...1. ABORIGINAL 2.1 RELIGION Like the Hellenic religion of Ancient Greece, the early religion of the Filipinos was polytheistic. They worshipped different deities that have different domains and functions, often related to the daily lives of the believers. Bathalang Maykapal was superior to all other deities for he was believed to be the creator of earth and of man. Other deities were: Idiyanale, the god of agriculture; Lalahon, goddess of harvest; Balangaw, a rainbow god; Mandarangan, the god of war; Diyan Masalanta, god of love; Agni, the fire god; and many others. Objects of nature were to be respected. Old trees were considered “divine”. Anitos and diwatas, equivalent to our saints today, were offered prayers and food. Sacrificial rituals were performed by priests or priestesses called baylana or katalona. They believed in the immortality of the soul and in life after death. 2.2 SOCIO-POLITICAL ORGANIZATION The forms of government during this time were aristocracy (in which power is in the hands of a small, privileged, ruling class) and plutocracy (in which society is ruled and dominated by the small minority of the wealthiest citizens). These privileged people were the nobles. They were the chieftains of the barangay, along with their families. They enjoyed rights that were not usually enjoyed by the other members of the society. In the Tagalog region, they usually carried the title of Gat or Lakan. They wielded tremendous influence in the society. Next to the...
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...History (from Greek ἱστορία - historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study of the past, specifically how it relates to humans. It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about these events. The term includes cosmic, geologic, and organic history, but is often generically implied to mean human history. Scholars who write about history are called historians. Events occurring prior to written record are considered prehistory. History is the study of the human past as it is described in the written documents left by human beings. Here are a collection of more history definitions.—Kris Hirst History Definition History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind, including an account of the rise and fall of nations, as well as of other great changes which have affected the political and social condition of the human race.—John J. Anderson. 1876. A Manual of General History. A usually chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those events: a history of the Vikings. b. A formal written account of related natural phenomena: a history of volcanoes. c. A record of a patient's medical background. d. An established record or pattern of behavior: an inmate with a history of substance abuse. 2. The branch of knowledge that records and analyzes...
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...Money Before Time • Cattle 9000 – 6000 BC (cows, sheeps, camels, etc) • Cowries Shells 12000 BC — The cowrie is the most widely and longest used currency in history. Pre-Hispanic Era • 1000 B.C.: First Metal Money and Coins • 118 B.C.: Leather Money • 806 : Paper Currency • The chief means of trading was barter. • Records show that Chinese merchants came to the Philippines to trade porcelain, silk and metalware in exchange for gold, pearls, beeswax and medicinal plants, which the Philippines is naturally rich in. • Piloncitos - unearthed gold ingots, which are the first recognized form of coinage in the country • Barter rings in different sizes, gold ornaments and beads were the other objects used as medium of exchange during the period. Spanish Era • Galleon Trade - started during the colonization of the Philippines in 1565 and lasted for 250 years was responsible for transforming Manila into a trade center for oriental goods • Cobs or macuquinas - odd-shaped silver coins • Other coins that followed: dos mundos or pillar dollars in silver, the counterstamped coins and the portrait series, also in silver. • Barrillas - copper coins produced by the Municipality of Manila in response to the acute shortage of fractional coins in the 18th century • First banknotes: pesos fuertes (1852) • Casa de Moneda de Manila - minted the first gold coins with the words “Filipinas” inscribed, which were called Isabelinas and Alfonsinos (1861) • Pesos fuertes - issued...
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...their causes and treatment were associated with mysticism and superstitions * Cause of disease was caused by another person (an enemy of witch) or evil spirits * Persons suffering from diseases without any identified cause were believed bewitched by “mangkukulam” * Difficult childbirth were attributed to “nonos” * Evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers to expel demons * Belief in special Gods of healing: priest-physician, word doctors, herbolarios/herb doctors Early Hospitals during the Spanish Regime – religious orders exerted efforts to care for the sick by building hospitals in different parts of the Philippines: * Hospital Real de Manila San Juan de Dios Hospital * San Lazaro Hospital Hospital de Aguas Santas * Hospital de Indios Prominent personages involved during the Philippine Revolution 1. Josephine Bracken – wife of Jose Rizal installed a field hospital in an estate in Tejeros that provided nursing care to the wounded night and day. 2. Rose Sevilla de Alvaro – converted their house into quanters for Filipino soldiers during the Phil-American War in 1899. 3. Hilaria de Aguinaldo –wife of Emlio Aginaldo organized the Filipino Red Cross. 4. Melchora Aquino – (Tandang Sora) nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers, gave them shelter and food. 5. Captain Salomen – a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat. 6. Agueda Kahabagan...
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...History of Philippine Cooperative Based on available sources, notably the Cooperative Development Authority, tracing the history of Philippine cooperative movement would not be complete without mentioning the name of Dr. Jose P. Rizal who, in his travels to Europe in the latter part of the 19th century, was impressed with the success of a new economic movement which transformed the economic and social life of the Europeans. After his side trip to Sandakan, Borneo in 1892, Rizal requested Governor General Despujol to allow him to move with some relatives and friends to that place and establish therein a colony under the cooperative production and marketing plan of Robert Owen, who is acknowledged as the father of world cooperation. Instead, he was arrested for treason and banished to Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte. In Dapitan, Rizal had his ideas in cooperation partially fulfilled. He put up a school for the poor community on a purely cooperative basis. He also established a cooperative store with the help of his pupils. One noteworthy group organized by Rizal was the La Sociedad de los Abacaleros (Society of Abaca Producers). This functioned for only one year. Rizal returned the members share capital without any loss. Another name worthy to mention is Teodoro Sandiko, who in his travels in Europe, must have had a close contact with the cooperative movement in Germany where he came across with the Raiffeisen movement. He was very much impressed by this type of cooperative and...
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...(i) Bank; chan robles virtual law library (ii) Registered investment house; (iii) Insurance company; (iv) Pension fund or retirement plan maintained by the Government of the Philippines or any political subdivision thereof or managed by a bank or other persons authorized by the Bangko Sentral to engage in trust functions; (v) Investment company; or (vi) Such other person as the Commission may by rule determine as qualified buyers, on the basis of such factors as financial sophistication, net worth, knowledge, and experience in financial and business matters, or amount of assets under management. 10.2. The Commission may exempt other transactions, if it finds that the requirements of registration under this Code is not necessary in the public interest or for the protection of the investors such as by reason of the small amount involved or the limited character of the public offering. 10.3. Any person applying for an exemption under this Section, shall file with the Commission a notice identifying the exemption relied upon on such form and at such time as the Commission by rule may prescribe and with such notice shall pay to the Commission a fee equivalent to one-tenth (1/10) of one percent (1%) of the maximum aggregate price or issued value of the securities. SEC. 11. Commodity Futures Contracts.- No person shall offer, sell or enter into commodity futures contracts except in accordance with rules, regulations and orders the Commission...
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...sa mga nagpapatunay ng hindi pagkakapantay-pantay ng mga Pilipino. Mukha ngang ito pa ang nangunguna sa listahan ng mga dahilan kung bakit hanggang ngayon ay tila wala pa rin sa bokabularyo ng mga tao ang pagkakapantay-pantay. Sa mga eskwelahan o unibersidad pa lamang ay kitang-kita mo na talaga ang napakalaking agwat nila sa isa’t-isa. Lalo lamang naging mas makabuluhan ang salitang Edukasyon nang ito ay maging Misedukasyon. Masyado tayong naniwalang natulungan tayo ng mga Amerikano sa pamamagitan ng Edukasyon pero ang totoo ay hindi naman pala. “Education is a vital weapon of people striving for economic emancipation, political independence and cultural renaissance.” Ako ay sumasang-ayon sa sinabing ito ni Prof. Renato Constantino. “History repeats itself.”...
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...HISTORY: LABOR UNION IN THE PHILIPPINES The labour union is a struggle for the working people’s emancipation and the struggle for real labour unity. • 1872- workers were under gremois, mutual aid societies which became the precursor of trade union. -Gremois de Impressores protested against a printing press in Pampanga. • 1892- birth of Katipunan. - Bonifacio led the Katipunan in launching Asia’s first nationalist and worker-led revolution. • March 6, 1899- Union de Impresores struck against La Independencia to demand forwage increases. • 1902- birth of Union Obrero Democratica under Isabelo delos Reyes. • August 2,1902- the first general strike was launched to demand workers’ rights and emancipation from the American colonizers. • May 1, 1903- workers under Union Obrero Demokratiko Filipinas led the first International Labor Day celebration. • June 10, 1908- American colonial government created the Bureau of Labor to legalize and regulate trade unionism in the country. • 1913-1930- Congreso Obrero de Filipinas championed the struggle for the demand of an 8 hour workday. =Katipunan ng Anakpawis =Partido Komunista Ng Pilipinas • 1935- Constitution provided that “the state shall provide full protection to labor” • October 29, 1936- C.A. 103 institutionalized compulsory arbitration with the creation of the Court of Industrial Relations. • June 3, 1939- the eight-hour workday was finally institutionalized under Commonwealth Act 444. •...
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...Answer: 1. In writing Philippine history the vital components of historical was the bibliography because it is guide to do so our topic and also it is the basis that the importation that you looking for was true and the bibliography was very necessary to have because this is the way that you can prove the topic it shall also be the components that very importance when you writing historical research because this will be your evidence that they have a vital information that happen. Answer: 1. In writing Philippine history the vital components of bibliography guides on the various collections because this is the way of our topic and also for looking what it information like the library, museum researcher. It shall also the components that so very important for your writing historical research of the Filipina materials in the memorial museum and the most extensive collection of documents and manuscripts in the Philippines. This writing of the Philippines of history these tools are necessary implements for historians to facilitate the already historical research in the writing in the Philippines. Answer: 2. The sum of factors in the presentation of national history among renowned Filipino historians in the rewriting of the history that presents. Philippine history of periods wrote about those come the archipelago in various bases from my research for the identify and direction...
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...Painting by Anita Magsaysay-Ho ANITA CORPUS MAGSAYSAY-HO (Philippine, b. May 25, 1914, d. May 5, 2012) aka Anita Magsaysay, Anita Magsaysay Ho Styles: Philippine Modern, Neo-Realism Subjects: Philippine genre scenes, landscapes, harvest and market scenes, female nudes Anita Magsaysay-Ho is a Philippine painter, considered by many to be one of the most important and gifted Philippine modernists. In 1958, a panel of experts assembled by the Manila Chronicle named her one of the 6 most outstanding painters in Philippine history. Magsaysay-Ho’s best known canvases, which often have both realist and stylized aspects, celebrate the beauty of Philippine women engaged in everyday tasks. Magsaysay-Ho was born in Manila in May, 1914, the daughter of Ambrosio Magsaysay, an engineer, and Armilla Corpus. Anita’s first cousin, Ramon Magsaysay, served as President of the Philippines from December of 1953 until his death in a 1957 plane crash. Beginning her studies at the University of the Philippines School of Fine Arts at the age of 13 -- accompanied by a nanny -- she studied with Fabian de la Rosa, Vicente Rivera y Mir and also Fernando and Pablo Amorsolo. Fernando Amorsolo was her landscape teacher, while Pablo Amorsolo taught her drawing. She also received private tutoring from the noted cartoonist Ireneo Miranda. She recieved additional instruction at the UP’s School of Design where her instructors included Victorio Edades and Enrique Ruiz, and at the "Atelier of Modern Art" founded by...
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...Paper presented by: Marie Angelie Resurreccion Philippines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Specialization: Children and Youth Studies (CYS) Members of the examining committee: Dr. Linda Herrera [Supervisor] Prof. Dr. Ben White [Reader] The Hague, The Netherlands November, 2009 Disclaimer: This document represents part of the author’s study programme while at the Institute of Social Studies. The views stated therein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Institute. Research papers are not made available for circulation outside of the Institute. Inquiries: Postal address: Institute of Social Studies P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Kortenaerkade 12 2518 AX The Hague The Netherlands +31 70 426 0460 +31 70 426 0799 Location: Telephone: Fax: ii Contents Acknowledgments List of Figures List of Acronyms Abstract Key Words Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Filipino Youth and Media in Recent Philippine History The Marcos Regime: Youth in the Streets The 1986 People Power: The Culmination of Protests The Post-1986 Youth: Disengaged or Disillusioned? People Power II: The Rise of GenTxt Postscript 2001: ‘People Power Fatigue?’ Media and Technology: Expanding Youth Spaces 1.2 Research Objectives and Questions 1.3 Case Studies Philippine Educational Theater Organization (PETA) Dakila RockEd Philippines 1.5 Methodology 1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study...
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...right in their backyard. They remain ignorant about the importance of the archaeological research done in their own town. They also can’t take care of their own resources – leading to its ultimate destruction because the locals don’t understand its importance, hence they neglect it. The speaker herself admitted that for the longest time she remained ignorant of the rich archaeological treasure right in her own childhood town. She noted that she and her cousins used to play in the Callao area, not knowing that within the Callao caves lied the remains of possibly the oldest human to walk the Philippine soil. Today, she is an active advocate of not only preserving the archaeological treasures that Penablanca holds, but also finding ways to address the ignorance of the locals and have them acknowledge and appreciate what they have. It’s apparent that the students’ Philippine History curriculum (even in their local schools) are not totally complete since these do not include information about the Callao man, who was found very close to their own town. The speaker suggested that the steps taken to solve these problems must be scientific, systematic, effective in such a way that it is sustainable, and most importantly, relevant. Local people as stakeholders need to be factored into and get involved in these processes. It’s important for them to know what’s going on and be given the chance to participate in it – this is the only way for them to actually appreciate their own...
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...Leadership: A Must for Nation Building By: Christine Joy Itchon Julian Philippine history books let us know that our country had undergone countless revolutions, numerous heroic deeds and several struggle for reform and development. Leaders of different generation stand for justice and sacrifice themselves for “Freedom” and “Independence” from invaders and fought for “peace”. It was the scenario during the Spanish regime in our land. But the values that our ancestors portrayed must neither be forgotten nor be buried in the depth of forgetfulness rather they must always serve as a good example especially for the youth of this era. Like them we must not be afraid to assert our rights and fight for the truth and integrity. On the other hand we must also know our responsibilities in our community as well as our duty as a citizen of humanity. My fellow youth, in behalf of the Youth in Media and Sigaw KA!bataan, I am encouraging you to exercise your right to suffrage, our decision and vote will determine what lies ahead of us. Our choice is a crucial factor that will define what kind of government leaders will lead us after the election. We are given the chance to participate in a struggle of transformation. We must not miss that opportunity or let it pass us by. Let us make a change while there is still a chance because time will come that there will be a lot room for changes but no more chances. Let us take the initiative to be different. It is our call to action. Let us be...
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...Candido, Arwald A. BSBA-III; Mgt219-B May 9, 2014 Insight Paper on Amir Khan’s Film “Lagaan” Who would ever know that if you fight for what you believe in the present will soon be reflected in the future. I never thought that success will come from those who believe in change and those who are willing to take a big risk even if their life will be on stake. “Lagaan” simply conveys a message that if you keep your face to the sunshine, you will never see the shadow like the optimist who has a greater scope of possibilities. According to Helen Keller, “Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence.” Nonetheless, those people who believe in the power of their minds will make the impossible things possible. I have a doubt at first when I saw how the scenes are running. I’ve been overpowered by my pessimistic side like “what if” questions but in the long run it changes my perspective on things. Bhuvan, the main character in the story clearly shows the ideal leader that every nation should have. With the problem imposed to them which is they need to pay their tax twice, he was able to remove the imposition of tax by not paying it for three consecutive years. The root cause of all these can be traced back to the kind of government they have. It is weak and can be manipulated. For example is their Raja, overshadowed by fear, he doesn’t want to fight against the British Empire because he has this “utang na loob” to them. In the...
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...Tandang Kutyo of Tanay, Rizal. History tells us that the cave served as hideout by Filipino revolutionaries during Spanish-American war, and a shelter during the Second World War. According to local folklore, it is where the Japanese and American troops settle their disputes. Thus, the Filipino word “Calinawan” comes from the word “Linaw” which means “to settle” or “to clear”. Long before the coming of Spaniards, Tanay was already settled by early Indonesian and Malay voyagers. Artifacts dug up attest to the existence of these early settlements. Not long after the conquest and subjugation of Manila and the surrounding lake areas by Salcedo in 1571, Franciscan missionaries arrived to Christianize the inhabitants of what is now the Morong-Pililla area. From Morongan, the priest administered Tanay and other chapel villages and ranches. In 1773, construction of the now famous Tanay Church was begun and was finished 10 years later. Tanay became a Municipality in 1894 as an effect of the Spanish Maura Law. The first election of Public Office took place in 1895-1898 and 1898-1900 under the Revolutionary Government of Philippines. Tanay members of the Katipunan fought valiantly during the Revolution against Spain. The town was the headquarters of the second military area of the Philippine Revolutionary Government under General Emilio Aguinaldo. And for a brief period between 1899 and 1900, Tanay served as the capital of the then Morong Province after Philippine-American War broke out and...
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