...Aristotle’s View on Justice He analyzes this into two sorts: distributive justice involves dividing benefits and burdens fairly among members of a community, while corrective justice requires us, in some circumstances, to try to restore a fair balance in interpersonal relations where it has been lost. If a member of a community has been unfairly benefited or burdened with more or less than is deserved in the way of social distributions, then corrective justice can be required, as, for example, by a court of law. Thus the just man in this sense deals properly and fairly with others, and expresses his virtue in his dealings with them—not lying or cheating or taking from others what is owed to them. For Aristotle, such justice is proportional—it has to do with people receiving what is proportional to their merit or their worth. In his discussion of particular justice, Aristotle says an educated judge is needed to apply just decisions regarding any particular case. This is where we get the image of the scales of justice, the blindfolded judge symbolizing blind justice, balancing the scales, weighing all the evidence and deliberating each particular case individually. Aristotle says justice consists in what is lawful and fair, with fairness involving equitable distributions and the correction of what is inequitable. Equality vs. Equity The most fundamental principle of justice—one that has been widely accepted since it was first defined by Aristotle more than two thousand...
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...Paper Prompts Paper #1: (Due 21-June) Analyze the tenets and goals of liberalism as a present and future force in world politics. Summarize realist beliefs and assess their implications for understanding the world political system. Which theory do you feel best represents the global system and why? Paper #2: (Due 05-July) The French and American Revolutions are credited with linking the “will of the people” with a national government. This linkage vastly increased the power of government, as it now presumed to speak for the “masses.” Describe contemporary situations where governments wield extensive powers and justify their actions in the name of nationalism. Paper #3 (Due 19 July) A variety of changes characterize diplomacy in the twenty-first century. Attack or defend the following statement referring to these changes: “Many of the trends in twenty-first-century diplomacy are a double-edged sword. Although they are consistent with a broader trend toward democracy, that democratization has placed contemporary diplomacy at the whimsy of ill-informed popular opinion that can be stirred by demagogues to block progress that would be of benefit to all parties involved.” Paper #4 (Due 31 July) In an effort to understand the developmental issues confronting the United States and the world, the Senate has invited you to testify at hearings into these matters. You have been asked to summarize and evaluate the pessimists’ and the optimists’ perspectives. Which arguments are...
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...Mark Scheme (Results) Summer 2010 GCE GCE Government & Politics (6GP03) Paper 3B Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH Edexcel is one of the leading examining and awarding bodies in the UK and throughout the world. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes for employers. Through a network of UK and overseas offices, Edexcel’s centres receive the support they need to help them deliver their education and training programmes to learners. For further information, please call our GCE line on 0844 576 0025, our GCSE team on 0844 576 0027, or visit our website at www.edexcel.com. If you have any subject specific questions about the content of this Mark Scheme that require the help of a subject specialist, you may find our Ask The Expert email service helpful. Ask The Expert can be accessed online at the following link: http://www.edexcel.com/Aboutus/contact-us/ Summer 2010 Publications Code UA024034 All the material in this publication is copyright © Edexcel Ltd 2010 2 6GP03_3B 1006 General Marking Guidance • All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last. Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions. Examiners should mark according...
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...Is Politics a science? This is a question that always seems difficult to answer and discuss. Personally, I have been asked this question and even when I feel like I have the answer there is always another opinion from someone else on how they think it’s not a science. It’s a question we always touch in my group and after everyone has given their opinion on this topic, there never still seems to be a good legitimate answer. Politics is always grouped and said to be part of the social sciences, but should it really be classified as a social science or even a science? Politics is a controversial field itself; it also seems to have a flaw in it. From the way it’s been run by the people elected into power, to other different aspects of it. Political Science is a science but also a very different kind of science Politics is the activity that influences the policies and actions of a government, and also keeping and getting power in a government. Politics is widely regarded as part of science, or as a science itself. Politics is usually referred to as “Political Science”, which is still the same idea, Political Science is also the study of people, and why people act the way do, it’s the study of how a person’s deep philosophical beliefs affects his/her political beliefs and actions. It is a science because it observes, and experiments the government systems, it also measures the political life of the people occupying a certain country or nation. The methods applied in science e.g...
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...● 01. 6 generalizations about institutions 1. People use institutions to serve specific ends. 2. They divide labor .3. Institutions save everyone's time and energy; in technical language, they reduce transaction costs. 4. Institutions exist independently of the particular people participating in them. 5. Institutions distribute authority. More power inheres in some roles than in others. 6. Participants will attempt to adapt it to their own purposes; but they are difficult to change. ● 02.How do institutions check tyranny? - checks and balances:Social pluralism, we divide government up between three institutions with all the same amount of power, ● 03.Why are institutions difficult to change? Path dependency: reliance on experience, constrained by status quo; solutions based on familiar institutions. Some participants are content with current arrangements and not willing to change. ● 04.Framers consciously designed a set of institutions for making it possible to do politics of this kind. The point is to design a set of institutions that control the effects of factions--by setting them against one another, but dividing authority among institutions ● Problems with the Articles of confederation No ability to tax , No central currency, No way to negotiate treaties ,No executive capacity, difficult to maintain public order, nation security. ● 06.Deals addressed by the constitution Path dependency: reliance on experience, constrained by status quo; solutions based on familiar...
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...How to Write an Argumentative Term Paper Brannon L. Hollis, Jr. MGT 521 September 13, 2012 Norma Sutton Writer’s block seems to haunt me every time one decides to write. One muse did not start to fully erupt until 5:21 last Thursday morning when I thought this paper was due to be submitted, yet as a newbie to the college homework cycle, I discovered that our learning team was on time with all team-related assignment. On the personal side, not so much – behind on one week’s assignment submission, I digress. Making an argument or taking an argumentative stance in writing requires on to build and case for or against something or some topic like baking a cake. In a step-by-step process depending upon how complex so simple one species is elected to be. This paper will explore these topics as follows: * How writers begin the process of writing an argumentative paper * The type of papers to take an argumentative stance * How all these elements come together to make an argument persuasive As a student, one can be challenged to find the note. According (Writing the Research Essay, 2012), taking notes is an essential part of the paper building process is advised in this section of the chapter that we could do one or more the subsequent when starting the process of writing an argumentative paper. (Writing the Research Essay, 2012, pp393,405-406) states that if one seeks to take notes in the following organizational styles: Taking notes by Source: Whatever on has...
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...starts on the items such as Friday before Ash lights, plastic balls Wednesday and and glass balls. finishes on Ash Wednesday itself, though in some places the celebrations tend to spill over until the following weekend. This statue stands 130 feet tall and over looks the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The designs considered for the "Statue of the Christ" included a representation of the Christian cross. The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms was chosen to symbolize there religious views. A highlight of Christmas celebrations in Brazil is of One of the traditional highlights making huge Christmas parade carnival in Rio de Janeiro is the of the topof electric lights. "trees" samba schools, always a spectacle visual. POLITCS The Current Leader of Brazil is Luis Ignacio Lula de Silva and was elected in 2003. Brazil has a federal republic government, Which is a form of government made up of a federal state with a constitution and a self-governing subunits Brazil’s original organization is called the renewable energy...
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...(2005) Theories of International Relations: Third Edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2. Donelan, M. V. (1990) Elements of International Political Theory. New York: Oxford University Press 3. Katzenstein, P.J; Keohane, D.R; Kranser, S.D. 1998. International Organisation and Study of World Politics. International Organisation, 52(4):645-685. 4. Lawson, S. (2015) Theories of International Studies: Contending approaches to world politics. Cambridge: Polity Press. 5. Moravcsik, A. 1997. Taking Preferences seriously: A liberal theory of International Politics. International Organisation, 51(4):513-553. 6. SparkNote on International Politics. [Online] Available: http://www.sparknotes.com/us.government-and-politics/political-science/international-politcs/section2.rhtml [2016, August 15] ...
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...The election of 1912 was a four-way race with a voting outcome the US has not seen since. The race began when William Howard Taft received the Republican nomination for re-election over Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt had previously been President from 1901-1909; his first term inherited due to the in-office death of William McKinley. Upon election into his second term (first full term), Roosevelt vowed to not run for office again. Fast forward to 1912, the end of the first term of Roosevelt’s hand picked successor William Howard taft, and Teddy was back in the race. After losing the Rebuplican nomination to Taft, who received more support from the conservative side of the party, Roosevelt had a convention of his own and started the Progressive Party. Naturally, Roosevelt got the nomination. With Woodrow Wilson receiving the Democrat’s nomination for election, and Eugene V. Debs running under the increasingly loud Socialist umbrella, the stage was set for the 1912 Presidential Election. “The four way contest between Taft, Roosevelt, Democrat Woodrow Wilson, and Socialist Eugene V. Debs became a national debate on the relationship between political and economic freedom in the age of big business. On one end of the political spectrum stood Taft, who stressed that economic individualism could remian the foundation of the solial order so long as government and private entreprenuers cooperated in addressing social ills. At the other end was Debs. Relatively few Americans supported...
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...CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN MANAGEMENT WORD COUNT: 2568 Date of submission: 07/01/2013 Q. Referring to material from the unit, critically evaluate how the passage relates to issues concerning the business activities of MNCs and the concept of ethical leadership. ‘For however strong you may be in respect of your army, it is essential that in entering a new Province you should have the good will of its inhabitants. Hence it happened that Louis XII of France, speedily gaining possession of Milan, as speedily lost it; … For the very people who had opened the gates to the French King, when they found themselves deceived in their expectations and hopes of future benefits, could not put up with the insolence of their new ruler.’ ‘I conclude, therefore, that when a prince has the goodwill of the people he must not worry about conspiracies; but when the people are hostile and regard him with hatred he must go in fear of everything and everyone. Well-organized states and wise princes have always taken great pains not to make the nobles despair, and to satisfy the people and keep them content; this is one of the most important tasks a prince must undertake.’ (Machiavelli, 1513) A. The extract from Machiavelli’s, The Prince demonstrates a strong correlation to the issues involved in the business activities of modern day MNCs and the concept of ethical leadership. According to Resick, Hanges, Dickson, & Mitcheluson (2006), analysing data from the global leadership and...
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...A Call for Further Research: Afro-Chinese Marriages in 20th Century Cuba Katie Wang UCLA Professor Wright-Dixon I. Introduction Coalitions through marriage is a long understood concept. Kingdom alliances through marriages are ones that first come to mind. Often fictional portrayals of real pressures for pressures to gain resources or military alliance for a capital or imperial need involve young princes and princesses who are forced to marry. However, in a nonfictional example for this paper, Chinese indentured laborers or former indentured laborers and African slaves or former slaves married in 19th century Cuba both romantically and strategically. I argue that there needs to be further research around Afro-Chinese marriages in Cuba and a recentering on women. I had originally planned to center this paper around African slave women who married Chinese men in Cuba in the 19th century but was not able to because of the lack of literature available. However, I aim to focus on a reading against the grain for indications of women’s agency and voice in this set of literature. My personal stakes in this topic are two-fold. First, my mother’s side of my family lived in Cuba for a few decades from the late 1920s to 1960 as a part of an entrepreneurial endeavor and as refuge from persecution from the Communist Party of China. Because of my personal tie to Chinese in Cuba, I seek to uncover untold stories and hidden transcripts. Second, this paper is a part of a larger project...
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...Session 2: Organizations over time Explaining Development and Change in Organizations * Van de Ven &Poole (1995) * Change: empirical observation of difference in form, quality, or state over time in an organisational entity (may be an individual’s job, a work group, an organisational strategy, a program, a product, or the overall organisation). * Development: change process * Process theory: how and why an organisational entity changes and develops * 4 basic theories explaining change processes in organisations: *Imminent=bevorstehend Teleology: * assumes that the entity in purposeful and adaptive * needs creativity Dialectical: * e.g. acquisitions: two firms have different “theses” and need to find antithesis * e.g. multinational firm: international and national HQ “compete” * there is no assurance that dialectical conflicts produce creative syntheses * the desired synthesis creates win-win situation * either the maintenance of actual thesis or its replacement with the antithesis creates win-lose * in terms of organisational change: * maintenance of status quo stability * replacement with antithesis or synthesis change Evolution: * Variation: Change from current routines and competencies (intentional & blind) * Selection: Elimination of certain types of variations (external & internal selection) * Retention: Selected variations are preserved, duplicated, reproduced * e.g....
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