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Pinoy Blonde

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I. Introduction
"Over-determined," a term used in film studies, simply means that any film is the cumulative product of certain industrial practices, political climates, ideas about artistic merit and available financial and technical resources.

So when and how does the classical Hollywood studio system become stable? Two issues are greatly considered: the advent of sound and the business ideal of vertical integration.

II. The Coming of Sound: Golden Age of Classical Hollywood
The shift of the entire industry to sound films began during the late 1920s. As many film scholars will argue, film was never entirely "silent." Most movies were accompanied by some kind of music and even, at times, live narration.

As with the invention of celluloid film and projection, the move to sound involved a great deal of technical trial and error, in addition to jostling for patents.

In 1910, the richest studio, The Motion Pictures Patents Company, standardized the technological guts of filmmaking; their exclusive patents essentially locked others out of the market.

Warner Bros. gambled that talkies would be popular with viewers, by offering the first bit of synchronized speech in The Jazz Singer.

Studios now had a proof that "talkies" would make them money. But the financial investment this kind of filmmaking would require, from new camera equipment to new projection facilities, made the studios initially hesitant to invest.

When vaudeville singing star Al Jolson introduced a tune with, "Wait a minute. Wait a minute. You ain't heard nothing yet," audiences shrieked in delight. From that moment on, there didn't seem to be any going back to the days of silent film.
[pic]
American Film Institute
Movie poster from The Jazz Singer (1927), starring Al Jolson.

Footage of Charles Lindbergh's departure for Paris in 1927- when audiences heard Lindbergh's words and

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