...10/28/14 Linkage between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration The link between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is an inverse relationship. Each cycle depends on one another in order for the "entire cycle" to take place. The completed cycle make certain that life continues to exist on the planet. Both are necessary for living organisms. Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide is converted into organic compounds from sunlight. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria. The process of photosynthesis is also the source of carbon in organic compounds in human bodies, as well as animals. Photosynthesis provides the oxygen for life and for the process of cellular respiration. The simplest way to explain photosynthesis is (Carbon dioxide + light energy → carbohydrates (sugar) + oxygen). Without photosynthesis, humans would cease to exist. Cellular respiration, in contrast, takes glucose (sugar) and other organic compounds oxidizing them to create carbon dioxide. Cellular respiration can be defined as metabolic reactions in organic cells which converts biochemical energy into adenosine triphosphate, better known as ATP. Cellular respiration also releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere allowing plants, algae, and bacteria to process the carbon dioxide back into oxygen. The simplest way to explain Cellular Respiration is (Glucose + 6Oxygen --> 6Carbon Dioxide + 6Water). Photosynthesis and cellular respiration is a life cycle that keeps...
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...Photosynthesis and Aerobic Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and Aerobic Cellular Respiration Emily Satterstrom AIU student | Photosynthesis | Aerobic Cellular Respiration | Full balanced equation | 6CO2+6H2O+light energy→C6H12O6+6O2 | C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O +ATP | Reactants | Carbon Dioxide, Water, and light energy | Glucose and Oxygen | Products | Glucose and Oxygen | Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP | Is this reaction endergonic or exergonic? State which one it is. | Photosynthesis is an endergonic reaction. This means it requires energy | Aerobic Cellular Respiration is an exergonic reaction. This means that it gives off energy. | Energy source used | Sunlight | Glucose | Cell organelles involved in the reaction | Chloroplasts | Mitochondria | Role of ATP in the reaction | ATP is synthesized in the light dependant stage and stores energy which is used in the light-independent stage to synthesize glucose. | ATP is produced in the reaction and released as energy. | Photosynthesis The organisms that can use photosynthesis to produce glucose are called photoautotrophs. Photoautotrophs use sunlight to make their own food through photosynthesis. Because of this, autotrophs are considered the producers of the food chain. Eukaryotic plants, algae, and some prokaryotes are all examples of photoautotrophs. [ (Windows to the Universe) ] Aerobic Cellular Respiration The types of organisms that exclusively use aerobic cellular respiration to break down...
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...Associate Program Material Cell Energy Worksheet Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: • What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Is the oxygen requiring reaction occurring in mitochondria, that break down the end product of glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water while capturing large amounts of energy as ATP. The three stages of cellular respiration are 1, glycolysis, 2. citric acid cycle and 3. electron transport. • What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The first step in getting energy out of food. Glycolysis breaks one glucose molecule down into two molecules of pyruvate. Glycolysis happens in almost all organisms, and it can take place with or without oxygen. The function of glycolysis is to break down glucose. It metabolizes the six-carbon sugars into three-carbon compounds. It also produces small amounts of ATP. The reactants of a glycolysis reaction are a variety of different kinds of proteins. One good example would be ATP. A product of Glycolysis would be pyruvate, which is the main product of glycoysis. This all occurs in the first stage of cellular respiration. • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycles, is the process that oxidizes acetyl coenzyme-A to energy-producing compounds...
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...Unit 4: Respiration ATP Point 1: What is metabolism • This refers to the chemical reactions taking place in a C_____. • There are thousands of these occurring in each cell. • To make them easier to understand they are arranged into M__________ pathways. • Reactions releasing energy are C__________ reactions (e.g. respiration); those using energy are A__________ reactions (e.g. photosynthesis). Point 2: How are respiration and photosynthesis linked? 1. Respiration is the R__________ of photosynthesis. 2. Respiration is an O__________ reaction whereas photosynthesis is a R___________ reaction, as shown here: Photosynthesis/endothermic/reduction 6CO2 + 6H2O + [Energy] C6H12O6 + 6O2 + [Energy] Respiration/exothermic/oxidation Question: What is oxidation and what is reduction? Point 3: What is ATP? • ATP consists of three P___________ groups, a R________ sugar and A____________. Draw a molecule of ATP in the space below: • ATP provides the I______________ source of energy for biological reactions in all organisms, it is said to be U_____________. • When energy is released the body does not want to use it up all at once, otherwise it might lose a lot of it as ________. • Energy is released from the B_______ between the phosphate groups in a single H_____________ reaction. It can be released it in S_______, U___________ amounts. ...
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...1. (a) (i) (ii) chlorophyll; treat refs to a and b as neutral electron carrier / cytochrome / protein / electron acceptor / ferredoxin / plastoquinone; 1 1 (b) hydrogen ions are moved into the thylakoid space by action of electron carriers; higher concentration of / more, hydrogen ions / protons reduces the pH; R hydrogen, H A hydrogen ions produced in lumen hydrogen ions, move / diffuse, down concentration gradient ; across / through, (thylakoid) membrane / from lumen to stroma; through ATP synthetase / synthase / protein channel / stalked particles; generates ATP; AVP; e.g. ref. to by chemiosmosis ref. to an electrochemical gradient / proton motive force max 4 [6] 2. (i) light absorbing/AW; ref to excited electrons/AW; used in light dependent stage; ref. to location; e.g. chloroplasts, thylakoids, photosystems, grana, lamellae AVP; e.g. (long) hydrocarbon chains, different pigments absorb different wavelengths. high absorption of, wavelengths 450 – 480 nm/ blue region of spectrum; high absorption of, wavelengths 660 – 710 nm/ red region of spectrum; low absorption of, wavelengths 500 – 620 nm/ green region of spectrum; for each marking point accept single figure in range. If candidate gives range it must fall within the range on the mark scheme. only penalise lack of units once. max 3 (ii) max 2 [5] 3. (primary) act as reaction centres/where electrons are excited; (accessory) other part of photosystem/antenna unit/surround reaction...
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...Biology 111 Article Review 1 Sea Slug Steals Photosynthesis Genes From Algae. Janet Fang in IFL Science; February 2015 Richard Johnson Friday, February 25, 2015 Instructor: Professor Seth Kraner The first multicellular animal that is now able to produce Chlorophyll and undergo photosynthesis is a slug! The slug’s actual name is Elysia chlorotica this slug is only found deep in the deep salt waters of New England and Canada. The article talks about various ways the slug is able to eat and survive. Scientists think that the slug adapted to its environment in order to survive. Some scientist thought the only reason the slugs are able to produce chlorophyll is because of all the algae the slugs eat. The scientists thought after they ate the algae they steal the made substance from the algae: This is not the case. After studies with a radioactive tracer scientists found astounding the slugs are actually producing the chlorophyll by themselves not by the stealing the algae that is already made. Elysia Chlorotica is using the algae’s plastid which does not completely contain the materials that are needed to undergo photosynthesis. Instead, the photosynthesized material are only found in the algae, only a few of the materials are found in the plastid. This slug can photosynthesize several months only using the plastid material; this includes when the animals is unable to find any algae. This is one most confusing findings that the researchers still cannot understand. Scientists found...
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...Communication, Homeostasis & Energy Communication & Homeostasis Outline the need for communication systems within multicellular organisms, with reference to the need to respond to changes in the internal and external environment and to co-ordinate the activities of different organs. Organisms need to respond to external stimuli, e.g. temperature, oxygen concentration and levels of sunlight. These may be over time, e.g. winter fur to summer fur, or quickly, e.g. changing size of pupils. Internal environments change too- the build up of carbon dioxide as a result of respiration changes the pH of the tissue fluid, and therefore inhibits enzyme activity. Multicellular organisms need to coordinate different organs, so this requires a good communication system which will: • Cover the whole body • Enable cells to communicate with each other • Enable specific communication • Enable rapid communication • Enable both short and long-term responses. State that cells need to communicate with each other by a process called cell signalling. State that neuronal and hormonal systems are examples of cell signalling. Define the terms negative feedback, positive feedback and homeostasis. Negative feedback- A process in which any change in a parameter brings about the reversal of that change so that the parameter is kept fairly constant. Positive feedback- A process in which any change in a parameter brings about an increase in that change Homeostasis- The maintenance of a constant...
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...through the Earth system. An individual carbon atom compacted in a leaf on a bush may move to the body of an animal that eats the leaf. When the animal dies, this carbon atom could link with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. Carbon is released into our atmosphere through respiration and combustion, and later is synthesized through photosynthesis. Respiration occurs when any living being or creature breathes and releases carbon into the air. When you really consider the number of living, breathing things on Earth; it is easy to imagine that we release an immense amount of carbon. Another way carbon is released into our atmosphere is through combustion, or the burning of products or organic matter. Combustion is different from respiration in the way that...
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...BSC 1020 - Biology of Humans EXAM 1 Study Guide Exam Instructions • Exam 1 is scheduled for Saturday, February 13, 2016 from 11:00am-12:15pm • It will be held on the Tampa campus, in CW Bill Young Hall (CWY), which is located on USF Maple Dr., across from the Social Science bldg. (SOC), and north of the gym/rec center (REC). Campus maps can be found at: http://www.usf.edu/administrative-services/parking/maps/index.aspx o Because there are 316 students, we’ll split the class between two adjacent rooms: If you last name begins with A ‒ J, go to CWY 107 ▪ If you last name begins with K ‒ Z, go to CWY 109 ▪ • If you cannot come to the Tampa campus that day, it is your responsibility to arrange for an alternate site. Refer to the syllabus for more details. • Please bring your student ID and a pencil. Scantron sheets will be provided. • The exam covers Chapters 1 to 7, Units A‒D. Roughly the same number of questions will come from each chapter. • It will consist of 50 multiple-choice questions, including approximately 10 True/False. Study Recommendations: • Re-read each chapter ahead of time, study the PowerPoint slides • Do the online practice quizzes and activities. Better yet, do them a couple of times. Some of the exam questions may be the same or very similar. • Take the quizzes found at the end of each chapter in the textbook Study Material: To help you focus your studies as much as possible, I’ve assembled...
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...A2 level Biology notes By bssjonny Contents A2 level Biology notes 1 Contents 2 Section 1.1 – Populations and ecosystems 2 Section 1.2 – Investigating Populations 3 Section 1.3 – Variation in population size 4 Section 1.4 / 1.5 – Competition / Predation 5 Section 1.6 – Human Populations 6 Section 2.1 – Energy and ATP 8 Section 3.1 + 3.2 – Photosynthesis and the light dependent reaction 10 Section 3.3 – The light – independent reaction 11 Section 3.4 – Factors affecting photosynthesis 12 Section 4.1 – Glycolysis 13 Section 4.2 – Link reaction + Kreb cycle 14 Section 4.3 – Electron transport chain 15 Section 4.4 – Anaerobic respiration 16 Section 5.1 – Food chains and food webs 17 Section 5.2 – Energy transfer between trophic levels 18 Section 5.3 – Ecological pyramids 19 Section 5.4 – Agricultural ecosystems 20 Section 5.5 – Chemical and biological control of agricultural pests 21 Section 5.6 – Intensive rearing of domestic livestock 22 Section 6.1 – The carbon cycle 23 Section 6.2 - The greenhouse effect and global warming 24 Section 6.3 – The nitrogen cycle 25 Section 6.4 – Use of natural and artificial fertilisers 26 Section 6.5 – Environmental consequences of using fertilisers 27 Section 7.1 – Populations and Ecosystems 28 Section 7.2 – Conservation of habitats 29 Section 8.1 – Studying inheritance...
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...Photosynthesis and Solar cells In order for humans to live, as well as all living organisms, photosynthesis used by plants to create solar energy is essential. The way cells are created and regenerated is fascinating and we are still making new discoveries each and every day. A solar cell converts light energy from the sun directly into electricity. Plant cells contains chloroplasts and absorbs light energy from the Sun. Plant growth and development are driven by continuous generation of new cells. (Inze, D. &DeVeylder, L. The plant cycle Annu.Rev Plant Biology, 54 235-236, 2006). There are several similarities in both cells. ATP in common in both plant cells and solar cells. ATP synthase is a ubiquitous membrane enzyme that plays a key role in biological energy metabolism. This enzyme interconverts two major "energy currencies" of a living cell: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and transmembrane electrochemical proton potential difference. ATP synthase is found in bacteria, plants, and animals. In most organisms the primary function of the enzyme is ATP synthesis from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. The energy needed for this process comes from the proton electrochemical potential difference generated by respiration or photosynthesis. (Boris A. Feniouk, 2002-2010) Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants...
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...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
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...Cellular Respiration Class, today we are going to be talking about a really cool way your body breaks down food molecules into carbon dioxide and water! First, let’s understand what exactly this means. This process is called Cellular Respiration. This happens when food molecules, such as glucose (sugar in your body) breaks down into carbon dioxide, which is an odorless gas in the air, and water. And I’m sure you all know what water is, correct? (Giggle) That’s what I thought! Now that we all understand what that means, we are going to find out what happens next! Oh boy, who’s excited? Me too! Here we go! Once the molecules are oxidized into carbon dioxide and water, the energy released is trapped in a form ATP (which I’ll be discussing in just a few minutes) so it can be used by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell! We all know what a cell is correct? We all have cells in our body that help us function and stay alive! Well, when this happens, it occurs in two parts! First, the glucose breaks down to pyruvic acid. And everyone remembers what glucose is, right? That’s right, the sugar in our bodies! So let’s figure out of pyruvic acid is! It is a yellowish acid that occurs in metabolic processes, which is necessary for life! So it is very important for this part to happen, correct? There is another part of this we are going to be discussing next. The next step is when it completely oxidizes the pyruvic acid into the carbon dioxide and water! What color is the pyruvic...
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...When Did Photosynthesis Emerge on Earth?” is David J. Des Marais. The author examines the period when photosynthesis emerged and the issues surrounding its emergence in our biosphere. The author looks at the historical and evolutionary evidence to advance the topic of the emergence of photosynthesis. The article is majorly based on the biosphere changes and the changes in the oxygen levels and the metamorphosis of sedimentary rocks to illustrate the sequence of biochemical records and trends. In the early Earth’s history photosynthesis has highly evolved. Also through the rapidity of its emergence has suggested that there was no existence of flukes and it could also on other worlds also (Des Marais, 2000). The question on when did photosynthesis take its place in the place Earth is an issue which has been researched widely in order to unearth the many unknown mysteries. Probably life is thought to have begun early the history of the Earth, perhaps more than 3800 years ago and through the years it has received a lot of sophistication in terms of metabolism. Great developments of biomolecules and key pathways reveal a great deal of evolutional innovations in the field of photosynthesis. A sequence of genes’ information has been used in the analysis of the major photosynthetic bacteria. Also the molecular origins of the major photosynthetic bacteria has been clarified to a great extent (Des Marais, 2000). There is a vast base of evidence defending the oxygen photosynthesis, from...
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...AP® Investigation #5 Cell Processes: Photosynthesis –STUDENT GUIDE Kit # 36W7405 Table of Contents Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Part 1: plant pigments and chromatography (Structured inquiry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Part 2: floating disc assay (Guided Inquiry) . . . . . . . . . 6 Part 3: design an experiment (OPEN inQUIRY) . . . . . . . . . 9 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 **AP® and the Advanced Placement Program are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board. The activity and materials in this kit were developed and prepared by Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, which bears sole responsibility for their contents. Copymaster. Permission granted to make unlimited copies for use in any one school building. For educational use only. Not for commercial use or resale. US: www.wardsci.com Canada: www.wardsci.ca ©2012, Ward’s Natural Science All Rights Reserved 250-7455 v.7/12 AP® Investigation #5: Cell Processes: Photosynthesis –STUDENT GUIDE Kit # 36W7405 Background OBJEcTIVES ‹ Design a plan for collecting data to show that all biological systems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions. ‹ Use models to predict and justify that changes in the subcomponents of a biological polymer affect...
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