...Over the last few years Kazakhstan has implemented foreign policies aimed to improve relations with a vast array of new geopolitical actors, besides common partners such as Russia, on which the Central Asian country was formerly heavily dependent. Using its huge potential in the hydrocarbon industry, Kazakhstan has managed to rise above all other Central Asian states in terms of political and economic importance and has turned its eyes to China as an important and powerful partner for cooperation in the economic, political, and security spheres. This article on Kazakhstan and China was written by Fabio Belafatti, and originally published by our knowledge partner "Equilibri" at the following address: http://www.equilibri.net/nuovo/sites/default/files/focus_belafatti_china%20kazakhstan.pdf The “Kazakh path” (with its contradictions) and Kazakh-Chinese relations In recent years Kazakhstan has become an important actor in regional international relations in Central Asia. The country's improvements have been underscored by international observers in many occasions. It is undeniable that compared to the rest of the region, Kazakhstan shows much higher levels of development. In purely macroeconomic terms, Kazakhstan’s economy is the largest in Central Asia and has shown very high growth levels for many years, recovering very fast when hit by the world economic crisis. In broader terms, Kazakhstan’s success is underscored by the fact that it is the only country in the region...
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...Kazakhstan - Turkey's gateway to Central Asia The expansion of political, economic and cultural relations with Turkic-speaking countries is one of the priorities of Turkey’s modern foreign policy was initiated by Ahmet Davutoglu, former foreign minister, current prime minister. After the ruling Justice and Development Party came to power, Turkey did a lot to have close relations with the Turkic-speaking countries. One of the most important allies of Turkey among Turkic-speaking countries in the South Caucasus is Azerbaijan but in Central Asia – Kazakhstan. The Turkish authorities value these relations. Turkey is one of the first countries which recognized the independence of Kazakhstan. This testifies to the special status of Kazakhstan in Central Asian policy of Ankara. Today, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan will pay a state visit to Kazakhstan. The two presidents will take part in the second meeting of the High Level Strategic Cooperation Council. The Turkish-Kazakh Business Forum will be also held. Erdogan’s visit to Kazakhstan will last from April 15-17. At present, Turkey is the fourth country after the US, South Korea and Great Britain investing in Kazakhstan ($ 2 billion). In addition, more than 1,800 Turkish companies operate in Kazakhstan, and this figure exceeds the number of other foreign companies operating in the country. The total cost of projects implemented by Turkish contractors in Kazakhstan is about $17.5 billion. Over the last three...
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...Introduction The political system of society in the most general view can be determined as a system of the state bodies and non-state social institutes performing certain political functions. As the phenomenon of self-control of society, stabilisation of the social processes proceeding in it, a modern political system provides effective carrying out a domestic and foreign policy of the state, creates, expresses interests of various social groups. It represents a fundamental line item and is the base of maintenance of the legitimate power existing in the country. Literature Review The essence of political system most brightly comes to light through a prism of implementable functions in society. In the most simplified type they can be characterized...
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...presentation and type-written assignment Student: Aliaskar Batyrbek Student ID: NE/WICKL/UWIC/BABS/1011/0117 Assignment Topic: An investigation study of development of oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan Table of Contents 2 Introduction 4 2.1 Country Profile 4 2.2 History of industry 4 3 Research Objectives 5 4 Literature Review 6 4.1 Geographic Factor 6 4.1.1 Major Oilfields 8 4.1.2 Export Operating Pipelines 9 4.2 Government Policies 11 4.3 Financial Factor and R&D Factor 12 4.4 Market Prospects 14 4.4.1 Market players 14 4.4.2 Production 15 4.4.3 Consumption 16 5 Research Methodology 18 6 Time Scale / Gantt Chart 19 7 References 20 Figure 1 4 Figure 2 (KMG, 2012) 5 Figure 3 (BP, 2012) 5 Figure 4 (European Dialogue, 2012) 6 Figure 5 (BP, 2012) 6 Figure 6 (CIA, 2012) 8 Figure 7 (Centre for Global Energy Studies, 2012) 9 Figure 8 (Centre for Global Energy Studies, 2012) 9 Figure 9 (The Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2012) 10 Figure 10 (S. Arkhipov., W. Brennan., G. Elfond., N. Lv., A. Omarova., 2010) 12 Figure 11 (BP, 2012) 14 Figure 12 (BP, 2012) 14 Figure 13 (BP, 2012) 15 Figure 14 (BP, 2012) 15 Figure 15 (EIA, 2012) 15 Figure 16 17 Figure 17 18 Introduction Country Profile Kazakhstan is a country, located in Central Asia. It is the largest landlocked...
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...Administrative organs in Kazakhstan. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Legal System of Kazakhstan 2.1. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2.2. Constitutional Laws 2.3. Codes 2.4. Other Normative Acts 3. State Order in the Republic of Kazakhstan 3.1. Presidency 3.2. Parliament 3.3. Government 3.4. Constitutional Council 3.5. Judicial Authority 3.6. Local Public Administration and Self-Administration 1. Introduction The Republic of Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country located in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. The territory covers 2, 7 million square kilometers and country is ranked as the 9th largest territory in the world. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. The population is approximately 17 million people, including Kazakh, Russian, Uyghur, Ukrainian, Uzbek, and Tatar. Approximately 63% of the population consists of Kazakhs. The capital city was Almaty up until 1997, when it was changed to Astana. The official state language is Kazakh. In state institutions and local self-governing bodies, Russian language is used on equal grounds with the Kazakh language. According to the 2009 census, 70.2% of the population is Sunni Muslims, followed by 20.6% Orthodox Christians, 0.1% Buddhists, 0.2% others (mostly Jews), and 2.8% non-believers. The Kazakh khanate was formed in the 15th century and had 3 tribal divisions...
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...Kazakhstan`s place in Global Economy Dinara Zhangabayeva 145075 International business (MGMT 550) Submitted to ASSOC. PROF. DR. AKER SULE 28- 12- 2015 Introduction At the turn of 20-21 centuries, the world economy has entered a new phase of internationalization of economic life, which is defined as globalization. Globalization of the world economy as multidimensional process manifests itself in substantially all major aspects of modern economic life. The world is getting united through globalization. This is happening because of the technological advancements in the recent decades and the global organizations that made trading and capital movements easier. Regulations from various countries supported free trade, which made the countries more integrated with each other. Various entities were created to facilitate the trade between countries and to reach a more global economy (World Trade Organization, International Monetary Funds, The World Bank, European Union…). Efforts were made to get the financial markets integrated between each other as we have indexes for the whole world such as BBC Global 30, S&P global 100 … etc. and indexes for the European union like FTSE Euro 100, FTSE Euro Top 100… etc. The independence allowed Kazakhstan to establish economic relations with many developed and developing countries, to rebuild relationships with former partners and to advance on the path of integration into the world market. The liberalization of foreign economic...
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...i) Historical development The People's Republic of China and Kazakhstan formed diplomatic relations on January 3, 1992. The two nations signed their first boundary agreement in April 1994, a supplementary agreement in September, 1997, and their second supplementary boundary agreement in July 1998 to mark their 1,700 kilometers (1,100 mi) shared border. In 1993, the President of Kazakhstan Nursulta Nazarbayev made an official visit to Beijing at the invitation of the then-Chinese President Jiang Zemin. Since then, the leaders of China and Kazakhstan have frequently exchanged high-level official visits. In 1996, both nations became co-founders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Aimed at bolstering regional partnership on regional security, economic development and fighting terrorism and drug trafficking amongst Central Asian nations, Kazakhstan and China become co-founders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).In developing ties with China, Kazakhstan aims to balance the geopolitical and economic influence of its northern neighbour Russia. However, potential conflicts exist around China's the cultural ties between the Kazakh people and the Uighurs of China's Xinjiang province, which could influence a Uighur separatist movement. China also aims to prevent the growth of U.S. influence in the region and the possible establishment of American air bases in Kazakhstan. In 1997, both nations signed an agreement to reduce the presence of military forces along the...
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...Chairmanship of Kazakhstan in OSCE The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is the world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization. Originally in 1975 there was a Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) held in Helsinki, Finland. It includes issues such as arms control and the promotion of human rights, freedom of the press and fair elections. It has 550 headquarters staff and about 2300 field staff. The OSCE deals with early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation. Its 57 participating states are located in Europe, Asia and North America and cover most of the land area of the Northern Hemisphere. It was created during the Cold War era. The six official languages of the OSCE are English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, and Russian. Political direction of organization is given by heads of state or government during summits. Summits are not regular or scheduled but held as needed. The last summit took place in Astana (Kazakhstan), on 1 and 2 December 2010. It was the first time when the Organisation has been led by a post-Soviet, Asian and Muslim country. At the same time the OSCE, whose mission is promoting democracy, is being chaired by an authoritarian state. Kazakhstan has been entrusted with the OSCE’s chairmanship because our country within less than twenty years of independence, has modernised and reached an economic development, it has ambitious foreign policy...
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...Position of Kazakhstan in International Trade and Business Student’s name Institutional affiliation Analysis of macroeconomic situation in Kazakhstan 1 Macroeconomic trends Kazakhstan is one of the richest economies in Asia. It is also the second largest of the former Soviet Republics after Russia. The economy has enormous fossil fuel reserves and plentiful supplies of minerals (Francis, 2011). There are different metals available in the economy including uranium, zinc, and copper. Some like uranium are exported to almost all parts of the globe. The economy was ranked 11th out 42 countries in the Asia-pacific region. The overall score of the economy is also above world and regional averages. The GDP of the economy grew from 78,014,200 in 1995 to 147,453,000 in 2005 (Aitzhanova, et al. 2014). The dollar exchange rate has been well managed through a sound monetary policy that has been adopted. The country has been faced with inflation challenges. In 2001, the inflation rate was very high because of strong foreign-currency inflows (Ibrayev, Badjanov & Li, 2014). However, the economy survived the pressure, and surprisingly it is one of the first former soviet republic that has repaid all debts to the international monetary fund in 2000 (Datkhayev, 2013). The country paid $400 million ahead of the schedule. From then, the economy has been able to limit its foreign debt within manageable levels. [pic] Figure 1: Kazakhstan GDP in billion USD retrieved from...
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...FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN By Toxeitov Nurlan THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2004 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN By Toxeitov Nurlan THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2004 Professor Tony Michell 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................(iii) LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................(v) INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................(vi) CHAPTER I. INVESTMENT AND THEIR PLACE IN ECONOMIC SYSTEM §1 §2 Definition of investments and their classification ................................................4 Foreign direct investments as the catalyst of economic growth (on an example of the various countries) ..............................................................7 §3 The international investment activity and her institutes .....................................16 CHAPTER II. INVESTMENT CLIMATE IN KAZAKHSTAN §1 §2 §3 §4 Appeal of economy of Kazakhstan to foreign investors .....................................22 Fixed capital investment in Kazakhstan by region ....................
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...their countries. In this work apart from the general integral summery of each of the sectors needed to study, also the history and specific features of the relationship between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan are presented to fully understand the competitive advantages and to adequately assess the risks of doing business in the Republic of Uzbekistan. As of today, the relationships between the Republics are legally regulated. The main document regulating the relations between the two states is the Treaty on Eternal Friendship between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 31 October 1998.Juridical base of cooperation between the two countries is composed by 116 interstate, intergovernmental and interdepartmental documents, which cover almost all spheres of life. Only in trade and economic cooperation 68 documents are signed, including agreements of free trade, promotion and reciprocal protection of investments, avoidance of double taxation, etc. Economics Despite a significant decline in the share of agriculture in GDP - from 37% in 1991 to about 18% in 2009, this sector continues to play an important role in the country’s economy, providing employment for one third of its population. Cotton, which production was a powerful development during the Soviet period was only 19% of the total agricultural production in local prices of raw cotton (or about 3.5% of GDP) in 2008-09 the volume...
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...project: Barriers for franchise business in Kazakhstan Prepared by Shynar Galiyeva 2013 Introduction Kazakhstan is the ninth largest country in the world, sharing its borders with Russia, China, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. Astana is the capital and Almaty is the largest city and considered to be a financial center of the country. The population of Kazakhstan is about, 16 million, which is low considering the large size of the territory. Nowadays Kazakhstan is known as a country committed to the principles of democracy and market-based economy. After the collapse of Soviet Union and over 20 years of transition period, Kazakhstan has developed into one of the leading economies within the Commonwealth of Independent Countries (CIS). This was achieved mostly because Kazakhstan is very rich for natural resources. Up to the present time, around, 160 oil and gas deposits have been discovered on the territory of the country. Business in Kazakhstan is often focused on the oil and gas sector, which has been responsible for the country’s strong economic expansion over the last decades. However, these are not the only strong sectors of Kazakhstani economy, it possesses almost a quarter of the world’s uranium reserves, holds leading ranks in reserves of barite, chromite, phosphate, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore and gold. Although, Kazakhstan’s economic growth is profoundly dependent on the oil and mining sectors, Kazakhstan is constantly undertaking efforts to build...
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...China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 7, No. 1 (2009) p. 47-59 © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program ISSN: 1653-4212 China-Central Asia Trade Relations: Economic and Social Patterns Sadykzhan Ibraimov* ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to study China’s economic presence in Central Asia and its main involvements in raw materials, transport routes, opening of markets and free economic zones, and small and medium-scale projects. It must be noted that over the years from 1992 to 2007, the highest trading volumes were between China and Kazakhstan, which represented from 80 to 86 percent of all Chinese-Central Asian trade. This growing economic cooperation has a social impact on the development of a Central Asian business diaspora based in Xinjiang. China also demonstrates its capacity to use local corruption schemes and internal Central Asian weaknesses in its own interests: From the earliest years of independence, smuggling with China, especially the export of metals and the import of consumer goods, has proved to be a very profitable venture for Central Asian high-level officials. Keywords • China-Central Asia Trade • Xinjiang • Business Diaspora • Shuttle Trade • Corruption Introduction The main difficulty in the study of economic relationships between China and Central Asia is the lack of reliable or complete information. Many reasons can explain this fact. The Central Asian states, first of all, do not publish information...
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...[pic] CHINA’S POLICY TOWARDS CENTRAL ASIA Muddassir Ali Khan M.A International Relations 2010-12 Abstract The emergence of five central Asian states Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan is result of the disintegration of Soviet Empire. These states are full of natural resources like gas and oil. They have adopted “open door policy” to exploit the enormous wealth of natural resources .They engineered this policy to ensure internal development, strong economy and better foreign relations. In this regards her neighboring country china also there to fulfill the huge needs of energy, to contain U.S. influence in this region, counter terrorism, and make this region as strong economic market, china’s make better policies to achieve these goals and try to enhance better relations with these Central Asian States. The disintegration of Former Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991 and the five independent central Asian republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan opened up phenomenal opportunities for china to exercise its influence in the central Asian region. These states attracted the world, primarily for its vast energy resources and other raw materials. The geo-economic and geo-strategic im to enhance its economic ability, strengthen its security to fulfill the Chinese principle of foreign policy...
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...is assumed that Russian foreign policy in Central Asia has been characterized by “neo-imperialism”. Yet this is statement is only partially true considering the fact that Moscow’s policies within its “sphere of influence” have not be static, and have been characterized by sweeping modifications. Since the breakup of Soviet Union, Russian policy in Central Asia has gone through drastic transformations and its influence in the region has varied over time. At present, Russian authority in Central Asia is weakening, yet the Kremlin continues to utilize number of political, institutional and economic strategies to prolong its presence there. Multilateral as well as Bilateral arrangements, and economic and energy leverages combined with cultural instructions are widely implemented in order to maintain Russian influence in Central Asia. Considering the fact that states in the region most importantly though not solely Kazakhstan, have begun to search for diversification and partnership with other great powers, they have gained a certain degree of independence from Moscow. Besides, in recent years China has emerged in Central Asia as an important rival to Russia in terms of influence, and has already established multiple agreements and investments with all of the states in the region. The degree of independence that Central Asian states have managed to gain due to their conviction to act separately from Moscow and to grab Western opportunities, as well as the Chinese presence in the region...
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