...MODERN LATIN AMERICA ESSAY 1 Question: Despite most of the Latin American countries achieving political independence in the early 19th century, not one of them was able to achieve first world status over the next one hundred years. Why was this so? Concentrate on one country in your analysis. Latin America is the vast continent with three distinctive regions of Central America, South America and the Caribbean coast, and is composed of 33 republic countries varying in terms of population size from over 19 million Brazilians to 11 thousand citizens of Grenada. The ethnic make-up of modern Latin America comprises a variety of racial and ethnic groups such as Europe, Africa, Asia and American-Indians, all of whose root is based in 4 different continents. The notable physical geography is the range of Andes Mountains that are long narrow backbone of the continent from Venezuela through Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and on into Chile, and cut off the east coastline and the west inland areas. The other features are the Amazon and rivers, huge tropical rain forest, and lastly, an abundance of natural resources as well as vast hectares of farmland. These geography features are an important factor that hampered economic growth due to difficulties in public transit and transportation between regions, hindrance of social and political unity, and therefore, unable to achieve a formation of large unitary state, like North America, that led to separation into large and small 30 countries...
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...Some of the most interesting cultures and traditions that are routed in South America are exhibited through music and dance due to their constant influence across the region. Music and dances contain a wide variety of styles; from contemporary rock and pop to more popular folk and native genres. The biggest cultural and traditional parts of the countries also include numerous events taking place all throughout the year. The most famous of these events is the Carnaval which takes place on different dates in different countries. In Argentina for example, the Murga takes place which incorporates a type of musical theatre strongly into each celebration. In contrast, Bolivia’s Carnaval de Oruro is considered to be a religious festival and is celebrated with the Diablada dance style. It brings in over fifty dance troupes every year. The biggest one of all is the Carnival of Brazil. Each event has colourful floats and masquerades led by a variety of samba schools and feature many cultural influences showcased in the parade including both...
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...Development of racial thinking The intrusion of Europe into the orient was spearheaded by the intention to create trading routes to China during the 15th century (Hauner, 2013). This search for trading routes led to various historical accounts. During this search, Hauner (2013) indicates that the Age of Discovery and the introduction of early modern warfare were initiated by the Europeans in the Far East. These activities increased the presence of the activities of European nation in the Asian countries hence leading to colonization of several countries. The European existence in the Asian continent was so immense in that East Timor got its independence from Portugal in the year 2002 (Stevens, 2010). The western nations used the concepts of nation state and multinational state to ensure racial superiority. The nation state was a social construct by the colonizing European colonizing nations in brainwashing the citizens of their colonies (Perry, 2010). The concept does not have a definite definition. However Stevens (2010) indicates that it is the act whereby people are grouped together according to their customs, language, traditions, habits and ethnicity. On the other hand, a multinational state is the concept where people were grouped together in order to form a single geographical orientation however such populations differed in language or ethnicity. These two concepts led to the development of ethnicity among the Asian communities. This is because most people within the...
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...country in the world, in terms of both population and area, and the largest country in the Latin America and South America region. With a population of more than 200 million people, Brazil ranks seventh in the list of the largest economies in the world and is home to a variety of natural resources, natural environments and wildlife.. Brazil is one of the fastest growing markets in South America and the automaker wants to capitalize on the growth with its products. The Brazilian market is very similar to India and Bajaj motorcycles will surely see a demand in the commuter segment space. Brazil, which is hosting the World Cup this year, is slated to host the next Olympic Games in 2016. It has an estimated market of 2 million two-wheelers per annum. “Brazil is not only the largest market in Latin America but also technically different from other markets as it uses ethanol. Initially the company may bring in products from India or utilize the Columbian plant for Brazil. While eventually it plans to build a manufacturing facility in Brazil, Munjal did not give any specific timeline for doing so. “Besides we are also looking for a partner in Brazil,” he added. Cultural, Administrative, Geographic and Economic Analysis of Brazil Culture * Power Distance * Represents how employees with less power view power as being equal or not equal * Brazil ranks average with the majority of Latin American countries * Individualism/Collectivism * Ranked 38 indicating that Brazil...
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...not Biological People use the term race to indicate a group of people that share similar physical features that are believed to come from their ancestors. As a result to this, people then think that race is a matter of bloodlines, it is biologically passed down from ones parents. Jenell Paris suggests that race is actually a socially constructed phenomenon, a way to categorize people for social purposes based on one’s physical appearance and differences. (Priest, Robert J.2007) Many do not realize this. Most people do not know that race is a social reality, they believe that it is a biological reality. The way race should be seen is that is just plainly does not exist. The human species evolved from the people in Africa. The migrated to different parts of the world and the geographical environment causes us to have varies physical traits. These differences in appearance are due to mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift (Fisher, Jefferson1995). Because the environments where drastically different in these geographic regions, the human traits changed for...
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...\nonverbal communication is composed of both biologically determined and cultural-specific components iii. Nonverbal messages serve a variety of functions 1. Culture shapes display rules of when, how, what, and with whom certain nonverbal expressions should be revealed or repressed b. Nonverbal codes iv. Physical appearance 2. Relatively stable physical features of human beings such as gender, height, weight, skin color and body 3. Strategic use of artifacts associated with one’s physical appearance like clothing, jewelry, make-up, hairstyles, and accessories 4. Race and culture have an effect of facial recognition a. Cross-race effect v. Proxemics 5. Cultures differ substantially with regard to their use of personal space, territory, and the meanings assigned vi. Chronemics 6. The study of the meanings, usage, and communication of time 7. Perceptions of time vary dramatically from culture to culture b. U.S. – time is a commodity c. Middle East and Latin America - Historical context important before addressing the present d. Asians – a relational issue rather than clock time vii. Kinesics 8. Communication of the body in motion and aspects of peoples facial expressions, body movements, gestures, and conversational regulators e. Facial expression...
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...on the design and method of a study case that will evaluate the media representation of Afro-Peruvians, using their portrayals in television and specifically addressing the development of a famous character that is seen as a referent when talking about representations of blacks of Afro-descendants in the country. In this context, the research will address the visual and discursive aspect of these representations to address issues of to race, ethnicity, racism, racial prejudice and stereotypes, in relation to the development of this character and within the context of the portrayal of ethnically and racially diverse groups in the country. Literature Review The development of literature on media representations of Afro-Descendants in Latin America focuses mostly on audiovisual media and news reports to show the differences on the approach to the image construction of these populations. One of the scholars who has worked on this topic is Robert Stam, who does a specific analysis of Brazilian cinema to examine the ways in which Afro-Brazilian are represented in relation to their white counterparts in Tropical Multiculturalism: a comparative history of race in Brazilian cinema (1998). In this book, the author presents an analysis from a historical perspective of the images of Afro-Brazilians in the filmmaking industry, from which he presents social and cultural context to introduce the issues of representation, misrepresentation, and underrepresentation of Afro-Brazilians in the national...
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...Anthropology as a study has always been more concentrated on study of small & isolated civilizations rather than complex ones in cities. However, cities are where the action is. Therefore, new subfield of anthropology emerged, urban anthropology, emphasizing issues of the cities in undeveloped and industrialized countries. This might be due to the reason that anthropology aspires to study universals and wider perspective of human condition. And also cities represent a ‘gateway; to fieldwork which mainly takes place in towns, peasants villages, rural areas etc. Gateway, not just in a physical sense of airports, train & bus stations, but also in sense of communication, expertise (universities, academics etc.), government etc. Although, to interpret issues of cities, the slums, & shanty towns can be done only in terms of forces which lead people to migrate from the countryside. 1. There are a lot of questions studied by both anthropologists and sociologists related to comparative studies of cities and understanding human ways. These phenomena are those of comparison of urban experience in underdeveloped countries. For instance, issues like kinship ties and stresses of urban life and its effects of crowding on aggression and frustration. Thus Anderson argues, on this topic, that due to cultural ways of dealing with crowding the pathological effects on urban Chinese living in Hong Kong are minimized. More importantly, Gideon Sjoberg, created so-called idealized...
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...Although Latin America has faced many social, political, and economic issues within the last three centuries, inequality remains one of the most important, historical, and omnipresent aspects of the region’s culture. As Europeans took over Latin America during the time of colonization, they implemented many elitist social structures that have held strong and are evident today (Harris). Income inequality is the most visible and greatest disparity that the region faces; yet inequality between gender, ethnicities, and education remain strong and significant problems with a necessity for improvement. Inequality of wealth and disparity of power and influence are Latin American’s greatest curses and are at the root of many of the developmental, social, criminal, and political problems that continue to plague the region (De Ferranti). Since inequality has pervaded into every feature of Latin American society, it is important to measure inequality accurately in order to obstruct the causes of the discrimination and prevent new ones from beginning. The Gini Coefficient is an effective way that people indicate the inequality of a country by measuring a frequency distribution of income or wealth. Using the "Gini Index" of inequality in the distribution of income and consumption, the researchers found that Latin America and the Caribbean, from the 1970s through the 1990s, measured nearly 10 points more unequal than Asia, 17.5 points more unequal than the 30 countries in the Organization...
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...Imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire. Its name originated from the Latin word "imperium", meaning to rule over large territories. Imperialism is "a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means".[2] Imperialism has greatly shaped the contemporary world.[3] The term imperialism has been applied to Western political and economic dominance in the 19th and 20th centuries, however its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars. For example, cartographers of the nineteenth century used cartography to further fuel imperialism. As scholar Bassett notes, "Maps were used in various ways to extend European hegemony over foreign and often unknown territory."[4] It is better to use terms such as cultural or economic imperialism to describe some of these less formal types of domination.[5] Some writers, such as Edward Said, use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organised with an imperial center and a periphery.[6] From a Marxist perspective, imperialism is a natural feature of a developed capitalist nation state as it matures into monopoly capitalism. In Lenin's work Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, he observed that as capitalism matured in the Western world, economies shifted away from manufacturing towards banking, finance, and capital markets, as production was outsourced to the empires' colonies. Lenin concluded that competition between Empire and...
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...| 2012 | | Core 8 [FOreign Policy in latin America](Paper taken to writing clinic: hannah) | | Every country’s foreign policy consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve its goals within international relations. Its goal is to interact with other countries and non-state actors. Foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes. The US has been involved in foreign affairs with Latin America for some time now. How are the US and Latin America with Foreign Affairs? Are Latin Americans’ Intellectual Properties being robbed? Are Latin American countries being restored and growing? There are many other questions to ask regarding the foreign policy issues concerning Latin America. One huge problem with Foreign Affairs/Policies is the Drug Trafficking from Latin America into the United States. Cuba is not necessarily a drug producing country but it is a transit one. In 1998 nearly 7.2 metric tons of cocaine were seized in Colombia on its way to Cuba. Also, there was a 50% increase in drug over flight, which includes people carrying drugs as mules on planes and the dropping of drugs into American water from Cuban planes heading to the States (House Government Reform Committee) Castro had once said that he did not want the United States interfering with Cuban drug relations. Most American government officials believed him to be the main cause of drug transportation...
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...chief legacy of Old English literature, notably Beowulf and the Elegies. A considerable prose literature grew up after King Alfred. Middle English Literature (1100-1500) Literature in England in this period was not just in English and Latin but in French as well and developed in directions set largely in France. Epic and Elegy gave way to romance and Lyric. English writing revived fully in English after 1360 and flowered in the reign of Richard II (1372-99). It gained a literary standard in London English after 1425 and developed modern forms of verse, prose and of Drama. The conquest of England in 1066 by William of Normandy displaced English as medium of literature. The language of new rulers was French. Saxons dealing with the King had to learn French and French was the language of court and the law for three centuries. Four genres of Middle English are: i. 1. Fabliau 2. Lyric 3. Dream Allegory 4. Ballad Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer is the best story teller and the narrative poet. Chaucer tells his stories in a most effective way. He has the knack of transforming an old tale into a new one in such a manner that its appeal increases manifold and its human interest becomes perennial (lasting/permanent). An important feature of Chaucer's descriptive power is that his individual portrait also represents the type. Initially perhaps the sketches were devised to provide representatives of the chief classes of English society under the higher nobility. The portraits...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS PHYSICAL FORCES …………………………………………………........……... p. 3 ECONOMIC & SOCIOECONOMIC FORCES ...………………………...........… p. 4 SOCIOCULTURAL FORCES …………………………………………........…..... p. 5 COMPETITIVE & DISTRIBUTIVE FORCES …………………………...........… p. 6 MARKETING & MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT …………………….........… p. 8 APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………........…….. p.9-11 BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………............ p. 12 PHYSICAL FORCES Location: Next door neighbor to the huge market that will be created under the North American Free Trade Agreement: Mexico, United States, Canada (with 360 million consumers), and member of the Central American market (with 30 million consumers). This geographic proximity substantially lowers time and costs of communications and transportation and makes a "quick response " framework possible. Political Relationship: Congressional, municipal, and first-round presidential elections took place on September 9, 2007. The final round of presidential elections took place on November 4, 2007. Inauguration for the new president and the new Congress took place on January 14, 2008. The next presidential elections are scheduled for September 2011. Common and violent crime, aggravated by a legacy of violence and vigilante justice, presents a serious challenge. Impunity remained a major problem, primarily because democratic institutions, including those responsible for the administration of justice, have developed only a limited capacity...
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...China’s Rise is Inevitable China’s inevitable rise ranks among the most important world developments of the last 100 years. Since America is still trapped in its sixth year of economic hardship, and the Chinese economy is set to surpass the U.S.’s before the end of this decade, China looms very large on the horizon. A U.S. intelligence report stated that China's economy is likely to surpass the U.S. in less than two decades while Asia will overtake North America and Europe combined in global power by 2030. Modern China’s rise to world economic power, like its predecessor from 1100 to 1800, is based on its enormous productive capacity. China’s rush to economic development is beautifully depicted in the documentary, “Last Train Home.” Trade and investment was governed by a policy of strict noninterference in the internal relations of its trading partners. Unlike the U.S., China did not initiate brutal wars for oil; instead it signed lucrative contracts. Also, China does not fight wars in the interest of overseas Chinese, as the U.S. has done in the Middle East for Israel. China’s sustained growth in its manufacturing sector was a result of highly concentrated public investments, high profits, technological innovations, and a protected domestic market. While foreign capital profited, it was always within the framework of the Chinese state’s priorities and regulations. The regime’s dynamic export strategy led to huge trade surpluses, which eventually made China one of the world’s...
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...or social affiliation. Race as a social construct and populationism race often describes populations better defined as ethnic groups, often leading to discrepancies between scientific views on race and popular usage of the term. For instance in many parts of the United States, categories such as Hispanic or Latino are viewed to constitute a race, though others see Hispanic as a linguistic and cultural grouping with European, African, and Amerindian ancestries. Historically in the United States, when the one-drop rule was in existence, the termBlack subsumed people with a broad range of ancestries under one label. * Hispanic -- Hispanic or Latino Americans refer to an ethnolinguistic group in the United States with origins in the countries ofLatin America. is a narrower...
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