them.
Hospital: The hospital can use this device for ambulance purposes like in every rescue they do and also they lessen the duty of the doctor. The doctor can check the patient’s health, all at one device rather than using different monitoring apparatuses.
Sampling Design and Techniques
Population of the study
The proponents will be conducting a written survey at local areas where the project is needed in order to get data from the responded. The responded will give the proponents needed data and they will also give the proponents the problem of the project.
Sampling Techniques
Sampling is indispensable technique of behavioral research. A research work cannot be undertaken without the use of sampling. Moreover it is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. Two advantages of sampling are that the cost is lower and data collection is faster than measuring the entire population. (Groves, 2004)
The proponents used purposive sampling as a method of inquiry to our respondents. Moreover, our survey aimed to course on particular group of respondents. The proponent desires to find those people who are health conscious or in need of medical attention. The proponents rejected the respondents that do not fit the requirements.
Research Instruments To make sure that most of the concepts and principles of the proponents’ proposal can be accurate as possible, the proponents will provide a prototype as an instrument. The prototype will allow the proponents to test and check the accuracy to achieve an expected result. The proponents gather different data from different sources like books, magazine, website, CD, and journals. The proponents ask some advice to the professors to make some adjustments.
Sources of Data
The proponents gather data from many internet articles, blogs, and website. The proponent reads newspapers, journal and magazines. We read different books from the library and old related thesis.
Data Gathering Procedures
The proponents scanned through different articles by visiting libraries and websites. Then, the proponents gathered data by evaluating and organizing the topics and theories that is needed as per theoretical frameworks is concerned. Since for the local studies, few schools used Health monitoring.
Statistical Treatment
The data gathered was analyzed using the following statistical tool and techniques:
Frequencies-Percentage was used in determining the profiles of the respondents in terms of personal information and knowledge and information on health monitoring device and system. Formula: % = f/N Where f = frequencies N= Total number of sample
Mean, also known as the arithmetic mean, of a list of numbers is the sum of the entire list divided by the number of items in the list. This was used in determining respondent interpretation on the study and respondents prototype evaluation.
Formula: x = Σx / n
Where x [xbar] = sample mean Σx = summation of rated values n= number of items
System Design
This section discusses the technical design requirement of the study. It focuses on the system overview, block diagram and schematic diagram, material listing, hardware and software design.
System Overview
The system which we proposed to develop shown in figure 3. First you need to mount the Sensors to the Patient/User to be able to get the necessary data. After the sensors get the data it sends to the microcontroller for processing. After being sent to the microcontroller, the data will be sent to the Wi-Fi module for wireless data transmission through the phone after the data is transmitted you can now view the result using an Android application. Fig. 3 System Overview
Sensors. A converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an (today mostly electronic) instrument.
Android Phone. It is also called mobile or cellular cellphone that uses the Google-developed Android operating system and platform. An electronic device used for full duplex two-way radio telecommunications over cellular networks of based stations known as cell sites. It is used to view the data gathered by the sensors using wireless fidelity.
E-shield. The e-Health Sensor Shield V2.0 allows Arduino and Raspberry Pi users to perform biometric and medical applications where body monitoring is needed by using 10 different sensors: pulse, oxygen in blood (SPO2), airflow (breathing), body temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), glucometer, galvanic skin response (GSR – sweating), blood pressure (sphygmomanometer), patient position (accelerometer) and muscle/electromyography sensor (EMG).
This information can be used to monitor in real time the state of a patient or to get sensitive data in order to be subsequently analysed for medical diagnosis. Biometric information gathered can be wirelessly sent using any of the 6 connectivity options available: Wi-Fi, 3G, GPRS, Bluetooth, 802.15.4 and ZigBee depending on the application.
Arduino. It is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It is the microcontroller of the design that holds and parses the biomedical sensors data. It is also holds the Wi-Fi module and interprets the incoming command from the Smart phone. Arduino performed the serial communication to make the individual devices synchronized to each other.
Wi-Fi Module. Is a local area wireless technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internet using 2.4 GHz UHF and 5 GHz SHF radio waves. This is responsible for the transmission of data to the Smartphone.
Android Application. A mobile software application developed for use on devices powered by Google’s Android platform. Android apps are available in the Google Play Store (formerly known as the Android Market), in the Amazon Appstore and on various Android App-focused sites, and the apps can run on Android smartphones, tablets, Google TV and other devices.
System Block Diagram
Fig. 4 System Block Diagram Portable Health Monitoring Device Figure 4 is the block diagram of the Portable Health Monitoring Device. The design of the Portable Health Monitoring Device has the following sections:
Input Section. The input sections are composed of the Electrocardiogram sensor, body temperature sensor and Airflow sensor. The inputs to these sensors are the patient vital signs and these sensors are connected to the microcontroller of the controller section.
Controller Section. The controller sections are composed of the microcontroller and E-shield platform. The E-shield Platform receives the gathered data by the biomedical sensors. Then the microcontroller processes the gathered data by the sensors the data and display the sensor reading in the Android application.
Transmission Section. The transmission sections are composed of Wi-Fi module. The Wi-Fi module receives data from microcontroller of the controller section. The Wi-Fi module will send the data to the Android Phone.
Output Section. The transmission sections is composed of Android Phone and Android Application. The Android phone has a application that will read the data from the Wi-Fi module.
System Schematic Diagram
Fig. 5 Electrocardiogram Sensor Circuit
Fig. 6 Airflow Sensor Circuit
Fig. 7 Body Temperature Sensor Circuit
Input Section. Figure 6 is the schematic diagram of the input section of the Portable Health Monitoring Device. The pin 1 & 2 of Sensor U1, pin 1 of Sensor U2 and pin 2&3 of Sensor U2 are the input of the system and connected to the patient. The sensor out (pin 6) of the Sensor U1 is connected to the pin 1 of the microprocessor in controller section. The sensor out (pin 7) of the Sensor U2 is connected to the pin 2 of the microprocessor in controller section. The sensor out (pin 6) of the Sensor U3 is connected to the pin 3 of the microprocessor in controller section.
Fig. 8 Arduino UNO Rev3
Controller Section. Figure 8 is the schematic diagram of the controller section of the Portable Health Monitoring Device. The inputs of the controller section are microprocessor pin 1 from sensor out of Sensor U1, microprocessor pin 2 from sensor out of Sensor U2 and microprocessor pin 3 from sensor out of Sensor U3. The output of the controller section is the microprocessor pin12 that connected to Zigbee Pin 5 of the transmission section.
Fig. 9 Arduino Xbee Shield
Transmission Section. In figure 9 is the schematic diagram of transmission section. The Arduino Xbee Shield is mounted into the Digital input/output pins of the E-health Shield Platform.
Material Listing and Specification
Fig. 10 E-health Sensor Platform
E-health Sensor Platform. The e-Health Sensor Shield allows Arduino users to perform biometric and medical applications where body monitoring is needed by using different sensors.
Fig. 11 Arduino Uno (Atmega328)
Arduino Uno. Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the Atmega328. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
Fig. 12 Body Temperature Sensor
Body Temperature Sensor. This sensor allows you to measure body temperature. It is of great medical importance to measure body temperature. The reason is that a number of diseases are accompanied by characteristic changes in body temperature. Likewise, the course of certain diseases can be monitored by measuring body temperature, and the efficiency of a treatment initiated can be evaluated by the physician.
Fig. 13 ECG Sensor
Electrocardiogram Sensor (ECG). The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a diagnostic tool that is routinely used to assess the electrical and muscular functions of the heart.
Fig. 14 Airflow Sensor
Airflow Sensor. The nasal airflow sensor is a device used to airflow rate to a patient in need of respiratory help or person. This device consists of a flexible thread which fits behind the ears, and a set of two prongs which are placed in the nostrils. Breathing is measured by these prongs.
Fig. 15 Communication Shield
Communication Shield. The Xbee shield allows an Arduino board to communicate wirelessly using Zigbee. It is based on the Xbee module from MaxStream. The module can communicate up to 100 feet indoors or 300 feet outdoors (with line-of-sight). It can be used as a serial/usb replacement or you can put it into a command mode and configure it for a variety of broadcast and mesh networking options. The shields breaks out each of the Xbee’s pins to a through-hole solder pad. It also provides female pin headers for use of digital pins 2 to 7 and the analog inputs, which are covered by the shield (digital pins 8 to 13 are not obstructed by the shield, so you can use the headers on the board itself).
Fig. 16 Wi-Fi Module
Wifi Module for Arduino roving RN-XVEE. The RN-XV module by Roving Networks is a certified Wi-Fi solution especially designed for customer who want to migrate their existing 802.15.4 architecture to a standard TCP/IP based platform without having to redesign their existing hardware.
Fig. 17 Android Application
The Android cell phone is a cell phone running the Android OS. A typical Android cell phone is a smartphone with a touch screen interface, multiple connectivity options, Internet browsing capabilities, support for video playback and a camera.
Hardware Component Design
PCB Design
Controller Section
Fig. 18 Arduino Uno
Fig. 19 E-health Sensor Shield
Transmission Section
Fig. 20 Arduino Xbee Shield
Fig. 21 Wi-Fi Module Roving RN-XVE
Component Placement Layout
Controller Section
Arduino UNO Atmega328
E-health Sensor Shield
Transmission Section
Analog inputs connector
Analog inputs connector
`
Digital I/O Pin of Roving Xbee
Digital I/O Pin of Roving Xbee
Digital I/O Pins
Digital I/O Pins
Communication Shield
Digital I/O Roving Xbee
Digital I/O Roving Xbee
Digital I/O Roving Xbee
Digital I/O Roving Xbee
Wi-Fi Module for Arduino Roving RN XBEE
Wiring Diagram
Hardware Program Design
Program Block Diagram
Program Technical Specifications
This system can comprise various types of small physiological sensors, which enable continuous monitoring of a variety of Physiological parameters such as:
. Airflow control of patient.
· Body temperature data.
· Monitoring ECG signal.
· Multiple data visualization systems.
Software Design
Process Block Diagram
Functional and Transactional Block Diagram
Roles and Authorization
Any users can use the device because it doesn’t have any authentication. As long the user knows how to operate the device.
Software Technical Specifications
Airflow Sensor Arduino Codes:
#include <eHealth.h> // E-health Library
#include <eHealthDisplay.h> // E-health Display Library
void setup() { // The setup routine runs once when you press reset Serial.begin(115200);
}
void loop() { // the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
int air = eHealth.getAirFlow(); // Gets the gathered data by the sensors eHealth.airFlowWave(air);
}
ECG Sensor Arduino Codes:
#include <eHealth.h>
#include <eHealthDisplay.h>
void setup() { // The setup routine runs once when you press reset:
Serial.begin(115200);
}
void loop() { // The loop routine runs over and over again forever
float ECG = eHealth.getECG();
Serial.print(“ECG value : “); Serial.print(ECG, 2); Serial.print(“ V”); Serial.println(“”);
delay(1); // wait for a millisecond
}
Body Temperature Sensor
#include <eHealth.h>
#include <eHealthDisplay.h>
#include <eHealth.h>
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset: void setup() { Serial.begin(115200);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever: void loop() { float temperature = eHealth.getTemperature();
Serial.print(“Temperature (ºC): “); Serial.print(temperature, 2); Serial.println(“”);
delay(1000); // wait for a second
Implementation
Project Timeline Task Name | Duration | Start | Finish | Phase 3: Realization(Build stage) | | | | Material Sourcing | 11 days | Mon 10/20/14 | Mon 11/3/14 | Material Purchasing | 11 days | Mon 10/20/14 | Mon 11/3/14 | | | | | Prototype Construction and Analysis | | | | Hardware: | | | | Hardware Assembling | 3 days | Tue 11/4/14 | Thu 11/6/14 | Hardware Configuration | 2 days | Wed 11/5/14 | Thu 11/6/14 | Sensor Calibration | 2 days | Wed 11/5/14 | Thu 11/6/14 | Hardware Testing | 1 day | Fri 11/7/14 | Fri 11/7/14 | Hardware Troubleshooting | 2 days | Fri 11/7/14 | Sat 11/8/14 | | | | | Software: | | | | Functional Specification | 3 days | Thu 10/16/14 | Sat 10/18/14 | Development | 3 days | Sat 10/18/14 | Tue 10/21/14 | Testing Software | 2 days | Tue 10/21/14 | Wed 10/22/14 | Integration(Calibration, Testings and Trouble Shooting) | 2 days | Wed 10/22/14 | Thu 10/23/14 | | | | | Phase 4: Final Presentation | | | | User Acceptance Test (UAT) | 2 days | Fri 10/24/14 | Sun 10/26/14 | Documentation (3-5) | 3 days | Mon 10/27/14 | Wed 10/29/14 | Proof reading | 1 day | Thu 10/30/14 | Thu 10/30/14 | Document Printing (Ringbinding) | 2 days | Fri 10/31/14 | Mon 11/3/14 | Presentation Material | 2 days | Tue 11/4/14 | Wed 11/5/14 | Pre-Defense | 1 day | Mon 11/10/14 | Mon 11/10/14 | Defense | 1 day | Sat 11/29/14 | Sat 11/29/14 | | | | | Phase 5: Closing Phase | | | | Revise Document (Hard Bound) | 2 days | Tue 12/2/14 | Wed 12/3/14 | Installation Kit | 2 days | Fri 10/3/14 | Sat 10/4/14 | Operations Kit | 2 days | Mon 10/6/14 | Tue 10/7/14 | Support Kit | 2 days | Thu 10/9/14 | Fri 10/10/14 |
Table 1 Project Timeline
Assembly Procedure
Assembling the Modules 1. Mount e-health sensor platform to the Arduino Uno.
2. Now mount the Communication Shield. 3. Mount the Roving Xbee Wifi module.
Connecting the sensors.
ECG Sensor
Connect the three leads (positive, negative and neutral) in the e-Health board.
Connect the ECG lead to the electrodes.
Remove the protective plastic.
Place the electrodes as shown below.
AirFlow Sensor
The e-Health AirFlow sensor have two connections (positive and negative).
Connect the red wire with the positive terminal (marked as“+” in the board) and the black wire with the negative terminal (marked as “-” in the board).
After connecting the cables, tighten the screws.
Place the sensor as shown in the picture below.
Body Temperature Sensor
For taking measures of temperature, connect the sensor in the jack connector using the adapter
Make contact between the metallic part and your skin
Use a piece of adhesive tape to hold the sensor attached to the skin.
Android Application tutorial.
The use of the app is very simple, first you have to create an AP from your Android device and then set Waspmote to connect to it.
To create the AP from the Android device:
Go to Settings->Tethering & Portable Hotspot or Settings->Wifi-> My Wifi Zone (depending of the version of mobile).
Then configure the WLAN hotspot (name= ANDROID, Security= None).
Finally, enable Portable WLAN hotspot (or My Wifi Zone), and Arduino will connect to the Android device. Once connected, you can launch the e-Health App.
Unit Testing Procedure
Hardware Testing 1. Power on the Device and connect the corresponding sensor that you will use. 2. Once connected you can now connect the sensors to the body of the user. 3. Connect your phone to the wifi module. 4. After connecting you can now launch the android application. 5. Now you can view the data gathered by the sensors.
Software Testing 1. Connect the android phone to the wifi module. 2. Turn on the hotspot on the android phone. 3. Set the default name to “ANDROID” security to “none”. 4. The android device will automatically connect to the portable health monitoring device.
System Testing Procedure
1. Mount all the corresponding shield to the Arduino (E-health shield, Communication Shield and Wi-Fi Module.) 2. Connect the specific sensor that you will be using. 3. Program the Arduino with the provided codes. 4. Now you must turn on your hotspot on the android smartphone. 5. Set the name of your hotspot to “Android” select security type as “none” 6. The device will now automatically connect to the android smartphone. 7. Once connected launch the E-health application. 8. Now you may view the data gathered in real time monitoring.
Operation Guide
1. Mount all the corresponding shield to the Arduino (E-health shield, Communication Shield and Wi-Fi Module.) 2. Connect the specific sensor that you will be using. 3. Program the Arduino with the provided codes. 4. Now you must turn on your hotspot on the android smartphone. 5. Set the name of your hotspot to “Android” select security type as “none” 6. The device will now automatically connect to the android smartphone. 7. Once connected launch the E-health application. 8. Now you may view the data gathered in real time monitoring.
CHAPTER IV – DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
In this chapter necessary information that supports and validates the objectives of the proponent’s design project are presented.
A. To have the system to be assessed in terms of:
Table 2 Accuracy Table No. of Trials | Serial ConsoleReading | Android AppReading | 1. | 37.2 | 37.1 | 2. | 32.4 | 32.6 | 3. | 38.8 | 38.7 | 4. | 39.8 | 39.9 | 5. | 34.6 | 34.5 |
Table. 3 Reliability Table No. of Trials | Expected Outputs | Actual Outputs | Remarks | | Power Supply | E-health Shield | Arduino | Communication Shield Xbee | Wifi Module | | | 1. | ON | ON | ON | ON | ON | ON | Reliable | 2. | OFF | OFF | OFF | OFF | OFF | OFF | Reliable | 3. | ON | OFF | ON | OFF | OFF | ON | Reliable | 4. | OFF | OFF | OFF | OFF | OFF | OFF | Reliable |
Age | Frequency | Percentage Frequency | 20 and below | 3 | 0.07 = 7% | 21 - 25 | 5 | 0.12 = 12% | 26 – 35 | 4 | 0.1 = 10% | 36 – 55 | 17 | 0.425 = 43% | 55 and above | 11 | 0.275 = 28% | | N = 40 | |
Table 4. The grouped frequency distribution table of 40 people living in Elvinda village
Findings:
There are 5 basic findings: 1. 7% of 40 respondents are in the age of 20 and below. 2. 12% of 40 respondents are in the age of 21 – 25 yrs. old. 3. 10% of 40 respondents are in the age of 26 – 35 yrs. old. 4. 43% of 40 respondents are in the age of 36 – 55 yrs. old. 5. 28% of 40 respondents are in the age of 55 and above.
Conclusion: Most of our respondents are in the age of 36-55 yrs. old.
PROFILE RESPONDENTS GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
Findings: 1. 80% of the respondents are knowledgeable in conventional health monitoring device. 2. 18% of the respondents are new in conventional health monitoring device. 3. 3% of the respondents are advance in conventional health monitoring device.
Conclusion: We therefore conclude that most of the respondents have basic knowledge in conventional health monitoring device.
Findings: 1. 83% of the respondents monitors their health regularly. 2. 17% of the respondents does not monitor their health regularly.
Conclusion: Most the respondents monitors their health regularly. While the 17% does not monitors there health.
Findings: 1. 68% of the respondents owns a health monitoring device. 2. 32% of the respondents doesn’t have a health monitoring device.
Conclusion: We therefore conclude that most of the respondents have their own health monitoring device. While the 32% of the respondents doesn’t own a health monitoring device.
Findings: 1. 70% of the respondents uses a health monitoring device. 2. 30% of the respondents doesn’t use a health monitoring device.
Conclusion: We therefore conclude that 70% respondents uses a health monitoring device. While the 30% doesn’t use a health monitoring device.
Findings: 1. 95% of the respondents wants an all in one health monitoring device. 2. 5% of the respondents doesn’t want an all in one health monitoring device.
Conclusion: We therefore conclude that 95% of the respondents wants an all in one health monitoring device. While the 5% of doesn’t want it.
A. Microcontroller Based Portable Health Monitoring Device | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | x | Interpretation of x | (1) Does the system monitor health status | 28 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4.65 | Strongly Agree | (2) Easy to use and install | 14 | 16 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 4.10 | Agree | (3) No data loss | 24 | 13 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4.53 | Strongly Agree | (4) Does it gives reliable and accurate results | 18 | 21 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4.43 | Strongly Agree | | 84 | 60 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 4.43 | Strongly Agree |
B. Portable Health Monitoring Devices connection to the Android device | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | x | Interpretation of x | (1) Friendly user interface | 17 | 11 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 4.13 | Agree | (2) You can connect your android smartphone via Wifi through the device | 15 | 16 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 3.92 | Agree | (3) Easy connection to the device | 20 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4.38 | Strongly Agree | | 69 | 42 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 4.31 | Strongly Agree |
C. Monitoring your health via Android device | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | x | Interpretation of x | (1) Capable of providing accurate health results | 23 | 11 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4.43 | Strongly Agree | (2) Capable of determining if the patients’ needs medical attention | 13 | 17 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 4.08 | Agree | (3) Capable of analyzing current health status | 18 | 16 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4.30 | Strongly Agree | | 54 | 44 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 4.27 | Strongly Agree | D. System Performance
Reliability | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | x | Interpretation of x | Offers reliable result | 15 | 12 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 4.05 | Agree | Operates efficiently and effectively | 14 | 9 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 3.93 | Agree | The system performs its action with no error | 17 | 11 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 4.13 | Agree | Proves an interface that is easy to understand | 12 | 17 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 4.03 | Agree | | 58 | 49 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 4.03 | Agree |
Efficiency | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | x | Interpretation of x | Efficient in data gathering | 8 | 18 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 3.85 | Agree | Execute tasks effectively | 17 | 5 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 3.98 | Agree | Capable of securing data | 14 | 19 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 4.18 | Agree | | 39 | 42 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 4.00 | Agree |
Accuracy | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | x | Interpretation of x | Provides accurate results | 11 | 12 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 3.85 | Agree | Provides accurate processing of data | 15 | 18 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 3.96 | Agree |
Cost Analysis
MATERIALS | COST | Arduino UNO Atmega328 (Microcontroller) | PHP 4173.00 | E-Health Sensor Platform | PHP 2225.00 | Communication Shield | PHP 1391.00 | Wi-Fi Module | PHP 2794.00 | ECG Sensor | PHP 2504.00 | Airflow Sensor | PHP 1947.00 | Body Temperature Sensor | PHP 1836.00 | Power Bank (7800mah) | PHP 990.00 | Casing | PHP 875.00 | Shipping Tax | PHP 2504.00 | Handling fee | PHP 973.00 | Bureau of Custom Tax | PHP 3232.00 | Other Expenses | PHP 380.00 | TOTAL | PHP 25,824.00 |
Table 4 Cost Analysis CHAPTER V – SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The developed prototype platform utilizes low cost/ economic components and constitutes a novel paradigm of how multiple wireless-enabled biosensors can be utilized for electronic health monitoring applications. The developed interfaces on both the smart-phone and the remote workstation allow the user to have a complete picture of the patient’s health and to have instant access to real-time and past physiological data. 