...LESSON 1: History of Electronics The introduction of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. With the vacuum tubes the manipulation signals became possible, which could not be done with the early telegraph and telephone circuit or with the early transmitters using high voltage sparks to create radio waves. Example: weak radio and audio signals can be amplified, audio signals such as music or voice can be superimposed radio waves. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the swift progress of radio communication technology before World War II and the development of early computers during and shortly after the war. The transistor invented in 1948, has now completely replaced the vacuum tubes in most of its application. Incorporating an arrangement of semiconductor materials and electrical contacts, the transistor provides the same functions at reduced cost, weight and power consumption and with higher reliability. Subsequent advances in semiconductor technology, in part attributable to the intensity of research associated with the space exploration effort led to the development of the integrated circuit. Integrated circuits may contain hundreds of thousands of transistors on small piece of material and allow the construction of complex electronic circuits, such as those in microcomputers, audio, and video equipment and communication satellites. ...
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...Solar energy is produced by the sun. It’s the energy transmitted from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It is taken from the sun and converted into electrical/ thermal energy. Solar is actually the Latin word for sun. There are many reasons why solar energy is better for the environment but there are some down sides. The earth receives about 1,366 watts of direct solar radiation per square meter. In one second the sun produces energy to meet the current needs of the entire Earth for 500,000 years. Solar energy used to photosynthesis. 99.99% of solar radiation goes to waste. Solar energy will never run out and it is very abundant and clean. Solar energy has been used by humans for thousands of years. For example, ancient cultures used energy from the sun to keep warm by starting fires with it. They also kept their homes warm through passive solar energy designs. Buildings were designed so that walls and floors collected solar heat during the day that was released at night to keep them warm. If you have ever stood in the sun to get warm then you too have utilized solar thermal energy. The discovery of photovoltaic happened in 1839 when the French physicist Edmond Becquerel first showed photovoltaic activity. Edmond had found that electrical current in certain materials could be increased when exposed to light. 66 years later, in 1905, we gained an understanding of Edmonds' work when the famous physicist Albert Einstein clearly described the photoelectric...
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...Solar Energy Technology Solar energy is a kind of renewable energy source, which depends on the sun's rays to generate heat and create electricity. As long as there is a sun shining on the earth, and the sun will never run out of energy; therefore, the solar energy always exist. Solar technology is not new. Its history spans from the 7th Century B.C. Greeks used passive solar which are direct solar gain and indirect solar gain to heat buildings (400 BC). Next, Romans improved it by using glass to absorb heat in the buildings and greenhouses (100 AD). And in 1700, Antoine LaVoisier built a solar heater. Later on, in 1839, French physicist Antoine-Cesar Becquerel observed that shining light on an electrode submerged in a conductive solution would create an electric current. Moreover, in 1860, the First Solar Motor, the heated water was used to drive a steam motor, Auguste Mouchout. Then, in 1883, American Charles Fritts described the first solar cells, which were made from selenium wafers. Almost a century, many scientists had been researching, exploring and keeping update more about solar energy. They had found photoelectric effect, the first use of solar energy at night, provided experimental proof of the photoelectric effect, solar cells developed for satellite, and so on. And nowadays, we have created many things by using the solar energy, such as solar-powered buildings to solar powered vehicles. Solar Energy is divided into five main categories. They are Photovoltaic, Solar...
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...quantitatively the force acting on a charge moving through a magnetic field 1.2.6 discuss qualitatively the electric field strength due to a point charge, positive and negative charges and oppositely charged parallel plates 1.2.7 describe quantitatively the electric field due to oppositely charged parallel plates 1.2.8 outline Thomson's experiment to measure the charge/mass ratio of an electron 1.2.9 outline the role of: electrodes in the electron gun the deflection plates or coils the fluorescent screen in the cathode ray tube of conventional TV displays and oscilloscopes 2. THE RECONCEPTUALISATION OF THE MODEL OF LIGHT LED TO AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND BLACK BODY RADIATION 2.2.1 describe Hertz's observation of the effect of a radio wave on a receiver and the photoelectric effect he produced but failed to investigate 2.2.2 outline qualitatively Hertz's experiments in measuring the speed of radio waves and how they relate to light waves 2.2.3 identify Planck's hypothesis that radiation emitted and absorbed by the walls of a black body cavity is quantised 2.2.4 identify Einstein's contribution to quantum theory and its relation to black body radiation...
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...Photosynthesis and Solar cells In order for humans to live, as well as all living organisms, photosynthesis used by plants to create solar energy is essential. The way cells are created and regenerated is fascinating and we are still making new discoveries each and every day. A solar cell converts light energy from the sun directly into electricity. Plant cells contains chloroplasts and absorbs light energy from the Sun. Plant growth and development are driven by continuous generation of new cells. (Inze, D. &DeVeylder, L. The plant cycle Annu.Rev Plant Biology, 54 235-236, 2006). There are several similarities in both cells. ATP in common in both plant cells and solar cells. ATP synthase is a ubiquitous membrane enzyme that plays a key role in biological energy metabolism. This enzyme interconverts two major "energy currencies" of a living cell: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and transmembrane electrochemical proton potential difference. ATP synthase is found in bacteria, plants, and animals. In most organisms the primary function of the enzyme is ATP synthesis from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. The energy needed for this process comes from the proton electrochemical potential difference generated by respiration or photosynthesis. (Boris A. Feniouk, 2002-2010) Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants...
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...essay is to talk about benefits of solar panels, greenhouses, and finally wind mills. Solar Panels “When the solar energy from the sun it gets trapped and stored and can be used in in various ways to generate power. Solar energy can be used as direct or indirect, active or passive. The two main ways that solar panel work is solar...
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...Assignment 1 Jon Barberio Professor James Smith SCI 115 April 22, 2012 There are many similarities and also many differences when comparing photosynthesis and semiconductor based solar cells this paper will outline those these as well as give a description of the two cycles. I will also be defining the law of thermodynamics and explaining how it applies to photosynthesis and also semiconductor based solar cells harnessing solar energy. Photosynthesis is the process of converting solar energy into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. For photosynthesis to occur a few factors must be present such as water, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, and light energy. Photosynthesis consists of two sets of reactions the first being the photo portion or light reaction which is the reaction that captures solar energy the second being the synthesis reaction or Calvin cycle reactions which converts that solar energy into carbohydrates (Mader, 2010). For light reactions to occur first light energy enters the cells and is absorbed by the chlorophyll. That Light energy raises the energy level chlorophyll enabling electrons to be freed form the chlorophyll molecules. This makes the chlorophyll molecules positively charged the electrons from hydrogen atoms are attracted to the positively chlorophyll causing water molecules to break apart into oxygen atoms. The elections freed from the chlorophyll and the protons freed from water take part in the chemical reactions in the cell. The reactions...
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...Electrical Power Assignment 1 Task 3 – Q4 3 Phase Transformer Construction Diagram Description As shown in the diagram above, a three phase has three sets of iron cores instead of the one of a single phase transformer. Each ‘leg’ of the transformer has its own primary and secondary windings. Each primary winding will have the same amount of coils as will each secondary winding. The three primary windings (shown above as P1, P2 and P3) and the secondary windings (shown above as S1, S2 and S3) can be connected in either a star or delta arrangement to give a required output. Also the output could be wired in a zigzag arrangement for special purposes where a phase shift of 30° is required. Core Types There are a few different types of core that are used in transformers, some are described below: Solid Cores Solid cores are just made of solid iron and are used in circuits such as switch mode power supplies which operate above mains frequencies and even up to a few kHz. The materials used in these cores combine high magnetic permeability with high electrical resistivity. Laminated Steel Cores These cores are made from layers of high permeability silicon steel and are usually used at power and audio frequencies. They are used because in a solid core at high frequencies ‘eddy currents’ are formed. The laminations confine eddy currents inside each lamination and so decrease the losses. Air Cores An air core is simply a transformer without any core at...
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... A study on the Benefits of Solar Powered Chargers in People In Partial Fulfillment on Communication Skills 2 Kaymark D.C. Blanco Kate Colleen P. Verzonilla T1C – BSECE Ms. Aala March 2, 2013 Introduction: Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering (BSECE) is a course that is in-demand to the incoming students in college and college students. This course majors in hardware. But they still study subjects of other course related like Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and others. So, that the knowledge that the student needs to learn is in package. It is called Subfields. BSECE has a purpose to give an additional learning so as to enact the skills of a student to excel to the things related to the technology (finduniversity, 2010). This Course uses electrical component such as semiconductor, electron tubes, transistors and others (Wikipedia, 2010). They use those kinds of tools to make an electronic devices, equipments, appliances and etc. BSECE also study about connection or communication. They want to determine how to make something through a connection, what reaction a connection can produce. This is where the science comes in. One of its products is solar energy. Solar Power is a converted radiant light and heat from the sun to electricity (Wikipedia, n.d). Solar energy is been utilized by humans since ancient time. But as technology revolves, the use of the sun heats also evolves. Solar energy was discovered by Edmund Becquerel...
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...P3 – Describe the operation and an application of a solar power source. A solar cell also known as photoelectric cell, is a device that alters light energy into electrical energy. One solar cell creates a really small amount of energy (around about 0.6 volts DC) so they are normally placed alongside each other inside an integrated electrical panel known as a solar panel. We are not completely aware of how sunlight is fully converted into electricity and thus we can only convert a small part of the light energy to electrical energy. The current generation of solar cells convert only a small percentage (12 to 15%) of the light energy from the sun into electrical energy which we can use. A solar cell is based upon the “photo-electric effect” which...
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...[pic] WHAT IS GREEN TECHNOLOGY? The term "technology" refers to the application of knowledge for practical purposes. The field of "green technology" encompasses a continuously evolving group of methods and materials, from techniques for generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products. As the name implies green technology is one that has a "green" purpose. By green we do not mean the color, however, nature is quite green, and the long and short term impact an invention has on the environment is what we are talking about. Green inventions are environmentally friendly inventions that often involve: energy efficiency, recycling, safety and health concerns, renewable resources, and more. Green technology is the application of one or more of environmental science, green chemistry, environmental monitoring and electronic devices to monitor, model and conserve the natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of human involvement. The term is also used to describe sustainable energy generation technologies such as photovoltaic, wind turbines, bioreactors, etc. Sustainable development is the core of environmental technologies. The term environmental technologies also used to describe a class of electronic devices that can promote sustainable management of resources. The present expectation is that this field will bring innovation and changes in daily life of similar magnitude to the "information technology" explosion over the last two decades. In these...
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...Waste and Energy Paper Team A ENV 100 February 13, 2012 Instructor - Onesimus Otieno Waste and Energy Paper Oil is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and undergo intense heat and pressure. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. Oil is then refined and separated into different products – such as gases, jet fuel, heating oil, diesel, and asphalt. Oil is also used to make petrochemicals, compounds used to make products such as fertilizers, plastics, paints, pesticides, medicines, and synthetic fibers (Berg & Hager, 2009). Most environmental problems associated with oil are caused by burning and transporting it. Burning oil produces carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, so it contributes to global warming. It can also lead to acid deposition because the combustion of oil is the leading cause of nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxides inhibit plant growth and they are involved in photochemical smog and acid deposition (Berg & Hager, 2009). They can also lead to acidification of soils, affecting the plant varieties that are able to grow in the soil. This leads to a decrease of diversity in the environment. Plants that cannot handle acidic soils die off. In turn, animal species in the area decrease as only the species that can live off of those particular plants will thrive. Others will move on to new areas looking for plants that they have become accustomed to. Another...
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...Renewable Energy Summary Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena such as sunlight, wind, tides, plant growth (biomess) and geothermal heat. According to the International Energy Agency (2002), “Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.” Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist over the world. Compare to other traditional energy resources like fossil fuel, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. The rapid development of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and the technological diversification of energy resources, would provide a sustainable and stable supply of energy and a significant growth in economy for the world in a foreseeable future. History of Renewable Energy Prior to the development of coal in the mid 19th century, nearly all energy used was renewable. The oldest known use of renewable energy, in the form of traditional biomass to fuel fires, dates from 790,000 years ago (K. Kris, 2013). The second oldest usage of renewable energy is using the wild to drive ships over water. This can be traced back 7,000 years ago, to ships on Nile (The Encyclopedia of...
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...the Angle of a Solar Cell effects the Voltage Produced Introduction: In this experiment, I will be experimenting the effect of adjusting the angle of a solar cell relative to the direction of light and the voltage produced based on the angle change. Factors: Some of the possible factors that could affect my experiment are * ------------------------------------------------- The angle of the solar cell. * ------------------------------------------------- The distance of the solar cell from the light source. * ------------------------------------------------- The intensity of the light source. I will change the angle of the solar cell and use this as my independent variable, going up in 5 increments and measuring the voltage produced at each different angle. Hypothesis: I predict that as if I increase the angle of the solar cell from 0 (at horizontal) to 90 (vertical) the voltage produced would also increase per angle increment. Solar cells are able to generate a flow of electricity due to the photoelectric effect, which states that, when photons hit the surface of a metal they transfer their kinetic energy to an electron, if this energy is enough to overcome the attraction between the nucleus of the atom and the electron, the electron is freed from the atom which allows it to generate a flow or current. The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency due to the E=hf relationship, so the higher frequency of the light the more energy the photons would...
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...scientists of all time and the “greatest physicist ever.” He is regarded as the father of modern physics, who created many theories on gravity,light,energy and matter which were interconnected. Nicolaus Copernicus is known as one of the “founding fathers of cosmology.” He changed the way of thinking not only astronomically but also religiously. Contribution and Theories Albert Einstein and Nicolaus Copernicus made a large contribution to the astronomical history which made a huge impact as...
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