...Abstract Batteries and resistors can be connected in both series and parallel circuits where the current and voltage running through them can be altered. Batteries connected in series give off large amounts of electromotive force while the reverse happens when connected in parallel. Resistors connected in series are added individually while an inverse summation results while connected in parallel. These are the effects that will be closely studied in this report. Introduction All electronic devices and setups require some complex form of wiring for proper functionality. To do so electricians have to understand the effects of electricity and how it can be managed. Batteries or more preferably ‘dry cells’ produce electromotive forces that create electric fields that help drive electrons around circuits. There are two common circuit arrangements; one is called the series circuit while the other is called the parallel circuit. Components in series circuits are connected one after another where the whole current flows through each component, while components in parallel circuits are arranged in a way that the current breaks up so that a fraction of it flows through a component. These type of wirings are found in common housing circuits but the more complex ones are found in electronic devices such as televisions, radios, computers, etc. Students were made aware of these effects by doing a practical that required them to construct circuits that involved batteries and resistors...
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...10/25/2013 Department of Physics | Loyola College | JOURNAL | PHYSICA | JOURNAL | PHYSICA | CONTNETS * About college * About physics department * Students club * Science news * Science facts * Picture of the day * Puzzle * Riddle ABOUT COLLEGE Glorious college: Loyola College Loyola College was founded by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1925, with the primary objective of providing University Education in a Christian atmosphere for deserving Students, especially those belonging to the Catholic Community. Although this college is meant primarily for Catholics, it admits other students irrespective of caste and creed. The College aims at training young men and women of quality to be leaders in all walks of life, whom we hope will play a vital role in bringing about the desired changes for the betterment of the people of our country, more particularly of the dalits and other poorer and marginalized sections of society. The College trains young men and women to serve their fellowmen in justice, truth and love. Loyola College became autonomous in July 1978. The College, however, continues to be affiliated to the University of Madras and is autonomous, in the sense that it is free to frame its own course of studies and adopt innovative methods of teaching and evaluation. The University degrees will be conferred on the students passing the examinations conducted by the college. In Loyola, we look at education differently...
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...are stretching the boundaries of physics using available components to create systems that are able to compete with the efficiencies of wired solutions while offering the conveniences of wire free connections. In the 1890's famous scientist and engineer Nikola Tesla dreamt of wireless transfer of power. He envisioned a world, in which all electricity is transferred wirelessly, but the idea was more or less abandoned and highly efficient copper cables became the basis for modern electricity infrastructure. Then, a few years ago, Marin Soljačić, an assistant professor of physics at MIT, was dragged out of bed by the insistent beeping of a cell phone. In his exhausted state, he wished the phone would just begin charging itself as soon as it was brought into the house. So, Soljačić started searching for ways to transmit power wirelessly. Soljačić found magnetic resonance a promising means of electricity transfer because magnetic fields travel freely through air yet have little effect on the environment or, at the appropriate frequencies, on living beings. Working with MIT physics professors John Joannopoulos and Peter Fisher and three students, he devised a simple setup that wirelessly powered a 60-watt light bulb. The MIT work has attracted the attention of consumer-electronics companies and the auto industry. The U.S. Department of Defense, which is funding the research, hopes it will also give soldiers a way to automatically recharge batteries. Types of WPT 1) Inductive coupling...
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...Hybrid and electrical cars differ from one another. Hybrid cars are mainly gasoline-burning vehicles that utilizes their electric bites to collect and reuse the energy that usually goes as waste in standard cars. Hybrid cars produce energy through the battery which can reach an acceleration in speed. All hybrids have one thing in common which is the ability to generate the electric current, store it in a large battery and use the current to help drive the car. The hybrid cars capture the electrical energy produced by the regenerative breaking system and their engines can power a generator too. Additionally, the maximum speed and distance of the hybrid cars over which electric-only operation can be sustained varies mainly from zero to a handful of miles and is also related to the weight as well as the aerodynamics of the car, the strength of the motor-generator and more than anything else the capacity of the battery. This is to say that the bigger the capacity of the battery the more electric bites can be released thus the higher the speed of the...
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...long before the days of Tesla and SpaceX. Currently worth about $11.4 Billion (Forbes, 2016), the self-made billionaire who is currently the founder of some of the most advanced tech companies in the world, was once just a man with a dream and not a penny in his pocket. In an interview with famous astrophysicist, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Musk explained how fascinated he was as a freshman at Queen’s University in Ontario and how he could help shape the future of humanity through the internet, energy, efficiency and space exploration (Feloni, Richard, 2015). In 1992, Musk Left Queen’s University to study business and physics at the University of Pennsylvania. He graduated with an undergraduate degree in economics and stayed for a second bachelor’s degree in physics. After leaving Penn, Elon Musk headed to Stanford University in California to pursue a Ph.D. in energy physics. However, his move was timed perfectly with the Internet boom, and he dropped out of Stanford after just two days to become a part of it, launching his first company, Zip2 Corporation (Biography.com, 2016). At 28 Musk sold his first startup, Zip2 to a division of Compaq computers which led to the founding of x.com in 1999, SpaceX in 2002 and Tesla motors in 2003. An online city guide, Zip2 provided content for the new Web sites of both the New York Times and the Chicago Tribune, and in 1999, a division of Compaq Computer Corporation bought Zip2 for $307 million in cash and $34 million in stock options (Biography...
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...Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli Chapter 17 CHAPTER 17 1. We find the work done by an external agent from the work-energy principle: W = ®KE + ®PE = 0 + q(Vb – Va) = (– 8.6 × 10–6 C)(+ 75 V – 0)= – 6.5 × 10–4 J (done by the field). 2. We find the work done by an external agent from the work-energy principle: W = ®KE + ®PE = 0 + q(Vb – Va) – 2.40 × 10–17 J (done by the field); = (1.60 × 10–19 C)[(– 50 V) – (+ 100 V)] = W = q(Vb – Va) – 150 eV. = (+ 1 e)[(– 50 V) – (+ 100 V)] = 3. Because the total energy of the electron is conserved, we have ®KE + ®PE = 0, or ®KE = – q(VB – VA) = – (– 1.60 × 10–19 C)(21,000 V) = 3.4 × 10–15 J; 21 keV. ®KE = – (– 1 e)(21,000 V) = 4. Because the total energy of the electron is conserved, we have ®KE + ®PE = 0; ®KE + q(VB – VA) = 0; 3.45 × 10–15 J + (– 1.60 × 10–19 C)(VB – VA); which gives VB – VA = Plate B is at the higher potential. 2.16 × 103 V. 5. For the uniform electric field between two large, parallel plates, we have 4.2 × 104 V/m. E = ®V/d = (220 V)/(5.2 × 10–3 m) = 6. For the uniform electric field between two large, parallel plates, we have E = ®V/d; 640 V/m = ®V/(11.0 × 10–3 m), which gives ®V = 7.04 V. 7. Because the total energy of the helium nucleus is conserved, we have ®KE + ®PE = 0; ®KE + q(VB – VA) = 0; 65.0 keV + (+ 2e)(VB – VA); which gives VB – VA = – 32.5 kV. 8. For the uniform electric field between two large, parallel plates, we have E = ®V/d;...
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...this book. The book cites many professional and peer-reviewed articles and journals. These sources discuss the various forms of renewable energy and discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of many forms of renewable energy. These sources also discuss fossil fuel use, and how the use of these fuels impact our lives. The book will be used to discuss the relevant research on the benefits of renewable energy and how these sources are unlimited, and clean for the environment. Delavaripour, H., & Dehkordi, B. M. (2015). Reliability evaluation of a standalone wind- photovoltaic/battery energy system based on realistic model of battery. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 7(1), 013107. This paper represents the reliability of a standalone renewable energy system such as wind and solar power integrated with a battery energy...
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...With the materials gathered, set-up VOM to its Ohmmeter function and check the continuity of all the wire connectors that will be used. Next step would be to set resistors 1 and 3 to 500 ohms and resistor 2 to 1000 ohms where one terminal of each battery will remain disconnected to the circuit until notice. After which, one has to connect the terminals of the batteries and gather then data of the voltage measurements of V1 and V2 using the voltmeter (fig.3). After the experiment proper, the student must have to start computing for the necessary values and correct polarities of the resistors through Kirchhoff’s Laws of both current and voltage then evaluate the necessary corrections (if any) in the proposed set...
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...scientific method attempts to minimize the influence of bias or prejudice in the experimenter when testing a hypothesis or a theory, which are of the four following. 1. Observation and description of a phenomenon or group of phenomena. 2. Formulation of a hypothesis to explain the phenomena. In physics, the hypothesis often takes the form of a causal mechanism or a mathematical relation. 3. Use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena, or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations. 4. Performance of experimental tests of the predictions by several independent experimenters and properly performed experiments. If the experiments bear out the hypothesis, it may come to be regarded as a theory or law of nature. If the experiments do not bear out the hypothesis, it must be rejected or modified. What is important in the description of the scientific method just given is the predictive power of the hypothesis or theory, as tested by experiment. It is often said in science that theories can never be proved only disproved. There is always the possibility that a new observation or a new experiment will conflict with a long-standing theory. In physics and other science disciplines, the words "hypothesis," "model," "theory" and "law" have different connotations in relation to the stage of acceptance or knowledge about a group of phenomena. An hypothesis is a limited statement regarding cause and effect in specific...
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...John Smith Dr. Madaro University Physics I Spring 2014 Biomedical Engineering and the Future of Modern Medicine I have always been interested in math and science, but my interest developed into a fascination this year in physics class. I enjoyed being able to apply all of the laws and theories that we learned in class to real-world situations. I liked being able to figure out the distance an object traveled just by knowing the acceleration and speed, finding the vertical and horizontal components of a force, and solving for the coefficient of friction of a surface. I loved that every concept seemed to build on the one before it, and how they all helped me understand the world in a way I never had before. Whenever I think about my future, what I want to study, and how I want to make a living, I always think of engineering- a career that would allow me to develop this fascination with the way the world works and to apply my knowledge to a project that could help improve peoples' lives. I want to go into this field to develop technology that could help cure disease or improve the quality of life of those with serious medical conditions. The concepts of Physics play a crucial part in the everyday work of Biomedical Engineers, specifically in the invention of prosthetic limbs, artificial organs, and improved hearing aids. "The first artificial limbs were stiff and did not have joints that bent like real arms, hands, or legs" (Woods 40). The invention of the artificial limbs...
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...LESSON 1: History of Electronics The introduction of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. With the vacuum tubes the manipulation signals became possible, which could not be done with the early telegraph and telephone circuit or with the early transmitters using high voltage sparks to create radio waves. Example: weak radio and audio signals can be amplified, audio signals such as music or voice can be superimposed radio waves. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the swift progress of radio communication technology before World War II and the development of early computers during and shortly after the war. The transistor invented in 1948, has now completely replaced the vacuum tubes in most of its application. Incorporating an arrangement of semiconductor materials and electrical contacts, the transistor provides the same functions at reduced cost, weight and power consumption and with higher reliability. Subsequent advances in semiconductor technology, in part attributable to the intensity of research associated with the space exploration effort led to the development of the integrated circuit. Integrated circuits may contain hundreds of thousands of transistors on small piece of material and allow the construction of complex electronic circuits, such as those in microcomputers, audio, and video equipment and communication satellites. ...
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...Jireh Masigan, Mark Jener Ornopia, Jonathan Paul Group 4 Wednesday/10:30 AM-1:30 PM/OZ 308 Physics Department, Adamson University, Ermita, Manila Abstract The experiment aims to widen our knowledge about other source of electrical energy, demonstrate parallel and series connection with the alternative source, and illustrate the basic principles of positive and negative charges. A battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy, which each cell contains positive and negative terminals. The larger amount of the vinegar, the higher the current and the brighter the bulb. Introduction As people continue to prosper the knowledge of producing electricity which resulted on inventions of electricity-producing products. It has become the most common power source for many people in terms of households or industrial applications. A battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy, in which, each cell contains positive terminal or cathode and negative terminal or anode. There are many ways to construct a battery, as well as ways to control its generated output. It’s impressive to know how vinegar can produce electricity and how it will help the environment. This experiment is conducted to widen our knowledge about generating new source of electrical energy; the researches come up with an idea to show other alternative basis of electricity, which arrived to ascertain the vinegar battery that can generate electricity. This experiment will also demonstrate basic principles of positive...
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...excited. They took a big yellow bus to the museum, when they got inside there was a tour guide to guide them. The first place the guide took them to see is “the room of electricity”. The guide was talking to them about electrons and how they make charges, like static electricity. He also told them about electricity and hot it works in a circuit, he told them that a circuit must have a positive and negative charge in order for the circuit to work. He taught them how to make static electricity by using friction. The guide told them ohms law. The tour guide gave them an activity to do to better understand a circuit; he gave rex 3 wires, one battery, and a light bulb. The guide was leading rex through the whole thing because he did not really understand. The guide told rex that he had been putting the wires on the wrong side of the battery. The guide explained why he needs to fix it; he told him that the circuit would need a positive and negative charge in order for it to work. On rex’s second try, he got it right. The guide told the group what a resistor is. He said a resistor is a small piece of the circuit that reduces current flow. He taught them about the receiver, he said that the receiver would be the light bulb or the object receiving all the energy to work. Rex asked what ohms law was, the guide told him that ohms law is a law stating that current is constant, for example if you turn off the switch all the electrons in the system will stop they will not just disappear...
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...insight overview Alternative energy M. S. Dresselhaus* & I. L. Thomas *Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA †Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, 19901 Germantown Road, Germantown, Maryland 20874-1290, USA Fossil fuels currently supply most of the world’s energy needs, and however unacceptable their long-term consequences, the supplies are likely to remain adequate for the next few generations. Scientists and policy makers must make use of this period of grace to assess alternative sources of energy and determine what is scientifically possible, environmentally acceptable and technologically promising. M odern lifestyles demand a steady, reliable supply of energy: it lies at the heart of our mobility, our prosperity and our daily comfort. But we should not take this energy security for granted. Energy sources can be divided into three broad categories. The first derives from chemical or photophysical energy that relies on oxidizing some reduced substance, usually a hydrocarbon, or absorbing sunlight to generate either heat or electricity. The energy involved is that of a chemical bond or fractions of an electron volt (eV). The second involves nuclear reactions that release energy either by splitting heavy nuclei or by fusing light nuclei. The energy involved in nuclear reactions is in the region of 106 electron volts (MeV) per nuclear reaction. The third is thermomechanical...
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...PHYSICS 205L – S.Y. 2014-2015 * TOPIC 6 * Ohms Law * Kirchhoff's Law * Direct Current Circuit * Current * A current (I) of electricity exists in region when a net electric charge is transported from one point to another in that region. * If a charge is transported through a given cross section of the wire in a time, then the current through the wire is I = q/t. * Where: q is in COULOMBS, t is in SECONDS and I is in AMPERES (1A = 1C/s). * BATTERY * A battery is a source of electrical energy. * If no internal energy losses occurs in the battery then the potential difference between its terminals is called the ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf) of the battery. * The unit for emf is the same as the unit for potential difference, the VOLT. * RESISTANCE * The resistance of wire or other object is a measure of the potential difference that must be impressed across the object to cause a current of one ampere to flow through it. * R = V/I * The unit of resistance is OHMS (Ω), 1Ω = 1V/A. * OHM’s LAW * Ohm’s Law originally contained two parts. * The defining equation for resistance, V = IR, also stated the R is a constant independent of V and I. * The relation V = IR can be applied to any resistor, where V is the potential difference between the two ends of the resistor, I is the current through the resistor, and R is the resistance of the resistor under those conditions. * GEORG SIMON OHM * 1787-1854 ...
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