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Physiology

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Air merupakan satu elemen penting dalam setiap kehidupan dibumi ini. Dalam tumbuhan, air terlibat sebagai medium pengangkutan nutrient dan bahan metabolik, mengekalkan kesegahan sel dalam tumbuhan, transpirasi, dan komponen utama dalam fotosintesis. Air merupakan pengehadan utama dalam produktiviti tumbuhan. Tanaman yang kekurangan air akan menjadi layu, dan apabila tumbuhan tidak menerima air secepatnya akan menyebabkan kematian. Adanya keupayaan osmotik dan keupayaan air tumbuhan mampu mengekalkan kesegahannya dalam jangka masa yang panjang. Objektif ujikaji kali ini ingin mengkaji keupayaan air dalam tumbuhan tidak berbatang iaitu kentang. Pergerakan air ke dalam tumbuhan memerlukan satu tenaga yang dikenalikan sebagai keupayaan air. Keupayaan air merupakan tenaga keupayaan bebas bagi air dan tumbuhan memerlukan kemasukkan tenaga keupayaan bebas yang berterusan untuk mengekal dan membaiki struktur tumbuhan, malah dalam pertumbuhan dan pembiakan tumbuhan. Ujikaji yang dijalankan ini menggunakan potongan ubi kentang dan larutan sukrosa yang berbeza kepekatan. Prinsip dalam kaedah ini bergantung kepada penentuan larutan diketahui keupayaan air dan osmotik. Dengan menggunakan kaedah ini, kita dapat mengkaji keupayaan air dan keupayaan osmotik. Keupayaan air dipengaruhi kepekatan, tekanan, dan graviti. Faktor utama menyumbang kepada keupayaan air ialah kepekatan, tekanan, dan ketinggian. Keupayaan air ialah pengukuran kencenderungan molekul air bergerak dari satu tempat ke tempat lain. (Ridge 1991) Air bergerak menurun kecerunan keupayaan air, iaitu pergerakan air dari kawasan yang tinggi keupayaan air ke kawasan yang rendah keupayaan air. Keseimbangan pergerakan air tercapai apabila kedua-dua kawasan mencapai keupayaan air yang sama. Nilai keupayaan air sentiasa diukur dalam nilai negatif. Hal ini kerana keupayaan air tulen pada tekanan atmosfera ialah kosong (0). Oleh itu, lagi tinggi nilai larutan itu, lagi bertambah negatif nilai keupayaan air. Kehadiran solut membuatkan larutan bernilai negatif kerana solut mampu mengurangkan nilai keupayaan air larutan. Keupayaan solut atau lebih dikenali sebagai keupayaan osmotik yang bermaksud sejumlah solut yang mampu mengurangkan nilai keupayaan air larutan. Lagi tinggi kepekatan larutan,lagi perlahan pergerakan molekul air yang disebabkan oleh ikatan antara solut dan molekul air, oleh itu nilai keupayaan air semakin negatif. Graviti menyebabkan air bergerak ke bawah iaitu bergerak ke arah tarikan graviti. Keupayaan pergerakan air bergantung kepada ketinggian. Pengaruh graviti pada keupayaan air bergantung kepada ketinggian air atas pada rujukan nyata air, ketumpatan air, dan kelajuan air yang disebabkan oleh graviti. Namun begitu, kebiasaannya kesan graviti diabaikan kerana kesan graviti di setiap tempat mempunyai nilai yang sama. Unit keupayaan air adalah megaPascal (mPa) atau kilopascal (kPa). Unit ini digunakan kerana ianya adalah pergerakan tekanan yang bertindak pada molekul air. Keupayaan air adalah penting ketika tumbuhan mengalami tekanan pengurangan air (water-deficit stress) dan nilai keupayaan air juga dapat menentukan ketahanan tumbuhan dan jumlah air yang diperlukan tumbuhan ketika kemarau.

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