...Is Negative or ‘Attack’ Advertising at effective tool in of Political engagement and mobilization? There are assault ads, conveying the simple message over and over, that Brand X, the rival, is a cheesy piece of goods, won’t hold up, has to be cranked by hand… This is the model for not just our commercial product sales but, rather more vigorously, for our political campaigns as well… we have gradually just gotten used to them. Its not so much that I am wonderful the candidate explains, as the opponent is a lying, cowardly, two faced cheat and con artist. (Pulitzer Prize winner and Washington Post columnist Meg Greenfield, 1995) Whether through print or television media, advertising affects behaviour. A key tool of political parties, it has been used to win support during critical governmental assessment or change, and engage the susceptible electorate to participate in the political process. Yet, where features such as wit, charisma or aptitude have been emphasized and admired, the intemperance of political campaigning has also drawn out a negative side, one that seeks to cast a damaging shadow on any opposition in order to attain the support of the majority. The types of political message given out by both politicians and the media vary in how they are constructed and what they intend to achieve, and despite widespread criticism surrounding its ethical fragilities, attack politics in particular have become a fundamental component of any political campaign and evidence...
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...James Jackson BCOM/275 Week 2 Assignment Logical Fallacies Analysis 1. Personal attack ad hominem. An ad hominem compares the qualities of the person making a claim to the qualities of the actual claim. It is when it is argued that a claim cannot be true because there is a certain lack of quality in the person providing the claim. With this fallacy, it is not the claim itself being analyzed, but the person making the claim. A “personal attack” ad hominem does exactly that – it attacks the person making a claim in order to set them in a negative light. The thought is that a claim cannot possibly be true if the person making the claim is a “bad person”. We see this in the media all of the time with politics. Often pundits in the media will claim that a politician in the opposing party does not have the “moral authority” to claim something because the politician may have been accused of doing something that the media outlet is reporting as morally wrong. A good example of this was early in Barack Obama’s presidency, and even when he was campaigning. During that time some media outlets would dispute a patriotic statement he may have made. They claimed that he could not be patriotic because there was no proof he was even an American citizen since no one had ever seen his birth certificate. This could also be considered a circumstantial ad hominem, as the media was saying that his claimed circumstances refuted his patriotism. 2. Scare tactics. Scare tactics involve...
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...from big businesses and trade unions to PACs (political action committees) such as the NRA. These groups donate to candidates in the assumption and hopes that the candidate will pursue a discourse and perhaps implement legislation that benefits the donating group. When we refer to “campaign finance”, we are of course referring to funds that are used to promote and advertise, hire advisers, pay for travel expenses, administration fees and other costs associated with running a campaign. The Presidential Election of 2008 generated one billion US dollars in campaign contributions and finance1, with this figure on the rise, many have spoken out against the propensity of election victories to be seemingly “bought” by the party who generated the most funds2. In this essay I will be discussing whether or not big money in campaign finance is a threat to democracy. It is important to consider the history of campaign finance reform and how it evolved over time, for this gives us a better perspective when reviewing our modern situation to see if democracy has lost its way. Before the 19th century, the majority of legislation concerning campaign finance was minor and its most salient concern was preventing mandatory donations to political campaigns. 31907 saw the introduction of the Tillman Act under Teddy Roosevelt's administration, this act essentially banned donations from national and state banks as well as large corporations to political campaigns. Further regulation came with the 1972...
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...extensively used. This analysis takes into consideration, a descriptive case from tobacco control. Taking into account internal tobacco industry documents, surveys and tentative data and taking into consideration socio-political reasons, it is described tobacco industry and public health research on the American Legacy Foundation’s ‘‘truth’’ campaign, a key example of effective use of negative advertising in the service of public health. The tobacco industry described that the most effective advertisements run by Legacy Foundations “truth’’ campaign have been negative advertisements. Though the tobacco industry’s own study suggested that these negative ads acknowledged and effectively branded the cigarette as a harmful consumer product rather than focusing only on tobacco companies, some people accused Legacy of defaming it. Public health researchers have confirmed the effectiveness of the ‘‘truth’’ campaign in reducing smoking initiation. Research on political advocacy indicating the value of negative advertising has been only used rarely in the development of public health media campaigns, but negative advertising can easily communicate certain public health messages and assist to resist corporate disease promotion. Negative advertisements created by ‘‘truth’’ were one of the most notable features of the campaign. One advertisement, titled ‘Body Bags’, became symbolic of engagement of the tobacco industry and was revealed to be the most effective of the ‘‘truth’’ ads. In it, a group...
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...Running Head: MHE505 MODULE 1 – CASE ASSIGNMENT Question 1: Global definitions of terrorism are presented in the background reading. Provide a critique of these definitions. What would you propose as a global definition of terrorism? |To Define Terrorism | |Debate over what constitutes a terrorist or a terrorist assault occurs with each mass violent attack. In remarks to the Center for | |International Policy in Washington DC, on November 2001, former Ambassador Keeley (2002) discussed the necessity to define | |terrorism, and illustrated the challenge of constructing a definition that can be applied steadily. (Keeley, 2002) Thirteen years | |later six different U.S. government agencies have differing definition of Terrorism, and there is no consensus on a definition. | | | |Critique of Definitions of Terrorism | |Although the wording used in the within the definitions varies, there are key words each of the agencies emphasize. The U.S. Code | |Of Federal Regulation does not distinguish between a government and sub national group who uses terrorism as a method. United | |States Code Title...
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...In 2007, the Urban Institute, a research organization based in Washington, released a report linking violent crime and iPods. The report stated that, “Nationally, violent crime fell every year from 1993 to 2004, before rising in 2005 and 2006, at the same time America’s streets filled with millions of people visibly using expensive electronic gear, especially iPods.” Assuming it is true, what can you conclude from the statement made by the Urban Institute? --Adapted from The New York Times, Sept. 27, 2007 The increased use of expensive electronic gear such as iPods resulted in a rise in violent crime The increased use of expensive electronic gear such as iPods was caused by a rise in violent crime None of the other options Not visibly using expensive electronic gear such as an iPod is a good way to protect yourself from violent crime In an experiment, the blood pressure of 1000 randomly selected women was measured. The 50 women with the highest blood pressure were given a medication, and their blood pressures were then measured again. The second measurement showed that their blood pressures, on average, had declined. What other information do you need to show that the decline was due to the medication? The given information already shows the decline was due to the medication Information showing that the blood pressures of the 50 women receiving the medication remained lower after the experiment Information about the general health of the 950 women...
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...Roman Italy support this view? In your answer you should: · consider in what ways life in Roman cities might be dangerous; · include analysis of the level of dangers in different cities; · support your answer with evidence from Pompeii, Ostia and Herculaneum. [45] There were few ways in which people could come under harm in ancient Rome as though it was not as developed as the world we live in now, there was still order. The events that would cause people to feel in danger were natural disasters, riots, fires, floods, and rarely an attack by a killer whale. Pompeii and Herculaneum suffered the most from natural disasters. They were struck by two severe events, one of which causing the demise of both cities. The first of which was the earthquake in AD 62, which cause widespread damage. The epicentre of this earthquake was more towards Pompeii but it was felt for miles, even causing damage in Ostia. The damage that the earthquake caused can still be seen in Pompeii as the some findings are still in a state of repair. Because of this earthquake, buildings such as Insula blocks were limited to two stories in their repair. This was so any further earthquakes wouldn’t cause damage to the same extent. The second, and more important natural disaster to strike the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum was the eruption of mount Vesuvius in AD 79. The effects of this disaster were devastating. The ash from this eruption left the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum covered in ash for...
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...The visuals included with the research was helpful when reading the author’s qualitative comparative analysis of multiple posters present in Spanish secondary schools and universities. This source would be useful in framing a qualitative study on gender representation in advertising present in public educational institutions. This particular study focuses primarily upon representation of gender stereotypes in public educational spaces and how such gender constructions effects the stereotypes that are inflicted and perpetuated in society on men and...
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...After the final visit to the Qaddafi stadium to ensure the arrangements for the match, he sat down on the corner of the stadium to give few thoughts on the emplaced challenges. More than 30,000 spectators will watch the match tomorrow. The passion of cricket in Pakistan is not only commendable but also at times terrifying for the management. Winning the series against the Zimbabwe at the home ground was not the only challenge. Reactive violence from the die heart cricket fans on a loss, media criticism, organizational mafia, terrorism, political pressures and poor team performances were the hard blocks hanging up on his shoulders. Since 1992, when Pakistan became the World Champion, the nation desperately wants to uphold that title again for the country. Keeping in view the performance of the team in 2015 world cup and in their tour to Bangladesh recently, nation has almost lost their hopes in the national cricket team. The open and clear political interference in appointing PCB Chairman in 2014 backed by massive media criticism was the cherry on the top for the nation to...
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...INTRODUCTION TO AIR DEFENCE ARTILLERY (ADA) INTRODUCTION 1. In the modern battlefield, air power is considered as a significant component of warfare. In modern war the first phase of air battle starts with the massive air attack to gain air superiority and the subsequent phase of attack will commence against the manoeuvre forces and their supporting elements. The aim of the second phase of attack would be to shape the battle field by isolating and reducing the ability of manoeuvre forces for ground campaign with minimum casualties. Gulf War is a practical demonstration of this prophecy where defences were ruined, command posts knocked out, communications disrupted, and supplies destroyed by the air action. In the future battlefield, our army is also likely to operate against a foe that will remain superior in terms of technology and resources, mostly in the air power. Therefore, the survival of our army components on the face of adversary’s air superiority has been a serious concern for our ground force commander 2. To protect and preserve sovereignty and integrity of a small state like ours, particularly with limited resources, AD ranks one of the top most priorities. Even if the resources are managed, the inadequacy of country’s depth and the location of enemy air bases will certainly reduce the effectiveness of the Interceptor fighters, as these would get less response time. Therefore, more and more dependency on ADA forces is a viable option because these are comparatively...
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...The Strategic Evaluation of Lidl’s within the UK Market. Submission Date: 26 January 2014 Contents Introduction 3 1. Analysis of the competition faced by Lidl within the UK food retail industry 4 2. The Strategic position of Lidl 5 2.1 Porter’s Generic Strategies 5 2.2 Bowman’s Strategic Clock 6 3. An analysis of the external business environment and how it affects Lidl 7 3.1 PEST Analysis 7 3.1.1 Political 8 3.1.2 Economic 8 3.1.3 Social 8 3.1.4 Technological 8 3.2 Porter’s Five forces Model 9 3.2.1 Threat of New Entrants 10 3.2.2 Threat of Substitutes 10 3.2.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 10 3.2.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers 10 3.2.5 Competitive Rivalry within the Industry 10 4. How Lidl adds value to its strategic position 11 5. The sustainability of Lidl’s strategic position 13 6. Conclusion 13 7. Bibliography 14 Introduction The purpose of this report is to carry out a strategic evaluation of the hard discount food retailer Lidl. It will cover the following key items • An analysis of the competition within the food retail industry and the strategic position of Lidl; • An analysis of the external business environment and how it affects Lidl; • An analysis of how Lidl adds value to its strategic position; This will allow for a discussion of how sustainable Lidl’s strategic position is and conclude where Lidl is likely to progress within the UK grocery sector. Research from on-line literature, books and journals...
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...on the credibility of key findings of climate science research. In 2006, Wegman testified in front of the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce. Wegman’s testimony (Wegman, Said, & Scott, 2006) was critical of previous climate science research, particularly of a paper published in Nature (Mann, Bradley & Hughes, 1998). The testimony, commonly referred to as the Wegman Report, was used as a talking point against the establishment of policies to address climate change. The Wegman Report (Wegman et al., 2006) alleged that the field of climate science was discredited by the improper use of statistics, the limited involvement of trained statisticians, as well as by inadequate sharing of research codes, data, and analysis methods. In...
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...communication and propaganda, so his model is intended to direct us to the kinds of research we need to conduct to answer his questions ('control analysis', 'effects research' and so on). In fact, though, it is quite a useful model, whatever category of communication we are studying. Note, incidentally, that the Lasswell Formula consists of five major components, though this is by no means obligatory. You might be interested to look at the comments on Maletzke's model to see which components a selection of other researchers have considered essential. Lasswell: Communicator Lasswell was primarily concerned with mass communication. In every form of communication, though, there must be someone (or something) that communicates. How appropriate is the term communicator? You might say that you can't really talk about communication if the audience for the message don't respond appropriately. Maybe that's a reason that many communication specialists refer to the communicator as source or transmitter or sender of the message - at least that doesn't presuppose that communication does actually take place. Control analysis Because of the application of Lasswell's Formula to the media, his question Who? has come to be associated mainly with control analysis: • who owns this newspaper? • what are their aims? • what are their political allegiances? • do they attempt to set the editorial policy? • does the fact that they are a republican account for the newspaper's...
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...One example of his scrutiny occurs when the media researched a particular officer of the riot police to the extent that they uncovered questionable political statements made by him. The press relayed this information in such a provocative manner that the officer in question was fired. Rothman finds the media’s intense concentration on this one officer to be “of little relevance” (21) which is a valid conclusion to make because the officer’s personal political remarks were unrelated to his ability to perform proper peace keeping duties. An additional incident of Rothman’s analysis occurs when the press demanded that President Obama make a statement regarding race relations in America. When he refused to do so, he was promptly reproached by many including law professor Paul Butler who believed that the president went “out of his way to try to appease [his opponents]” (21). Rothman surmises that Butler blames the president’s “haters” (21) for his lack of action. Because Butler’s comment is an ad hominem that attacks the president’s character, Rothman’s conclusion is valid. Furthermore, because the media wrongfully reported on the now-fired officer and sharply criticized the president for not acting as they had anticipated, Rothman’s argument is still justified, for the media further...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART ONE INTRODUCTION I. II. III. METHODOLOGY CONTEXT EVENTS OCCURRING BETWEEN THE “CEASEFIRE” OF 18 JUNE 2008 BETWEEN ISRAEL AND THE GAZA AUTHORITIES AND THE START OF ISRAEL’S MILITARY OPERATIONS IN GAZA ON 27 DECEMBER 2008 IV. APPLICABLE LAW PART TWO OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY: THE GAZA STRIP Section A V. VI. THE BLOCKADE: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OVERVIEW OF MILITARY OPERATIONS CONDUCTED BY ISRAEL IN GAZA BETWEEN 27 DECEMBER 2008 AND 18 JANUARY 2009 AND DATA ON CASUALTIES ATTACKS ON GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS AND POLICE VIII. OBLIGATION ON PALESTINIAN ARMED GROUPS IN GAZA TO TAKE FEASIBLE PRECAUTIONS TO PROTECT THE CIVILIAN POPULATION VII. A/HRC/12/48 page 3 IX. OBLIGATION ON ISRAEL TO TAKE FEASIBLE PRECAUTIONS TO PROTECT CIVILIAN POPULATION AND CIVILIAN OBECTS IN GAZA X. INDISCRIMINATE ATTACKS BY ISRAELI ARMED FORCES RESULTING IN THE LOSS OF LIFE AND INJURY TO CIVILIANS XI. DELIBERATE ATTACKS AGAINST THE CIVILIAN POPULATION XII. THE USE OF CERTAIN WEAPONS XIII. ATTACKS ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF CIVILIAN LIFE IN GAZA: DESTRUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, FOOD PRODUCTION, WATER INSTALLATIONS, SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS AND HOUSING XIV. THE USE OF PALESTINIAN CIVILIANS AS HUMAN SHIELDS XV. DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY: GAZANS DETAINED DURING THE ISRAELI MILITARY OPERATIONS OF 27 DECEMBER 2008 TO 18 JANUARY 2009XVI. OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGY OF ISRAEL’S MILITARY OPERATIONS IN GAZA XVI. OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGY OF ISRAEL’S MILITARY OPERATIONS IN GAZA XVII. THE IMPACT OF...
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