...Baptista, F.G., Pamplona, A., Pena, A.C., Mota, M.M., Pied, S. and Vigário, A.M., 2010. Accumulation of Plasmodium berghei-infected red blood cells in the brain is crucial for the development of cerebral malaria in mice. Infection and immunity, 78(9), pp.4033-4039. Beeson, J.G., Brown, G.V., Molyneux, M.E., Mhango, C., Dzinjalamala, F. and Rogerson, S.J., 1999. Plasmodium falciparum isolates from infected pregnant women and children are associated with distinct adhesive and antigenic properties. Journal of infectious diseases, 180(2), pp.464-472. Beeson, J.G., Rogerson, S.J., Cooke, B.M., Reeder, J.C., Chai, W., Lawson, A.M., Molyneux, M.E. and Brown, G.V., 2000. Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to hyaluronic acid in placental malaria. Nature medicine, 6(1), pp.86-90. Bengtsson, A., Joergensen, L., Rask, T.S., Olsen, R.W., Andersen, M.A., Turner, L., Theander, T.G., Hviid, L., Higgins, M.K., Craig, A. and Brown, A., 2013. A novel domain cassette identifies Plasmodium falciparum PfEMP1 proteins binding ICAM-1 and is a target of cross-reactive, adhesion-inhibitory antibodies. The Journal of Immunology, 190(1), pp.240-249. Bousema, T. and Drakeley, C., 2011. Epidemiology and infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria control and elimination. Clinical microbiology reviews, 24(2), pp.377-410. Bull, P.C. and Abdi, A.I., 2016. The role of PfEMP1 as targets of naturally acquired immunity to childhood malaria:...
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...Comparing Sculptures of Ancient India and Greece Erica Horton Strayer University Dr. Caren Stayer HUM111: World Cultures I August 10, 2015 Comparing Sculptures of Ancient India and Greece In this essay I will be comparing the way gods and humans were depicted in sculpture in ancient India and Greece, and identifing the cultural values and ideals that these art works reflect in each culture. There are two theories that have been the main debate on the death of Tutankhamun. The first theory is that King Tut died from a leg infraction that was caused by a bone disease that was due to malaria. The second theory is that Tutankhamun's death was caused by a chariot accident based on a head injury. Many scientists theories have been based off their investigations using microscopes, X-ray machines, and DNA/chemical analysis. According to author Dan Vergano, Zahi Hawass the Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities found traces of malaria genes in Tutankhaum. By taking xrays it revealed that King Tut's broken leg was caused by malaria. These xrays also showed that Tutankhamun had a painful deterioration of his bones. Hawass also performed tests that showed patchy skin on his neck and cheek which at first thought to be a boil or plague. Later it was determined to be the mark of a severe form of malaria known as malaria tropical. According to Husna Haq from the Christian Science Monitor there was a 2 year...
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...Chapter I INTRODUCTION Mosquitoes are the most common virus carrier and unfortunately they can be found everywhere. To protect from posting danger and sickness, some result to using traps others use sprays- which can be harmful to health too. With this, the researchers come up with the idea of Decorative Mosquito trap. This trap aims to eliminate mosquitoes without the health risks from chemical sprays and the electrocutions from other trap. The Decorative Mosquito Trap is made of UV Light that can attract mosquitoes and Fan to trap those mosquitoes and Electric Rod Shock net to kill mosquitoes. This Decorative mosquito trap is easy and it is rechargeable type that you can use even there is no electricity. This Decorative Mosquito trap we proposed does not emit any harmful and poisonous chemicals. Mosquito repellents are not only bad for mosquitoes but they are also very harmful and dangerous to humans. These chemicals after entering into the human system cause a lot of problems. It can cause numerous health problems. Decorative mosquito trap is very easy to use. It runs with a battery and just switches it on and when the battery drains you just plug it and the battery will be recharge. The light of the lamp in the machine attracts the mosquitoes and the running fan will pill the mosquitoes and the electric shock will kill it. The dead mosquitoes get collected into the tray. It is very compact in size and occupies vey less space. It also runs on low electricity. You have...
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...1.1. Background Information Aedes mosquitoes are the vectors that cause the mosquito-borne disease such as Dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). The cases of dengue are keeping increasing from time to time and this has made it become a serious international concern. Initially, in the 1950’s only 5 countries documented dengue but up until now the dengue cases were reported in more than 100 countries (Guha –Sapi & Schimmer, 2005). Dengue can be transferred when the mosquitoes infected with one of the four dengue virus serotypes known as DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4 (WHO, 2014). There is no vaccine or any exact medication to treat dengue. In Malaysia, dengue fever cases are not something bizarre. Selangor is one of the states that had reported with high dengue cases in Malaysia. Types of house can contribute to potential of high risk dengue fever in residential areas which causes by transmission and spreading of Aedes mosquitoes. The stages of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus consist of four separate and distinct stages of its life cycle which are eggs, larvae, pupae and adult stage. Each of these stages can be easily acknowledged by its special appearance. This means that the insects go through a thorough metamorphosis with an egg, larvae, pupae, and adult stage. The adult life span can range from two weeks to a month depending on ecological circumstances. The life cycle of Aedes sp. can be accomplished within one-and-a-half to three weeks. Mosquito-borne...
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...The last section of this book discusses many of the ideology’s that have resulted in failed treatment for malaria. The author discusses how over the centuries research on malaria has searched for a single cure to the problem. She shows how this futile search for a single answer to malaria has led to years of wasted effort and resources. Malaria is a constantly evolving disease and so research and cures need to evolve along with it if we wish to conquer malaria. She also points out that the fight against malaria needs to be ongoing and we can’t stop research simply because there is currently a solution for malaria. When the United States found that DDT killed the mosquitos that carried malaria they almost entirely stopped research on malaria because they thought they had found a “cure.” By treating malaria like we treated smallpox, which was wiped out by vaccines, we ignore the fact that malaria is a quickly evolving disease and needs to be treated as such. The majority of this last section of the book is spent discussing how the world used DDT to control malaria. DDT was considered an amazing solution for malaria. Without regard for the environmental effects that DDT could have, countries happily sprayed anything and everything that they could. However, this book shows that little was known about DDT and the effects were not considered. DDT killed small animals and other insects that were important to ecosystems. Shah used DDT as yet another example of how treating malaria doesn’t...
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...Introduction and pathophysiology of the disease: Malaria is one of the most common dangerous and infectious diseases in all the world specially in south Asia and Africa. In 109 countries, there are about billions of people at risk from infection of malaria. Each year there are about 200 to 250 million cases of malaria disease and so leading to death many of them and most of them are children and their age is under five years. The organism that causes all this dangerous is a microscopic parasite (5 species of it) of genus plasmodium and their names are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium vivax. Plasmodium falciparum is the most predominates in Africa and the most dangerous type that...
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...“Over one million people die from mosquito-borne diseases every year” (OXITEC, 2016). A mosquito is an insect which lives around the world especially in tropical and subtropical countries. The mosquito has both positive and negative effects. As part of positive effects, larvae of mosquitoes are food for fish, and mosquitoes help pollinate some flowers, when they consume nectar. In contrast, mosquitoes make people annoyed and cause many diseases. World Health Organization (2016) explains that the mosquito is the greatest menace which causes many diseases and they are responsible for more than million deaths and cases every year. There are many diseases that cause by mosquitoes but the diseases are commonly found and get people’s attention such as malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and zika virus disease. The first disease which is commonly found is malaria. As World Health Organization explains, “Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes” (2016).The common symptoms of malaria are chill, high fever, headache, and vomiting, and they appear around seven days or more. In some case, malaria can lead to death because people have a severe illness. According to WHO World Malaria Report 2015, “there were 214 million new cases of malaria worldwide in 2015” (2015). There are four steps for prevention of malaria. The first is awareness of the risk of malaria. People should know information...
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...Ascariasis Ascariasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides), which is a species of roundworm. Ascariasis is the most common roundworm infection. About 10 percent of the developing world is infected with intestinal worms, according to the World Health Organization (“Water Related Diseases”). Ascariasis, or Ascaris, was first studied by Edward Tyson in the late 17th century, it comes in two forms; Ascaris lumbricoides, the human form, and Ascaris suum, the pig form. They are very similar in structure and many believe the two evolved from a common origin. Using modern technology Ascaris eggs have been found in fossilized human feces from Peru dating back to 2277 BC. Due to the nature of the worm being so large, there has been a long written record of the disease including ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics which detail the worm leaving the body through the anus. The life cycle of the disease was finally discovered in Japan in 1922 when researcher Shimesu Koino, infected both a volunteer and himself, and then traced the progress of the disease (“History”, 2006). A. lumbricoides lives in the intestine and its eggs are passed in the feces of the infected. A person becomes infected after accidentally swallowing the eggs. If the infected person’s feces are left outside, or if it is used in fertilizer, the eggs in the waste are deposited on the soil, and can then mature into a form that is infective (Global Health). Ascariasis is caused...
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... In an interview with the Environmental Health Officer at the Old Road Health Center one of the challenges faced daily is that of the mosquito infestation in and around the community and districts which spreads from Half Way Tree up to Boydes . History Mosquitoes are any of various small winged insects of the family culicidae in which the female of the most species has a long proboscis for sucking blood (houghton, 2007). The most important genera are Aedes, Anopheles and culex which are responsible for the transmission of yellow fever,malaria ,dengue,chikungunya and other diseases( Miller-Keane, 2003). In this report the main focus would be based on chikungunya the word chikungunya is derived from the Makonde word meaning “that which bends up”. Chikungunya is a mosquito borne virus which spreads to humans through mosquito bites. The aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti are the principle vectors of dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever, chikungunya and many other diseases (WHO, 2014) Chikungunya is an illness which was detected in 1952 in Africa following an outbreak on the Makonde plateau ( a border between Mozambique and Tanzania). Lately there has been an outbreak of chikungunya in Africa ,Asia , Europe ,the Indian and Pacific oceans and in 2013 was reported in the Americas and in the Caribbean (CDC, 2014). Epidemiology Center for disease control and pan American health organization issued joint guidelines in 2011 to aid in the response of regional plans. According...
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...of the deforestation take a toll on our environment. Many studies have been done to analyze the effects of deforestation in and around local villages, as well as mountainous regions. Each study has a purpose for looking into the effects of deforestation. One study looks at the effect of deforestation and the connection within malaria-endemic areas, specifically in the village of Cacao in French Guiana. In this study the authors are looking at the run off issue associated with the endemic of malaria. They used a group of 839 people living permanently within the village between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2007 (Basurko et al, 2013). The information about the number of people for each domiciliary, the total of confirmed cases of Plasmodium vivax and house GPS coordinates were obtained to search for spatial or temporal clusters using Kurlldorf’s statistical method (Basurko et al, 2013). There are some limitations to this study as they only focused on one village and a limited number of people that were permanent residents. They didn’t seem to focus on other villages that had issues with deforestation. The results...
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...is caused by parasites that called Plasmodium. Plasmodium transmit to the people by the bits of special species of infective mosquitoes. Only female Anopheles mosquitoes transport the Malaria parasites and bit the people to infect them. Humans become infected by Malaria when these parasites enter the body and infect the red blood cells and liver cells. There are four different types of Malaria parasites , Plasmodium, that cause the infection in people and animals . Plasmodium Vivax , Plasmodium Ovale, Plasmodium Malariae and Plasmodium Falciparum are these kinds of Plasmodium. They may hide in organs such as liver and return again in the future. Most cases of Malaria that life threatening is always caused by Plasmodium Falciparum. This type is more dangerous than others because it can resist most of the drugs which are used to treat or prevent the Malaria infection. The other types often cases a gentle infection without probability of death. It is important to protect ourselves from the bits of mesquites by avoid the tropical area where they commonly...
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...Intro Malaria has been affecting many countries such as Africa by claiming many lives from adults to young kids. Transmission is high is most of the places such as Africa, South America, and South Asia. (Graph 1) There are five types of malaria that are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi. Alphonse Laveran was the first to discover parasites in the blood of a patient that was suffering from malaria in 1880. On August 20th, 1897, Ronald Ross, a British office in the Indian Medical Service, was the first to demonstrate that malaria parasites could be transmitted from infected patients to mosquitoes. This paper will discuss history, causes, prevention, and treatment of malaria. Pathophysiology Malaria causes disease through a number of pathways, which depends on the species. Malaria is caused by a single-celled parasite of the genus Plasmodium. There are five types which infect human beings Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi. All these species are lead into the human blood stream through the bite of an infected mosquito, the life stage of malaria at this point is called a sporozoite and they pass first to the liver, where they undergo an initial stage of replication called exo-erythrocytic replication, before passing back into the blood and invading red blood cells called erythrocytes, therefore this is the erythrocytic part of the cycle...
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...dramatically reducing the malaria burden in many places but it is still a massive problem. According to the World malaria report 2011, there were about 216 million cases of malaria (with an uncertainty range of 149 million to 274 million) and an estimated 655,000 deaths in 2010 (with an uncertainty range of 537,000 to 907,000). Malaria mortality rates have fallen by more than 25% globally since 2000 and by 33% in the WHO (World Health Organisation) African Region. Most deaths occur among children living in Africa where a child dies every minute from malaria. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. The parasites are spread to people through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes, called "malaria vectors", which bite mainly between dusk and dawn. There are four parasite species that cause malaria in humans: * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium malariae * Plasmodium ovale. Approximately half of the world's population is at risk of malaria. Most malaria cases and deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. However, Asia, Latin America, and to a lesser extent the Middle East and parts of Europe are also affected. In 2010, 99 countries and territories had on-going malaria transmission. Specific population risk groups include: * Young children in stable transmission areas who have not yet developed protective immunity against the most severe forms of the disease. * Non-immune pregnant...
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...blindness, fever, and insomnia (p. 225). After being administered a potion he lost his ability of speech, had breathing difficulties and lapsed into a coma. After two months of the initial infection he regained his health and strength. This is about the time that it takes to recover from malaria. Reinfection can occur at any time; in this case it was in Babylon, probably in the Tigris- Euphrates delta. Engles notes that there are four types of Plasmodium falciparum, Alexander most likely contracted the pernicious variety, which is mild at first and then becomes more severe (p.227). He also notes that the pernicious malaria results in agonizing back pain (when the virus attacks the spinal column), mental depression, irregular breathing, speech loss, unconsciousness, coma, and death. The environment was notorious for this type of malarial infestation. Alexander’s alcoholism possibly enhanced the attack of this kind of malaria since it is a depressant and weakens the immune system. However, abdominal pain is not a normal symptom of Plasmodium falciparum but it can occur...
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...Overview of Malaria as a Microbial Disease Students Name Institutional Affiliation Introduction Quinn et.al. (2011) defines microbial diseases as sickness or ailments that affect animals and humans as a result of the introduction of one or four different types of microbes. For instance, Sorvari and Pirttila (2008) define microbes as tiny invisible disease-causing organisms only seen by the use of a powerful. Notably, there are four different types of pathogens that cause sickness. These are viral diseases that are the most common type of microbe causing diseases to human beings. Examples of viral diseases include AIDS, chicken pox, influenza and measles (World Health Organization, 2004). Bacterial diseases such as anthrax, cholera, chlamydia and peptic ulcer diseases give an account of the second class of microbial diseases. Fungal diseases such as athlete’s foot and Dutch elm disease form the third class whereas protozoan diseases occupy the fourth place in the division and consist of diseases such as malaria, giardiasis, and cryptosporidiosis. According to the World Health Organization (2004) an epidemic refers to a rapid spread of infectious diseases to affect large numbers of people in a given location. For example, the spread of meningococcal infection. Endemic diseases are infections with the ability to remain constant in a given region without the need for external inputs such as malaria and chicken pox. In addition, pandemics are diseases that spread throughout...
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