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Poetry Analysis

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Submitted By redhead220
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9 August 2010
A Season of Changes In “To Autumn” by John Keats, the narrator uses visual imagery and personification to emphasize autumn’s progression towards winter. By using visual imagery, the narrator captures the season of autumn not only as a time of maturity, abundance, and warmth, but also as a time of death and dying, the cold desolation that becomes winter. The narrator personifies autumn as a woman, allowing the grace and beauty of the season to emanate from the words on the page. Autumn is a season that delights the senses with all of its colorful grandeur, yet autumn is also a season of gray, melancholy days that beg for quiet reflection as winter’s decay invades its existence. Autumn’s passing is gracefully mourned with the knowledge she will return to delight us again the following year. The first stanza uses visual imagery to appeal to the senses of sight and taste. The “seasons of mists and mellow fruitfulness” (1) captures the atmosphere of autumn in England. Autumn is a time for the cool fog that often permeates the morning dew as the sun rises. The richly colored leaves of yellow, orange, and red and the cornucopia of the harvest symbolize the maturation of autumn. An abundance of apples on “mossed cottage-trees” (5), “fruit with ripeness to the core” (6), and “plump...hazel shells” (7) tempt the taste buds with an array of succulence that cannot compare to any other season. Autumn is a time to savor the colors, the crisp morning air, and the sweet fruits of its harvest. The first stanza also uses personification to convey the rapport between autumn and the sun as an intimate relationship between two friends. Autumn is a “Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; / Conspires with him how to load and bless” (2-3) the fruit that tempts the taste buds. This intimate friendship also produces the fall flowers, which give the bees a false sense of hope that “...warm days will never cease, / For Summer has o’er-brimmed their clammy cells” (10-11). Autumn begins to mature as summer’s warm grip loosens and a chill fills the air. As the days grow shorter, September becomes October and October becomes November. Autumn is slowly changing. The cold dark days of winter are lurking just around the corner. In the second stanza, the narrator personifies autumn as a woman, a goddess with golden hair, and uses visual imagery to describe how the goddess languishes once the harvest is complete. Her golden hair is flowing softly in the wind, like the straw from the trodden grains that floats away as the wind blows, “Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind” (15). Autumn is wafting in the wind, passing by every so slowly. The use of visual imagery also exhibits the tranquil confidence the autumn goddess offers, “Thee sitting careless on a granary floor” (14), “...on a half-reaped furrow sound asleep, / Drowsed with the fume of poppies...” (15-16), “Or by a cider-press, with patient look” (21). The senses are alive, yet the body subdued. The harvest is over and the hard work is finished. Now is time to absorb the rewards autumn has to offer, no need to rush as “Thou watchest the last oozings hours by hours” (22). The cold dark days of winter will soon be here, but autumn has one last song to sing before winter’s cold desolation takes over. The third stanza also makes use of visual imagery, this time appealing to the sense of sound. Autumn feels as if the sound of its own music cannot compare to the beautiful harmonies of the tweeting birds in the spring, but autumn is deserving of the softness that sings its quiet, reflecting song. Autumn need not worry “Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?” (23), autumn has its own harmonious sights and sounds. Sight and sounds that are the epitome of this season of changes. Autumn is the billowy clouds that kiss the dying ground as the “rosy hue” of the sky disappears (25-26) and the “wailful choir” of gnats hovering over the river (27-28). Autumn is the bleating sheep on the “hilly bourn” (30) and the singing “Hedge-crickets” and robin “red-breast” (31-32). Finally, autumn is the “...gathering swallows twitter[ing] in the skies” (33) who sing their own sonata as they begin their winter migration. Autumn is an unadulterated symphony of splendor even in its final days. As autumn ends, this quiet reflection is autumn’s perfect swan song. Winter is knocking on the autumn’s door, now is the time for dying. Autumn is the season of changes, a season that matures and fulfills, and then perishes. The narrator uses visual imagery and personification to emphasize autumn’s progression towards winter. Each stanza is like a picture of words that captures the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells that establish autumn’s beauty and wonder. Personifying autumn as a woman and depicting her languishing after the harvest reminds the reader of everything autumn has to offer. Autumn is the beauty of the colors of the leaves on the trees and in the sky. Autumn is the bounty of life found on the vines, in the trees, and in the fields. Autumn is a quiet song playing in the air. Autumn is a time for living and dying. No other season is quite like that.

Work Cited Keats, John. "To Autumn." Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 6th Compact ed. Boston: Longman, 2010. 765-766. Print.

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