...Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Facts: On June 7, 1892 Homer Plessy, a biracial man from Louisiana attempted to sit in a first class all-white railroad car. After refusing to remove himself to the black passenger car, Plessy was arrested. Plessy had violated Louisiana’s Separate Cars Act; which required railroad companies to provide separate, but equal accommodations for its Black and White passengers. Procedural History: In the case of Homer Adolph Plessy v. The State of Louisiana, U.S. District Court, Judge John H. Ferguson dismissed his contention that the act was unconstitutional. Ferguson maintained that Louisiana had the right to regulate railroad companies while they operated within state boundaries....
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...Plessy V. Ferguson was a case during 1896 that caused a lot of controversy. This case stated that an octoroon (⅛ black) who wasn’t happy with how states were handling African Americans newly found freedom. To Plessy it seemed as if even though the Declaration of Independence had affirmed that “all men are created equal,” Americans didn’t see it that way. There was still prejudice in America and so black’s were forced to sit separately from whites or drink from different fountains. Little pointless details were made into a big deal. Plessy being ⅛ black, but still looking like an American, was never told to move to use the colored facilities until one day he was asked if he was part African American, and Plessy admitted to it. However, that didn’t stop Plessy from sitting at the front of the railcar, and because of his refusal he was arrested and brought to the United States Supreme Court, claiming the fourteenth amendment. Custom, Precedent, and Federalism the three systems of ruling were embodied into the discussion and the outcome of the case. Each...
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...Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of education case took place in 1954. It is one of the most important cases in the American history of racial prejudice. The U.S. Supreme Court recognized separate schools for blacks and whites unconstitutional. This decision became an important event of struggle against racial segregation in the United States. The Brown case proved that there is no way a separation on the base of race to be in a democratic society. Brown v. Board of education is not a case just about education and children, it is a case of everybody being equal. Brown v. Board of Education was a beginning for American people to understand that separate but equal is not the same. The Brown case revealed this. It was the reason why blacks and whites do not have separate accomodations any more. Separate and equal does not exist any more, Brown v. Board of eduacation made everyone equal. The first case in which African American challenged the doctrine of separate but equal in the United States public education system was in Boston Massachusetts in 1849. Prior to Brown v. Board (1954), from 1881 to 1949 there were eleven cases initiated to try an integrate schools in Kansas. The schools that the African American children attended were not equal to their white counterparts. Most of the time the African American students had to travel farther than white students to get to their schools. The schools for African Americans were run down with-of-date...
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...OF THE UNITED STATES Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (USSC+) 347 U.S. 483 Argued December 9, 1952 Reargued December 8, 1953 Decided May 17, 1954 APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS* Syllabus Segregation of white and Negro children in the public schools of a State solely on the basis of race, pursuant to state laws permitting or requiring such segregation, denies to Negro children the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment -- even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors of white and Negro schools may be equal. (a) The history of the Fourteenth Amendment is inconclusive as to its intended effect on public education. (b) The question presented in these cases must be determined not on the basis of conditions existing when the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted, but in the light of the full development of public education and its present place in American life throughout the Nation. (c) Where a State has undertaken to provide an opportunity for an education in its public schools, such an opportunity is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms. (d) Segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race deprives children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal. (e) The "separate but equal" doctrine adopted in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, has no place in...
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...Homer Plessy, a legally African American citizen from New Orleans, LA, challenged status quo when he sat in a train car specifically designated for white citizens (Plessy v. Ferguson 1896). The laws that forbid him from sitting in the white citizens' train car were known as the Jim Crow laws. First created in 1877 and named after a derogatory blackface character, the Jim Crow laws segregated black and white citizens in all aspects of life. For example, the laws designated specific drinking fountains for blacks and whites and restricted them from attending the same schools. After Homer Plessy was arrested, his trial quickly rose to the Supreme Court in 1896. In the infamous Plessy v. Ferguson case, the justices ruled it constitutional to segregate...
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...Cullen Smith U.S. History Mrs. LaPietra 5 April 2024 The Inequality of Race in America The first slave in the English colonies was a man named John Punch, who was believed to be a runaway indentured servant; as a punishment he was sentenced to lifelong servitude in 1640. This is an example of how the origins of race in America relate back to the terrible transformation of slavery in the English colonies. The inequality of race was used to establish laws to keep non-white Americans separate from the American society. Slavery is one of the main causes of inequality in America. The start of race-based slavery was the “terrible transformation” in the English colonies; this was a law that stated the freedom of a child born in the U.S. is based on...
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...to the book “American Government roots and reform”, explains that Brown v. Board of education (1954) case consisted on the U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the fourteen Amendment ‘s that guarantee equal protection.” This shows that African American kids were discriminated as well their rights were violated. Furthermore, the article “Land mark: Brown v. Board of education “ explains that in reality Brown v. Board of education consisted on five lawsuits against school district in Kansas, Virginia and the district of Columbia involving public schools system that mandates separate schools from blacks and whites. While the cases were different in nature, however they made the same claim: separate is not equal. Arguing the case before the Supreme Court were, for the Petitioners who were predominantly parents of student of color. They claimed that their children were not receiving an equal education. According to the article “Brown v. board of education,” “The district court found that the facilities provided for colored students were largely equal to those provided to white student. Reasoning that it was required to follow U.S. Supreme Court precedent validating “separate but equal”, the district court ruled in favor of the school board”. [Brown v. Board of education, prg.3]. This demonstrate that the previous case Plessy v. Ferguson influence the decision of the district court because it state that while...
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...African American history like our 44th President Obama back to when slavery was ended. It all started in 1865 when the Civil war ended. The African American felt their freedom was a great turning point. Once slavery ended African American made plan to expand their culture. In our textbook, it states “They had a clear vision of what freedom meant. It was not just freedom from white control, but also the opportunity to expand the institutions and autonomous culture that they made while they endured slavery” (Bowles, 2011). As they develop a new society and beliefs, the laws started to change as while. The Plessy v. Ferguson case was the birth of the Jim Crow law. In David Bishop journal, he stated “Bernstein concluded that the “Supreme Court was compelled to distort cases before it could pollute the stream of the law with the ‘separate but equal’ doctrine””(Bishop, 1977). The case was passed but was seen as racism because they wanted to allow the different race to be separate in different spaces. So basically saying African American was free but you could not be around the whites and have the nice things. As the ‘separate but equal’ continue, African American began to become afraid because...
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...Jim Crow, which simply robbed them of the rights granted by the 14th and 15th Amendments. Under the "separate but equal" doctrine of the Supreme Court's 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision, black citizens were denied the right to vote, to attend white schools, to be buried in white cemeteries, etc. Those who objected were liable to be lynched. The era of Jim Crow provoked men such as, Charles Houston to fight back for those who were unable. Charles Hamilton Houston, "the man who killed Jim Crow”, grew up during the Jim Crow Era and devoted his entire life trying to destroy it. Houston came from a privileged background in regards to blacks. He finished top of his class in high school preparing him for a prosperous college career. Unfortunately, before Houston had the chance to attend college, he served in a segregated regiment during World War I. During this time Houston wrote about the hate he constantly faced from his fellow countrymen due to his race and promised himself he would study law to fix the lack of justice, changing the situation for his people. In 1920, he entered Harvard law school where he became the first black editor of the Harvard Law Review. Later, Houston would become dean of Howard University Law School and chief counsel to the NAACP. He also presented a number of supporting cases leading up to Brown v. Board of Education. Houston strategically targeted segregated education as the key to undermining the entire Jim Crow system because he could relate it to...
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...Ferguson unconstitutional, a feat that would immensely impact both white and black Americans and the course of how the country will run. Marshall, an African American himself, had become known for being involved in civil rights cases and was “trumpeted as the one man able to defend black Americans against the Klan, racist judges, and bigoted small-town cops” (McNeese). The opportunity for the Supreme Court take a stand against racism opened on December 9, 1952. The prosecution centered around the 14th Amendment which states, “No state has any authority under the equal protection of clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to use race as a factor in affording the educational opportunities among its citizens” (Constitution). The prosecution had a range of expert witnesses that they called to the stand to develop the disastrous effects that segregation has on young children. Dr. Hugh Speer, the chair of Education at the University of Kansas City, served as an expert witness to the trial after performing studies on the public schools in Topeka. He found that in every case the white schools were physically superior to the black schools (McNeese). Horace B. English, a psychology professor from Ohio State University, was deemed an expert witness and testified that segregation of black...
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...Crow laws. The reason I feel this would be helpful to my research topic is because many of these free rider were killed, and burned and its important for the reader to understand that they were targeted simply because of their cause and or their race. This article talks about the obstacles that were present and the outcomes of this movement. Another article I am interested in using is Brown V. Board of Education By William Manz. The article provides a small bibliography of the history, cases, legal action, and political issues that the Supreme Court considered prior to making a decision. I would also like to use Roberts, Plessy, and Brown: The Long, Hard Struggle Against Segregation by James Oliver Horton, the article further talks about court cases (such as "Plessy v. Ferguson” and “Roberts v. The City of Boston") that helped pave the way for the civil rights movement. Finally I would like to use the article Understanding the Occurrence of Interracial Marriage in the United States Through Differential Assimilation by Richard, Jr Lewis; Joanne Ford-Robertson from the Journal of Black Studies. To help me answer the question of what happens after the movement. In abstract the Lewis, and Ford-Robertson focus on the cultural changes that have taken place, and we are now witnessing after the success of the civil rights movement that took place in the 1960’s. Lewis, and Ford-Robertson talk about the increase in interracial dating, and marriage. They also provide important empirical...
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...Sergio Alvarado 02/20/16 Bailey 3rd Preface : 1. Why was the Supreme Court case, Plessy Vs. Ferguson, important? Plessy v. Ferguson accomplished the ?separated but equal?. 2. What was the impact of Plessy Vs. Ferguson on the lives of African Americans and minority groups such as Hispanic, Japanese, and Chinese? The separated but equal gave more rights to the people making it spread also to other races. Chapter 1 Rosa parks Rosa parks was a lady born from Louise McCauley. She is famous for her bravery on not refusing her seat after a long day at work. As the driver asked her to get up and she denied because she said she didn?t had to give a white passenger her seat for them to be Comfortable. After that she was arrested but recognize...
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...Society thought that the Jim Crow Laws were unconstitutional, unlawful, racist, etc. The process to desegregate the schools began in the early 1950s. In the book, “Race, Law, and the Desegregation of Public Schools”, it mentions “The cases originated in Kansas, Delaware, Virginia, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia, and each involved school systems that either required segregated schools by constitutional or statutory mandate, or provided for permissive segregation at the discretion of local school boards.” (Moran pg 7). All of these small cases that are questioning and testifying that segregation the school system is unlawful and morally wrong led to the court case of Brown v Board of Education; which is easily the most influential and impactful court case that desegregated...
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...In the Writing Process the question was What were the steps you took when you completed this assignment? Adrian response was he completed the campbell’s articles graphic organizer. Looked at the book for Robinsons personal characteristics. Second question was Compare this assignment with other assignment? His response was in English class we take more notes to get ready for the essay. The given amount of time to write a timed write in english class is a whole hour. Usually most English essays are typed on a computer. In the Prompt Analysis the question was Had you analyzed prompts before starting this curriculum. Adrian’s response was I have many times in English and Social Studies classes. The next part of the question was how was the prompt analysis in ACR the same or different? His response was in previous assignment he looked at the question as a whole, but in this assignment he cared about each individual word in the prompt. The question was your experiences with college reading and writing is different than experiences in high school? His response is the main differences is the amount of length spent on one assignment and the amount of depth in the...
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...How have African-Americans worked to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation to attain equality and civil rights? For centuries, African Americans have played and continue to play a significant role in American history. While today, African American no longer face the laws of segregation and discrimination, they continue to fight for equality and civil rights. This continued fight is one of a long past with several triumphs and tragedies all which are an integral part of history. This essay will discuss how African Americans worked to end slavery, segregation, discrimination, freedom, and isolation. It will also discuss what led to the civil right implementation and how it was executed. Equal rights for African Americans have been contentious, and fought for decades. They have fought to impede ethic discrimination, gain equal opportunity and their civil rights since slavery in the 1600s. When slavery started in 1620s, African Americans only made up about 3 to 4 percent of the population in America. Although the number grew slowly at first, by the end of the 17th century, the population of African American slave grew to well over 650,000. (Becker, 2000) In America, slave labor became the key component in agriculture and booming capitalist economy of the 17th & 18th centuries. (County, 1999) In the beginning, Africans were exchanged for food and place as “indentured servants” by the Dutch. This practice was also true for many poor Englishmen who were...
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