...Thermodynamics is a branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables, such as internal energy, entropy, and pressure, that partly describe a body of matter or radiation. It states that the behavior of those variables is subject to general constraints, that are common to all materials, not the peculiar properties of particular materials. These general constraints are expressed in the four laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics describes the bulk behavior of the body, not the microscopic behaviors of the very large numbers of its microscopic constituents, such as molecules. Its laws are explained by statistical mechanics, in terms of the microscopic constituents. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially Physical chemistry, Chemical engineering, thermal power generation and steam and combustion turbines. Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency and power output of early steam engines, particularly through the work of the French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot who believed that the efficiency of heat engines was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars. The Irish-born British physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854: Initially, thermodynamics, as applied to heat engines, was concerned with the thermal properties of their 'working materials'...
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...Complex Quantum World An exciting new fundamental discipline of research combines information science and quantum mechanics By Michael A. Nielsen Updated from the November 2002 issue 25 COPYRIGHT 2003 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Over the past few decades, scientists have learned that simple rules can give rise to very rich behavior. A good example is chess. Imagine you’re an experienced chess player introduced to someone claiming to know the game. You play a few times and realize that although this person knows the rules of chess, he has no idea how to play well. He makes absurd moves, sacrificing his queen for a pawn and losing a rook for no reason at all. He does not truly understand chess: he is ignorant of the high-level principles and heuristics familiar to any knowledgeable player. These principles are collective or emergent properties of chess, features not immediately evident from the rules but arising from interactions among the pieces on the chessboard. Scientists’ current understanding of quantum mechanics is like that of a slowlearning student of chess. We’ve known the rules for more than 70 years, and we have a few clever moves that work in some special situations, but we’re only gradually learning the high-level principles that are needed to play a skillful overall game. The discovery of these principles is the goal of quantum information science, a fundamental field that is opening up in response to a new way of comprehending the world. Many articles...
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...Name: Pasion, Catherine Shaina O. Section: 1BSCE-1 ; CHM 111 (MW 7:00-8:30 am) Research Activity No.3 ------------------------------------------------- MATTER and ENERGY MATTER and ENERGY 1. Matter and Energy 2.1 Physical and Chemical Changes 1.8 Temperature 2.2 Classification of Matter 1.9 What is Thermometer? 2.3 Mixtures & Pure Substances 1.10 Heat and Thermodynamics 2.4 Matter and its Phases 1.11 Energy Mass Relationship 2.5 Properties of Matter 1.12 Personal Reaction 2.6 ENERGY 2.7 Heat Energy 2. Matter and Energy 3.8 Physical and Chemical Changes 1.8 Temperature 3.9 Classification of Matter 1.9 What is Thermometer? 3.10 Mixtures & Pure Substances 1.10 Heat and Thermodynamics 3.11 Matter and its Phases 1.11 Energy Mass Relationship 3.12 Properties of Matter 1.12 Personal Reaction 3.13 ENERGY 3.14 Heat Energy Matter and Energy Matter and Energy 1. Matter & Energy Anything that we can see, touch or sense is made up of matter. The computer screen, the keyboard in front of you, the air that you breathe, the water that you drink are all examples...
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...Gray enriches our understanding of the concept of journeys and expands our knowledge. However, by contrasting ?Late Ferry... Save Paper Inner Journey- Alibrandi, My Place, The Road Not Taken development towards a better understanding of themselves and the world around them. The growth we derive from such journeys can present us with an avenue for self... Save Paper Statement Of Purpose I could engage with persons from diverse backgrounds and cultures to expand my understanding of the world I live in. I have a desire to go beyond the boundaries... Testing extent has studying the concept of physical journeys expanded your understanding of yourself, of individual, and of the world? Peter Skrzyneckis Immigrant... The Power Of Journeys along the way, and the experiences we possess. Journeys have the ultimate power to change our thinking, our ideas and concepts, inevitably changing us individually... Save Paper Inner Journeys extent has studying the concept of inner journeys expanded your understanding of yourself individuals and of the world? Inner journeys are about the process in... Journeys Lead The Traveller To Knowledge other end of the scale, Priscilla: Queen of the Desert also maintains the concept of Journeys lead the traveller to knowledge, but in a more clever and humorous way... Save Paper Journey Speech story of Edwards view on himself from a different perspective as a hero. The concept of journey is present in the film through...
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...principles of economic theory but using more analogies with physics. Molecular structure of society with its different states, principles generating spontaneous order different from “invisible hand”, social analogies of the concepts of temperature and pressure in physics are investigated. Some analogies between phase transitions in physics and transition between different social regimes can reveal the areas of stability of liberal regimes as well as possibility of spontaneous emergence of different social orders. A possibility to expand neoclassical economics to capture Marxism and nationalism in a formal mathematical framework is also discussed. Keywords: economic structures, origin of order, econo-physics, socio-physics. 1. Introduction This article is methodological. It focuses on economic and social questions that are rarely touched by economic theorists despite their obvious importance for our understanding of economic processes in the world. No fully formalized model will be proposed here. Instead, the focus will be on interaction between economic elements and emergence of structures. These ideas have been successfully elaborated in natural science by physicists. That is why it makes sense to look for some analogies between physical and economic concepts, and then to find ways of employing principles of modelling from physcis into economic science. The term “econophysics” is already used in narrow sense, to describe models of...
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...CONTENTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 Abbreviations/Definitions Code of Conduct and Ethics for Students Important Academic Rules Scheme of Studies Important Notes Detailed Syllabus 1 2 3 17 19 20 Lingaya’s University, Faridabad ABBREVIATIONS/DEFINITIONS "AC" means, Academic Council of the University. "BOM" means, the Board of Management of the University. "BOS" means, the Board of Studies of the Department. “CAU/AUC-option” CAU/AUC means change from Credit to Audit option / change from Audit to Credit option "Class/Course Committee" means, the Class/Course Committee of a class/course. "Course" means, a specific subject usually identified by its course-number and course-title, with a specified syllabus / course-description, a set of references, taught by some teacher(s) / course- instructor(s) to a specific class (group of students) during a specific academic-semester / semester. “Course Instructor" means, the teacher or the Course Instructor of a Course. "Curriculum" means the set of Course-Structure and Course-Contents. "DAA" means, the Dean of Academic Affairs. “DAAB” means Departmental Academic Appeals Board. “DEC/PEC” means Dissertation Evaluation Committee / Project Evaluation committee. “Department” means a group in the University devoted to a specific discipline also called a School. Department and School are used interchangeably. "DSA" means, Dean Student Affairs. “ESE” means End-Semester Examination “EYE” means End-Year Examination. "Faculty Advisor/Class Counsellor”...
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.............................. 1 2.2 Employment ............................................................................................................................................ 2 2.3 Administration ....................................................................................................................................... 2 3.1 Changes Introduced in GATE 2013 that will continue to remain in force for GATE 2014 .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 4.1 Eligibility for GATE 2014 ................................................................................................................... 4 4.2 GATE Papers ............................................................................................................................................ 5 4.3 Zone-Wise List of Cities in which GATE 2014 will be Held ................................................... 6 4.4 Zone-Wise List of Cities for 3rd Choice .......................................................................................... 7 4.4 State-wise Examination Cities .......................................................................................................... 7 4.4 How to Apply .............................................................................................................................................
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...the geosciences, with a broad educational background. It wasn’t until later in his life did he come to publish his greatest works. Rossby published three works in the late 1930’s and early 1940’s that involve potential vorticity, which would help establish the ground work for his most famous work on Rossby waves. The 1936 paper shows the conservation of potential vorticity in a hydrostatic, shallow fluid state, while the 1938 paper is an extension to the highly stratified hydrostatic flow, this time using isentropic coordinates. The term potential vorticity is actually never used until the 1940 paper where it is introduced. The 1939 work by Rossby is considered by some the most famous work contributed by Rossby, as he explains the semipermanent centers of action which would become the well-known Rossby waves. INTRODUCTION When people think of meteorology, the first names to appear are John Dalton, Gabriel Fahrenheit, William Ferrel, and Anders Celsius. These men are the founders of modern meteorology and made tremendous contributions to the field. These names appear in many text books and are known throughout the world. However one such name that is only known in the science of Meteorology and not so much outside is that is Carl Gustaf Rossby. Rossby not only developed the foundations of atmospheric dynamics, but long range forecasting would not be...
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...Use of Physics in Everyday Life Use of Physics in Everyday Life Introduction In today’s world, people are surrounded by science and technology, which continue to be more powerful by each passing day. One of these sciences is physics. Physics is science that concerns nature and the properties of matter. It includes mechanics, light, energy, magnetism, structure of atoms sounds and heat among others. The following paper is an essay concerning the use of physics in everyday activities. Skating, using cameras, warming homes using a woodstove, playing with balls that freely fall when suspended and using clothes during cold seasons are some of the examples of areas where physics is used in everyday activities. Skating Skating is one of my daily activities where physics is applied. Skating is a type of movement that is made possible through the laws of motion found in physics. Skating can help explain the term movement, what makes skaters move and what keeps skaters moving while in motion. Also, it helps explain what it takes to stop moving or turn the process of moving in another direction. Skating can also reveal the concept of acceleration and deceleration, as well as the concept of speed. While putting a skate, nothing will happen to such a person unless an external force acts on him or her. The concept of inertia states that a body in motion will always tend to move while a body at rest will always tend to rest unless an external force acts on it (Laws, Sugano, and Swope...
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...study the general properties of systems include systems science, systems theory, systems modeling, systems engineering, cybernetics, dynamical systems, thermodynamics, complex systems, system analysis and design and systems architecture. They investigate the abstract properties of systems' matter and organization, looking for concepts and principles that are independent of domain, substance, type, or temporal scale. Some systems share common characteristics, including: A system has structure, it contains parts (or components) that are directly or indirectly related to each other; A system has behavior; it exhibits processes that fulfill its function or purpose; A system has interconnectivity: the parts and processes are connected by structural and/or behavioral relationships; A system's structure and behavior may be decomposed via subsystems and sub-processes to elementary parts and process steps; A system has behavior that, in relativity to its surroundings, may be categorized as both fast and strong. The term system may also refer to a set of rules that governs structure and/or behavior. Alternatively, and usually in the context of complex social systems, the term institution is used to describe the set of rules that govern structure and/or behavior. System concepts Environment and boundaries Systems theory views the world as a complex system of interconnected parts. We scope a system by defining its boundary; this means choosing which entities are inside the system and...
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...Approximately 14 billion years ago, the universe that stands today was born. There are various explanations for how it was created. Research shows that they are essential scientific questions and it stimulate scientists to debate their research. Many scientists from all over the world and different time periods work to find the reason behind its creation. The different theories on the origin of the universe have a great impact on the way humans view how the universe was created. The most known is the Big Bang theory and smaller theories include the String theory, the Incredible Bulk theory, the Times Arrow theory and the Steady State theory. (Tate) The universe is almost 14 billion years old. There are two common ways scientists use to calculate how old the universe is. The first method involves measuring the speeds and distances of the galaxies. Scientists interpret that the galaxies were closer together before in the past because all of them are slowly moving further from each other every second. Identifying the current speeds and distances of the galaxies, included with the rate at which the universe is accelerating, permits scientists to calculate how long it took...
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...subjects, and every candidate shall take all the compulsory subjects and opt for three of the optional subjects carrying 600 marks in all but not more than 200 marks from a single group. 2. A candidate shall answer the language papers in the language concerned. The question paper in Islamiat is to be answered in Urdu or English. All other papers must be answered in English. Violation of this instruction shall incur cancellation of the concerned paper(s) and consequently award of Zero. 3. The compulsory and optional subjects and maximum marks fixed for each subject shall be as below: Sr. No. 1 2 3 COMPULSORY SUBJECTS Subjects English (Précis & Composition) English Essay General Knowledge (a) Current Affairs 100 (b) Every Day Science 100 (c) Pakistan Affairs 100 Islamiat Viva Voce Total Maximum Marks 100 100 300 100 300 900 600 120 4 5 Qualifying marks in the aggregate of written papers: Qualifying marks in the Viva Voce: The non-Muslim candidates will have the option to take Islamiat as a compulsory subject or otherwise Pakistan Affairs (General Knowledge PaperIII) will be treated of 200 marks and counted in lieu of Islamiat. A candidate who fails to appear in any of the compulsory subject will not be allowed to appear in the remaining papers of the examination. No candidate shall be summoned for Viva voce test unless he has obtained at least 33 percent marks in each optional subject, 40% in the each compulsory subject and 50% marks in the aggregate of the written...
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...pg17-21rad-NEW.qxd 4/12/2005 11:00 AM Page 1 Einstein’s Quanta, Entropy, and the Photoelectric Effect E LEGANT C ONNECTIONS IN P HYSICS “On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light”[1] was the first of the five papers published by Albert Einstein in his 1905 “miraculous year.”[2] In that paper, Einstein introduced the concept of “light quanta,” or “photons” as we call them today. The quantum of action was introduced into physics by Max Planck in 1900.[3] Planck derived the thermal equilibrium energy distribution for electromagnetic radiation (also called the “blackbody problem” because of the experimental apparatus). The quantity of interest was dr/df where r denotes the energy density and f the frequency (Fig. 1). No one had been able to derive dr/df from the first principles of statistical mechanics. One serious problem was in the high frequencies, which contributed infinite energy when one integrated over all frequencies to obtain the total energy! Planck thought about the charged particles whose simple harmonic motion generated harmonic electromagnetic waves of the same frequency. He discovered that if he assumed a particle oscillating with frequency f could carry only the discrete energies 0, hf, 2hf, 3hf..., where h was a constant, he could derive the distribution function: dr/df = (8ph/c3) f 3 (e hf/kT − 1)−1 , where c denotes the speed of light in vacuum, k Boltzmann’s constant, and T the absolute...
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...I am taking a chemistry class and we have been asked to write a chemistry paper for the final assignment. When I started thinking about a topic the wheels started to turn. I than found myself asking the question, what is chemistry exactly? Chemistry is the scientific study of interactions of a chemical substance that are constituted of atoms or the subatomic particles that include protons, electrons, and neutrons. Atoms combine the produce molecules or crystals. Chemistry is often called "the central science" because it connects the other natural sciences such as astronomy, physics, material science, biology, and geology. The genesis of chemistry can be traced to certain practices, known as alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world. Then I wonder that a chemical reaction is. A chemical reaction is a transformation of some substances into one or more other substances. It can be symbolically depicted through a chemical equation. The number of atoms on the left and the right in the equation for a chemical transformation is most often equal. The nature of chemical reactions is that a substance may undergo the energy changes that may accompany it are constrained by certain basic rules, known as chemical laws. So what is a chemical law? Chemical laws are those laws of nature relevant to chemistry. The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the law of conservation of mass, which states that there is no detectable change in the quantity...
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...Education – 2005 recommends a disciplinary approach with appropriate rigour and depth with the care that syllabus is not heavy and at the same time it is comparable to the international level. It emphasizes a coherent focus on important ideas within the discipline that are properly sequenced to optimize learning. It recommends that theoretical component of Higher Secondary Science should emphasize on problem solving methods and the awareness of Syllabus for Secondary and Higher Secondary Levels 22 historical development of key concepts of science be judiciously integrated into content. The present exercise of syllabus development in Chemistry at Higher Secondary Stage is based on this framework. Salient features of the present syllabus are thus: • Some background of Chemistry from secondary stage is assumed; however, no specific knowledge of topics in Chemistry is pre-supposed. • The course is self-contained and broadly covers fundamental concepts of Chemistry. • Attempt has been made to see discipline of Chemistry does not remain only the science of facts but becomes related to...
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