...can have a determining factor in the way a country's politics are shaped as well, which in turn shapes culture. Generally, countries that had adopted or fell to extreme political views like fascism or communism were historically impoverished, oppressed by stronger neighboring countries, or ravaged by war. These factors don't always result in the extreme left or right...
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...THE POLISH SURPRISE As the financial crisis of 2008 and 2009 unfolded, countries across Europe were hit hard. A notable exception was Poland, whose economy grew by 1.5 percent during 2009, while every other economy in the European Union contracted. In 2010 and 2011, Poland achieved a growth rate of 3.9 and 3.8 percent, respectively, which were among the best in the EU. How did Poland achieve this? In 1989, Poland elected its first democratic government after more than four decades of Communist rule. Since then, like many other eastern European countries, Poland has embraced market-based economic policies, opened its markets to international trade and foreign investment, and privatized many state-owned businesses. In 2004, the country joined the European Union, giving it easy access to the large consumer markets of western Europe. All this helped transform Poland into a major exporter. Exports account for about 40 percent of gross domestic product (in contrast, they account for around 12 percent in the United States). As a consequence, between 1989 and 2010, Poland recorded the highest sustained growth in the region. Real GDP doubled over this period, compared to a 70 percent increase in neighbouring Slovakia and 45 percent in the Czech Republic. Poland's government has also been fiscally conservative, keeping public debt in check, not allowing it to expand during the recession as many other countries did. This led to investor confidence in the country. Consequently, there was...
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...CHAPTER 3: BRIEF PROFILE OF POLAND Poland officially the Republic of Poland is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) and Lithuania to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometer’s (120,726 sq. mi) making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the sixth most populous member of the European Union, and the most populous post-communist member of the European Union. Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions. POLITICS * Poland is a democracy, with a president as a head of state, whose current constitution dates from 1997. Poland is one of the most stable and peaceful countries peaceful countries. The government structure centers on the Council of Ministers, led by a prime minister. * The Constitution of Poland is the supreme law in contemporary Poland, and the Polish legal system is based on the principle of civil rights, governed by the code of Civil Law. * Historically, the most famous Polish legal act is the Constitution of 3 May 1791. Historian Norman Davies describes it as the first of its kind in Europe. Foreign relations * In recent years, Poland has extended its responsibilities and position in European and international...
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...differ; 3) explain what determines the level of economic development of a nation; 4) discuss with examples the macro-political and economic changes taking place worldwide; and 5) analyze how transition economies are moving towards market based systems. You can use specific continents, countries, or country as your focus. Political And Economical Developments Asia Europe There has been of course many changes since 1989. To understand this we should analyze how the situation before the revolution. Before 1989 there was no political freedom. There were elections, but there was only one candidate, down from the city councils up to the MPs, all of them were nominated by an almighty party. The most powerful man was not president, neither Prime minister, but the leader of the party. He was also responsible to the leader of the party in USSR. There was no freedom of religion; every priest had to be issued a special admission to work as one. The Bishops were nominated, the orders were denied. People were not allowed to travel. They had to be permitted to travel abroad. For most of the people it was impossible to go to West Europe or Australia (not mentioning USA). The media was also controlled. So were the books. Only someone could study university or do some jobs. In Czechoslovakia, after 1968 many professors were kicked from universities and were given jobs in factories or so. Also there was the...
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...The Cold War marked a period of hostility between superpowers: that of the USA (and by extension, the West) and the USSR and the East. This hostility began after the Second World War, despite the supposed camaraderie between the two superpowers during the war as allies against Hitler and Fascism. Whether the schism between the superpowers was caused by their differing ideologies (the capitalist West and the communist East) or a clash between national interests and strong personalities is a matter for debate. Winston Churchill could be said to have helped cause the Cold War because of his ideological differences with Stalin. His 1946 ‘Iron Curtain’ speech certainly caused tension: it unveiled to the world Stalin’s increasing “Soviet sphere” and “increasing measure of control from Moscow”, strongly showing his disapproval of Stalin’s swooping over Eastern Europe and inferring his strongly anti-communist stance. However, this speech was given in 1946, and Churchill was no longer the Prime Minister; that role had passed to Clement Attlee, inferring that he felt he was only able to make such a blunt statement of his views once he was out of power. Conversely, when he was in high office, Churchill was able to work well with Stalin – he called him “Uncle Joe”, inferring they were more than just cordial allies working purely against Stalin. In fact, the Iron Curtain speech could be seen as hypocritical as Churchill made an agreement with Stalin which allowed him to have 75% of influence...
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...Agreements between Britain, America, France, and the Soviet Union following World War II attempted to maintain some semblance of representative government in Europe. Among these, the Declaration of Liberated Europe established that Allies would promote largely democratic government systems in Eastern Europe, and hold free elections as soon as possible (38). While this was mostly successful in Western Europe, Stalin and his successors failed to uphold the spirit of the agreement in Eastern Europe, as their primary concern was legitimizing Communism in the satellite nations. Later in the century, countries such as Spain, Portugal, and Greece witnessed a remarkably bloodless transition to democracy in the 1970s, in part because it developed from compromise, and not a popular revolution (327). This lesson later proved essential when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. The bloodless, and rather sudden, dissolution of the Soviet Union certainly proved revolutionary, but spared Eastern Europeans the horrors of...
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...r﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽ section 8) e peak at 119.1 in January 2014 - Wyrzykowska, E. sYNOsed in only USA from 18% to 21%.n custoxc | | PESTLE ANALYSIS FOR POLAND I- Political factors 1. Government stability and likely changes Poland’s political landscape has evolved into a stable democracy since the fall of communism in the country. Its strong foreign policy assures it political and economic security. Ever since the setting up of a democratic framework, various governments of Poland have undertaken initiatives to privatize companies in several industries. The government is in the process of privatizing numerous financial institutions, as well as companies in the power, chemical, and petroleum sectors. The privatization of companies is one among many measures the government is taking to reduce its budget deficit. However, Poland’s political and bureaucratic systems face widespread corruption, which has been a barrier to foreign investment. 2. Tax policy The Polish tax system is comprehensive and tightly regulated. Any taxpayers conducting a business activity in Poland may be subject to the following taxes: All taxes are imposed entirely based on Acts passed by the Polish Parliament, which means that taxes cannot be imposed based on decrees issued by the Ministry of Finance or any other authority. This ensures the certainty of law and protects taxpayers from unpredictable changes in legislation. Additionally, in case of uncertainties regarding the interpretation...
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...How far do you agree that the origins of the Cold War in 1945-6 owed much to ideological differences and little to personalities and conflicting national interests? There is a significant and complex argument into which aspects were the most important in the origins and sowing the seeds that led to the Cold War in the years 1945 and 1946. It is widely perceived that the variances in philosophy was the focal reason, because America and the Soviet Union had virtually polar opposite understandings on how their country should be run and consequently capitalist and communist countries could not co-exist lacking any strain. Nonetheless, it is similarly claimed that the traits of the leaders of the three countries are a substantial influence to the Cold war conflict; Roosevelt and Truman of the United States, Stalin of the USSR and Churchill of the United Kingdom. This is because the attitudes of the three regularly clashed. It is furthermore disputed that national interests of the separate nations throughout and post-World War II formed strains among the countries of the USA and the USSR, since they both saw the others objectives as a danger to their individual national security. To assist the Cold War from occurring, it is said Winston Churchill is the crucial individual due to his ideological differences with Stalin. Churchill’s 1946 ‘Iron Curtain’ speech certainly caused tension: it unveiled to the world Stalin’s increasing “Soviet sphere” and “increasing measure of control...
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...Germany had lost the war, the treaty was very harsh against Germany. In 1919, Lloyd George of England, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson from the US met to discuss how Germany was to be made to pay for the damage world war one had caused. Germany was forced to accept the responsibility of the war damages suffered by the Allies. The treaty required that Germany pay a huge sum of money called reparations. The German people were very unhappy about the treaty and thought that it was too harsh. Germany could not afford to pay the money and during the 1920s the people in Germany were very poor. There were not many jobs and the price of food and basic goods was high. The Germans were desperate for someone to turn around their economy and restore their national pride. Because were dissatisfied with the government, they voted to power a man who promised to rip up the Treaty of Versailles. His name was Adolf Hitler. In order to keep world peace, The League of Nations was formed. It was intended that all countries would be members of the League and that if there were disputes between countries they could be settled by negotiation rather than by force. If this failed, then countries would stop trading with the aggressive country and if that failed then countries would use their armies to fight. Not all countries joined the League. Although the idea for the League of Nations had come from Woodrow Wilson,...
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...ideological differences between the USSR’s communism and the USA’s capitalism, such as their complete opposing beliefs over nationalisation and system of government. However National interests, such as the fight over Poland and leaders personalities, such as Truman’s lack of experience in foreign policy cannot be overlooked as important reasons for growing hostilities between superpowers. The vast difference in ideologies is clearly the underlying factor which caused tensions for the superpowers of the world during the Cold War and the years 1945 to 46; however it cannot be denied that personalities of the leaders running these countries, were a contributing reason for the ever growing hostilities between them. Joseph Stalin, leader of the USSR and communist regime, was a figure known for being shrewd, manipulative and ruthless, instantly suggesting that relations with other countries, so different from his, were to be quite strained. Though he was known for these negative traits, he was also commended for his sense of practicality and his skills as an administrator, this suggesting that perhaps his ability to put aside differences, may be better than necessarily believed. It was common knowledge that Stalin was an autocratic leader, perhaps a dictator to some, and that he was harsh on his country, using heavy censorship, harsh industrialisation and a systematic use of terror, employing his red terror and cheka to silence those against communism with arrests and murder. When it came...
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...various definitions from different angles are provided for a better understanding of the main topic of the report. The third chapter analyses the ‘war for talent’ concept with both pro and con academic arguments. The fourth section defines talent management as a mandatory ‘toolkit’ to fight the war for talent. In the first subsection a few definitions and talent management approaches are explained. This section is followed by two consecutive ones which define and analyse the notions of performance, and potential in relation with talent management. The fifth and final chapter expands the ‘war for talent’ concept on a global scale with the two subsections discussing the influence of globalisation on the talent war followed by a case study of Poland’s talent management issues in the global ‘war for talent’. In the end a conclusion is drawn followed by afferent references consulted in order to create the report. Table of contents Front cover 1 Executive summary 2 Table of contents 3 List of figures 4 1.0 Introduction 5 1.1 Background 5 1.2 Aims and objectives 5 1.3 Methods 5 2.0 What is ‘talent’? 6 3.0 The war for talent: concept and criticism 6...
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...National Differences in Political Economy By: Roberta Gandy National University November 30, 2014 There are many differences between business in the United States and other countries with the way the political, economic and legal systems are setup. Cultural practices have an influence with the growth of business to include the size of the population, education and the skills learned and practiced for business. Cost, risks, and benefits will help international businesses decide if they want to do business in other countries. The two differences in communist and democratic political systems have a big difference to how some organizations could run and can affect the business even more. I will focus on the political economy which talks about the political, economic and legal systems in the forefront for discussion. Poland grew 1.5% during the 2008-09 financial crisis while others contracted. 1989 Poland became a democracy after four decades of communist rule. 2004 Poland joined European Union giving access to the large consumer markets. Poland embraced market-based economic policies and exports 40% GDP making it a major exporter. Poland kept public debt in check by not allowing it to expand, like other countries did, during a recession. Poland achieved investor confidence and was able to prevent large outflow of funds during economic turmoil. Other countries had their investor pull money out of these economies causing growing government debt...
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...HISTORY IGCSE REVISION BOOK ARAB –ISRAELI What was Zionism * The longing for a homeland for the Jews. * It is the international political movement supporting the re-establishment of a homeland for the Jewish people.’ * ‘The historic homeland of the Jews was in the land of Israel.’ * ‘Since its establishment, Zionists continue to support it.’ * ‘It encourages the migration of Jews to Israel.’ * ’40% of Jews live in Israel and this % is rising.’ * ‘Zionism wants to strengthen and protect Jews and the State o What problems faced Palestine in 1945 Civil disruption.‘ * Large numbers of Jews wanted to go to Palestine.’ * ‘The US was supporting a state of Israel.’ * ‘Should immigration be allowed?’ * ‘Campaigns of violence by the Irgun.’ Why did Britain decide to hand Palestine over to the United Nations * ‘It did not want to stay.’ * ‘Because of the cost.’ * ‘There was violence.’ * ‘Because of its view of Zionism.’ * ‘The pressure from the Irgun.’ * ‘Because of the guerrilla campaign. Explains why * ‘At the end of the war Britain was under great pressure to change its policy and allow in survivors of the holocaust. They refused and this brought about violent protest.’ * ‘The Irgun deliberately attacked and killed British soldiers including the explosion at the King David Hotel. The violence from the Irgun was intended to persuade...
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...may mean more trouble ahead. Although these economic woes have of late captured the headlines, they pale in comparison with a more serious malady: Europe’s historic experiment in political union is faltering. As the poisonous politics that delayed the EU’s rescue of the eurozone revealed, Europe is experiencing a renationalization of political life. The project of European integration, which has steadily advanced since the bitter years after World War II, has been thrown into reverse as its members claw back from the union the traditional powers of national sovereignty. And the causes run much deeper than the ongoing financial crisis, suggesting they are here to stay. Generational change, a backlash against globalization, and the absence of a compelling vision of Europe’s place in the world may well mean that the European Union is running out of steam. The EU’s uncertain future has enormous stakes for Americans as well as Europeans. Europe remains the United States’ go-to partner on every front—from stewardship of the global economy to curbing global warming to bringing stability to Afghanistan. With U.S. debt soaring and Americans tiring of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Washington could certainly use a collective EU capable of shouldering greater global burdens. Instead, the renationalization of the EU threatens to consign its twenty-seven individual member states to geopolitical irrelevance. The recent backsliding, if it continues, has the potential to compromise...
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...Using the case study of Cadbury Scheppes as an example of a business organisation attempt the following five tasks. State clearly any assumption you make ABP Level 7: International marketing Management Assignment 1. Understand the International marketing Process Learning outcomes and assessment criteria 1.1 1.2 1.3 1(a) 1(b) 1(c) Critically compare international and domestic marketing principles Examine the nature of the growing global market Critically evaluate the practical marketing cross cultural implications of managing operations abroad 1(d) Systematically analyse current and potential markets trends by distinguishing between cultural differences Submit the above in the form of a structured business report in approximately 1000 words 1.4 Assignment 2. Understand the International Marketing Planning Process 2(a) Illustrate how project management techniques contribute to the development of operations management Systematically analyse different stages of the international marketing development including Domestic, ethnocentric, polycentric and geocentric Systematically analyse the nature of the market research process for international marketing 2(d) 2(e) Investigate country-market choice and market entry strategy Critically evaluate the impact of cost leadership, differentiation and focus on branding strength and recognition in country- specific markets 2.1 2(b) 2.2 2(c) 2.3 2.4 2.5 Submit the above in the form of a structured business report...
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