...Political Science is a vast study. It can correlate to other blanches of learning just like History, Economic, Geography, Sociology and Anthropology, Psychology, Philosophy, Statistics and Logic, and Jurisprudence. But, what i would like to reflect is the study of Geography. It is very important for me to be able to understand the interrelationship of political science and geography, since I am currently taking up a major subject which is geopolitics. As i have undergone the learning process of my degree program, International Studies and this subject, Political Science 2, I have realized that it is necessary for a concerned citizen, an IS student, a diplomat, and most especially a political scientist to know how geography affects the arising of global issues and international politics. It is the simplest way, the actions of individuals and societies are influenced by the physical environments, particularly climate, food, soil, etc. The geographical and physical factors greatly affect or influence the character, the national life of the people, and their political institutions. Without geography, I think the political concept can't go this far. This branch of learning is just so important to explain why such phenomena happened in the past and are happening today. Say for example those nations that are rich in natural resources may become more powerful in world politics. Another concrete example in the issue in recent months with regards to the tension between...
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...The urban in fragile, uncertain, neoliberal times: towards new geographies of social justice? R. ALAN WALKS Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Cananda L5L 1C6 (e-mail: alan.walks@utoronto.ca) Canadian cities are at a crossroads. The neoliberalization of governance at multiple scales, inadequate re-investment in urban infrastructure, increasing reliance on continental and international trade, and the restructuring of the space economy have combined to weaken Canada’s cities just as the global economic system is undergoing transformation. Canadian urban geographic scholarship has much to offer under current conditions, and is already making significant contributions in key areas. In particular, research on what might be called the contours and impacts of urban restructuring and the neoliberal city, immigration and cities of difference, and urban environmental justice show much promise and are likely to define the core of Canadian urban geography into the future. Key words: cities, urban geography, Canada, economic restructuring, neoliberalism, social justice L’urbain ` une ´poque fragile, incertaine et a e n´olib´rale: vers de nouvelles g´ographies de la e e e justice sociale? ` Les villes canadiennes sont a la crois´e des chemins. e Alors que l’´conomie mondiale traverse une p´riode e e de transformation, la situation des villes au Canada se pr´carise avec les effets de la restructuration e ` n´olib´rale de la gouvernance a multiples...
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...The Changing Geographies of Manufacturing in the UK since the 1970s Since the 1970's, the geographies of manufacturing in the UK has been one of steady decline in relative contribution to GDP and in relative and real terms of employment. This dominant trend can be explained by 4 Theses and this essay will focus on them. The Maturity thesis focuses on the decline in the relative contribution of manufacturing to the employment in the UK. A typical Industry is going through: 1. Growth Phase, in which the industry share in the country's employment rises rapidly. 2. Maturity Phase, when the share stabilises. 3. Declining Phase, marked by decline in this share. Figure 1 Employment change through maturity A sector in growth phase takes the labour needed for its growth from other sectors. The service sector was experiencing growth from the 1970’s onwards and in immature countries the labour was mostly taken from the agricultural sector. But the UK had just 3,6 % of civil employment in agriculture in 1966.(Martin and Rowthorn 1986, 2010) The consequence was that almost all of the labour needed for its growth (20%) from 1971 until 2009 was taken from the industry sector. This explains why the UK was the first developed country to experience de-industrialisation and its strong influence. Figure 2 UK Unemployment by broad sector, 1971-2009 Cambridge Econometrics analysis of ONS (2013) ...
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...ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Y U K O A O YA M A J A M E S T. M U R P H Y SUSAN HANSON KEY CONCEPTS IN key concepts in economic geography The Key Concepts in Human Geography series is intended to provide a set of companion texts for the core fields of the discipline. To date, students and academics have been relatively poorly served with regards to detailed discussions of the key concepts that geographers use to think about and understand the world. Dictionary entries are usually terse and restricted in their depth of explanation. Student textbooks tend to provide broad overviews of particular topics or the philosophy of Human Geography, but rarely provide a detailed overview of particular concepts, their premises, development over time and empirical use. Research monographs most often focus on particular issues and a limited number of concepts at a very advanced level, so do not offer an expansive and accessible overview of the variety of concepts in use within a subdiscipline. The Key Concepts in Human Geography series seeks to fill this gap, providing detailed description and discussion of the concepts that are at the heart of theoretical and empirical research in contemporary Human Geography. Each book consists of an introductory chapter that outlines the major conceptual developments over time along with approximately twenty-five entries on the core concepts that constitute the theoretical toolkit of geographers working within a specific subdiscipline. Each entry provides...
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...Chapter 02, Geopolitical and legal factors in international business Geopolitics is the study of the influence of political and economic geography on the politics, national power, and foreign policy of the states. It’s the combination of geographic and political factors influencing a country or a region. It is also the national policy based on the inter-relation of politics and geography. Geopolitics combines the study of geography with the study of politics. Geography refers to a physical landforms, size and resources while politics refers to relations between among state origin. The geopolitical environment refers to a region’s political situation while considering the countries’ geography, history, economic situation, religion, culture, and governmental structure. It may also relates either to a single to a single country situation or the one of an entire continent. The geopolitical environment of the Middle East for example is frequently discussed. Launched in the beginning of the XX century by Swedish politic scientist, Rudolph Kjellen, it has become a popular term used by political scientist, historians, etc. The analysis of a region’s geopolitical environment attempts to get a sense of the values aspect of a region’s politics, culture, and industry. The geopolitical environment may vary overtime, even tough the geography may remains static, the changing world environment can affect an area’s political power. As the world in presently depending on oil...
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...BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY The field of geography is a vast and wondrous academic field with thousands of researchers working in dozens of interesting sub-disciplines or branches of geography. There is a branch of geography for just about any subject on earth. In an effort to acquaint the reader with the diversity of the branches of geography, I summarize many below. Human Geography Many branches of geography are found within human geography, a major branch of geography that studies people and their interaction with the earth and with their organization of space on the earth's surface. Economic Geography Economic geographers examine the distribution of production and distribution of goods, the distribution of wealth, and the spatial structure of economic conditions. Population Geography Population geography is often equated with demography but population geography is more than just patters of birth, death, and marriage. Population geographers are concerned with the distribution, migration, and growth of population in geographic areas. Geography of Religions This branch of geography studies the geographic distribution of religious groups, their cultures, and built environments. Medical Geography Medical geographers study the geographic distribution of disease (including epidemics and pandemics), illness, death and health care. Recreation, Tourism, and Sport Geography The study of leisure-time activities and their impact on local environments. As tourism is one of...
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...GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND DIPLOMACY STUDENT GUIDELINE NOTES GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY MODULE Paste the notes here… Political economy originally was the term for studying production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government. Political economy originated in moral philosophy (e.g. Adam Smith was Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow), it developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states — polities, hence political economy. In late nineteenth century, the term "political economy" was generally replaced by the term economics, used by those seeking to place the study of economy upon mathematical and axiomatic bases, rather than the structural relationships of production and consumption (cf. marginalism, Alfred Marshall). History of the term Originally, political economy meant the study of the conditions under which production was organized in the nation-states. The phrase économie politique (translated in English as political economy) first appeared in France in 1615 with the well known book by Antoyne de Montchrétien: Traicté de l’oeconomie politique. French physiocrats, Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx were some of the exponents of political economy. In 1805, Thomas Malthus became England's first professor of political economy, at the East India Company College, Haileybury, Hertfordshire. The world's first professorship in political economy was established...
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...is human geography ? Nature of place Meanings Assumptions and expectations Disciple and power relations Developing Location.. whats here why is it here Region (imaginary- formal, function and perceptual) Place Landscape 2.1 What is globalization 2.2 what are the connections between globalization and geographical ? 2.3 why do some people or groups oppose globalization Political geography 3.1 spiritual organization-states nations 3.2 the modern nation-state 3.4 Geopolitics and critical geopolitics. 3.5 supranational organizations and the future of the state Understanding the current world map POLITICAL GEORAPHY study the effect of political actions on humans geography. spatial analysis of political phenomenon moving around people are going around. Ex china going to Afghanistan for resources The study of states- their groupings and global relations. France cannot stand the US.. their relationship is lost Territory, sovereignty, and boundaries TERRITORITALITY a country’s or local community’s sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended (text pg 53) it’s a space of something its our natural action to protect or control our territory.. and meaning of territory. Must all the land be owned? Ex even when we went to the moon we had to plant a flag and say it was ours SOVEREIGNTYexclusive control over territory a principle of international relations(all...
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...international relations; study of the relations among states and other political and economic units in the international system. Particular areas of study within the field of international relations include diplomacy and diplomatic history, international law, international organizations, international finance and economics, and communications, among others. In addition, increased attention has been paid in recent years to developing a more scientific understanding of the international system as a whole. Aspects of international relations have been studied as early as the time of the ancient Greek historian Thucydides. As a separate and definable discipline, however, it dates from the early 20th cent., when the first organized efforts were made to find alternatives to wars in nation-state international behavior. Two schools of thought quickly developed. One looks to strengthened international law and international organizations to preserve peace; the other emphasizes that nations will always use their power to achieve goals and sees the key to peace in a balance of power among competing states. With increased importance attached to a theoretical understanding of the whole international system, there has been a growing use of concepts and modes of analysis developed in the natural sciences in an attempt to improve the verifiability and applicability of theories. In many of the leading U.S. universities there are both research institutes and schools of international relations. See diplomatic...
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...International Marketing 1 The Scope and Challenge of International Marketing Objectives What you should learn from Module 1 What is meant by international marketing. To understand the scope of the international marketing task To comprehend the importance of the self-reference criterion (SRC) in international marketing. To be able to identify and manage the factors influencing internationalisation of companies. To evaluate the progression of becoming an international marketer. To see how international marketing concepts influence international marketers. To appreciate the increasing importance of global awareness. 1.1 The Internationalisation of Business 1.2 International Marketing Defined 1.3 The International Marketing Task 1.4 Environmental Adjustment Needed 1.5 Self-reference Criterion: An Obstacle 1.6 Becoming International 1.7 International Marketing Orientations 1.8 Globalisation of Markets 1.9 Developing a Global Awareness 1.10 Orientation of International Marketing Summary The first section of International Marketing offers an overview of international marketing and a discussion of the global business, political and legal environments confronting the marketer. International Marketing is defined as Performance of Business activities beyond national borders. The task of international marketer is explained. Key obstacles to international marketing are not just foreign environments but also our won self reverence criteria (SRC) and ethnocentrism. This...
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...Chapter 1 - Geography Matters: Definitions: * Human geography the study of the spatial organization of human activity and of people’s relationships with their environments * Cartography: the body of practical and theoretical knowledge about making distinctive visual representations of Earth’s surface in the form of maps * Map projection: a systematic rendering on a flat surface of the geographic coordinates of the features found on Earth’s surface * Ethnocentrism: the attitude that a persona’s own race and culture are superior to those of others * Imperialism: the extension of the power of a nation through direct/indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories * Masculinism: the assumption that the world is and should be shaped mainly by men for men * environmental determinism: a doctrine holding that human activities are controlled by the environment * globalization: the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental political and cultural change * ecumene: the total habitable area of a country. Sine it depends on the prevailing technology, the available ecumene varies over time. Canada’s ecumene is so much less than its total area. * Geodemographic research: investigation using census data and commercial data (i.e. sales data and property records) about populations of small districts to create profiles of those populations for market research ...
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...【Abstract】Joining the WTO brought many effects to our country, both advantages and disadvantages. These effects embodied in all aspects of economic, political, and People's Daily life was all affected. This paper is to discuss the positive impacts of WTO on Chinese people's daily life. By analyzing the obviously changing in our daily life, this paper will give a conclusion about positive impacts. 【Key Words】 WTO; People’s Daily Life; Chinese 1. China and WTO On December.11, 2001, China has become the WTO's 143th formal member. The Chinese people are very proud to join WTO, because that means our economy has become one part of the world economy and Chinese people could know more about the world form then on. In a world, we become closer to each other. China's market been expanded, but People's employment and daily life is facing new opportunities and challenges. To this, some people think that after joining the WTO there will be more opportunities, some people think that our life might be hampered and we even have to change the way we live. However, think about the good side, China entry into the WTO, brought many benefits to Chinese People's Daily life. 2. Positive impacts of WTO on Chinese People's Daily life 2.1Employment opportunities are increased International unemployment and employment commission and China international development of talent exchange association’s survey shows that there will be at least 12 million increasing employment opportunities in China...
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...foundation for modern geopolitics. Mackinder’s contemporary, Alfred Mahan, was a naval war theorist who studied the history of maritime warfare and empire to develop a strategic outlook on the imperial control of maritime space. Mackinder admired Mahan, but argued that industrialization and the resulting establishment of railroads were shifting the center of gravity for imperial power from the sea to land by the early twentieth century. Mackinder’s pursuit of his geopolitical project arose in response to a challenge by the British Royal Geographical Society to improve geography instruction in the British education system (Kearns, 2004). Framed explicitly as necessary in the maintenance of British supremacy on the world stage, the call was taken up by Mackinder, who dedicated his career to the service of the British Empire. Mackinder’s most well-known work, The Geographical Pivot of History, argues that the political world has become a “closed system.” The age of conquest, in which European colonial powers expanded beyond their borders in pursuit of “unclaimed territories” had...
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...CIVIL SERVICES REFERENCE BOOKS FOR GENERAL STUDIES I. INDIAN ECONOMY: 1. Economic Development of India NCERT XI standard 2. Indian Economy – Mishra and Puri or Dutt and Sundaram 3. Indian Economy – PK Dhar 4. Economics – Samuel Son 5. India Year Book & Economic Survey (Government Pub.) 6. For the current aspects of Indian economy students have to depend on news papers and periodicals. II. INDIAN POLITY: 1. Our Constitution – Subhash Kashyap 2. Our Parliament - Subhash Kashyap 3. An Introduction to Indian Constitution – DD Basu 4. Perspectives on Indian Constitution – Subash Kashyap III INDIAN HISTORY: 1. NCERT History books for Classes XI & XII 2. Freedom Struggle – Bipan Chandra (NBT Publication) 3. India’s Struggle for Independence – Bipan Chandra and Others 4. The Gazetteer of India, Volume 2: History and Culture 5. Indian History for General Studies – K Krishna Reddy (Wizard Pub.) IV. GENERAL SCIENCE: 1. NCERT Books on Biology, Physics and Chemistry, Standard IX & X 2. Anatomy & Physiology for Nurses Courses – Evelyn Pearce 3. Know Your Body – Reader's Digest 4. For current S & T issues, latest Magazines and News Papers can be referred. V. INDIAN GEOGRAPHY: 1. NCERT Geography books for Classes XI & XII 2. Indian Geography 3. Principles of Geography 4. World Geography 5. Atlas of World and India. VI. MENTAL ABILITY: 1. Objective Arithmetic...
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...of people and goods, improvement in technology and telecommunications, diffusion of knowledge and a spurt in multinational corporations. There have been debates about the positive and negative aspects of globalization. Those who are in favour of globalization point out that economically weaker countries can have the opportunity to join the global market and export their goods and services and thereby improve their economies. Also, different governments can co-operate together for global welfare and citizens can experience other cultures and become global citizens. The positive aspects of globalization are again overshadowed by its negative aspects which include loss of territorial identity and original culture. International bodies like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund are often Western-focused in their finance policies towards developing countries and there is no real progress or profit for the borrowers. The essay will discuss on the negative impact that globalization brings on the environment and highlight capitalism as its agent for impact on the environment. Beginning with a brief definition of globalization in human...
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