...Political Science 330 March 23, 2014 Liberalism vs Socialism There have been many ways countries/colonies have been governed throughout history. Some forms of government were able to lead their people using peaceful means. Some were chaotic and involved massive bloodshed. Liberalism derived from the word liberty is a form of that has two forms, classical and modern. Classical liberalism heavily rooted from Jock Locke and Adam Smith of the seventeenth and eighteenth century. Modern liberalism introduced around the nineteenth century uses classical liberalism as a structured base with some modified theorists from Jane Adams and T. H. Green. Socialism introduced around the early nineteenth century is another form of government which is similar yet different than liberalism. Socialists deriving from the word society, believe in meeting basic needs of the entire society. Socialism has two types as well which include Marxism-Leninism and social democracy. Socialists and liberals share similar positions on many social issues such as civil rights, gay rights and gender equality. They oppose racism and sexism as well as keep religion out of the government. Both forms of government support Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, minimum wage as well as other laws and regulations aimed at helping poor and working people. Classical and modern liberalism differ in slight but significant ways. In classical liberalism, the people are more important than the state. The people have their own...
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.............................................................................. | 2.0: Findings………………......................................................................................................................2.1: Political Philosophy and Ideology …………………………………………………………………………2.2: Economic Philosophy and Ideology ……………………………………………………………………….2.3: Geographic Philosophy and Ideology……………………………………………………………………..2.4: History Philosophy and Ideology ………………………………………………………………………….2.5: Language Philosophy and Ideology ……………………………………………………………………….2.6: Religion Philosophy and Ideology …………………………………………………………………………2.7: Social Structure Philosophy and Ideology …………………………………………………………….. | 3.0: Analysis…………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………44.0: Implication........................................................................................................................4 | 5.0: Conclusion...............................................................................................................4 | 6.0: Referencing.................................................................................................................................5 | | | 1.0 Introduction 2.1 Political Philosophy and Ideology Zimbabwe’s current political type is parliamentary democracy which they had constituted in 21st Dec 1979. Where the parties with the most votes will hold the greatest representation in the parliament forms the government, its leader becoming Prime Minister...
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...prevailing thinking in categories of East- West and North-South confrontation. Today, this certainly happens in categories which are rather free from ideologies, but still according to ge opolitical perceptions of balances and counter- balances. And one must not forget that the main opponents in the Cold War, the U.S.A. and Russia, still maintain their strategic nuclear ar senals and, therefore, an antagonistic base component in their relations. Beyond that it is also necessary to develop courage for new scenarios, for new thinking, indeed perhaps for something like ‘mind games’ - in an essay - based, of course, on perceptions from the past and the present. Extrapolations are indeed permitted when dealing with future scenarios. Also, potential constellations have to be aimed at which guide beyond historic reflections or so-called current analyses. Therefore, the reader will occasionally also come across subjunctives in this essay. The future is open ; occasionally, we may also encircle it with ‘unbrushed thinking’. Is the East-West conflict really over? Or has it only declined in importance because of a much weaker Russia - compared with the Soviet Union - , her concentration in a limited area compared with its former global dimension, and the change from a comprehensive confrontation (ideological, political, economic and military) to a co mpetition for zones of influence. If this is so - and there is no reason to deny the fact that th ere still...
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...The Canadian State: Institutions and Structures The Constitution is very import in the context of the canadian state however it is not without controversy. As there has been many significant changes to fundamental rights Operational Institutions Westminster Style Parliamentary Government: derives from the british parliament in Britain meaning that we have an adversarial government. This can be expressed in the parliamentary structure of the house of commons (adversarial and conflict). High expectations of accountability in the formal legalities. The government must retain the confidence of the house (budget proposals) -legislative process: see above -party discipline: is linked to the idea of confidence, it operates through out the system. The general expectation is that members will vote along party lines. Pros: Accountability meaning that you know who is power and responsible for certain parts of the government, higher level of efficiency, fiscal and budgetary concerns, Cons: Can not always vote according to beliefs and values, inefficiency Federalism: Important driver of politics within Canada. To what extent are the types of different conflicts between the different levels of conflicts. Another reason why federalism exists is due in large part to the question of Quebec and the allocation of powers between french canada and the rest of the country. The Canadian State: Sovereignty 1867: Constitution Act, 1867 (BNA) 1926: The King-Byng Thing 1926: Nadan...
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...GEO 3106 Producing Africa: Take – Home Exam 1) The ‘real Africa’ is presumed to be filthy and miserable (Wainaina, 2005). Discuss. Representations of Africa in a global context have been largely negative, often presumed to be one country the continent is stigmatised as backwards, disease ridden, violent and in need of Western assistance. Although some positive imagery does emerge from Africa including that associated with Comic Relief, corporate campaigns such as Guinness’s stylish philosophy and in music videos like ‘Am I wrong’ by Nico and Vinz, Africa is subject to the use and re-use of negative imagery resulting in prominent stereotypes shaping our geographical imaginations of the continent. This is a similar concept to that of orientalism explored by Edward Said (1987). This essay will argue that presumptions of the ‘real Africa’ are largely negative, discussing how ‘Africanism’ and stereotypes of the continent are heavily influenced by colonial representations of people and place arguing that these assumptions are highly compatible with Western domination and power rooted in imperial attitudes. Jan Pieterse (1992:75) recognises that Africa has been depicted as the ‘Dark Continent’ plagued by stereotypes ‘which colonialism would build on and elaborate’. Imaginaries of childlike, savage, inhumane distant others who are dependent upon Western help dominate the way in which Africa is perceived. Campbell and Power (2010) suggest that a dominant scopic regime shapes...
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...The Modern Middle East Student’s Name University The Modern Middle East The Middle East is a region of Western Asia and Egypt; some of the countries in this region are Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Iraq. According to Anderson, Seibert & Wagner (2006), this region is of vast geo-economic importance and since ancient times, it has been a center of world affairs. This part matters to almost all superpowers. The geographic factors that contribute to the strategic importance of the Middle East are; trade routes, oil, terrain or geography, ideology, and faith. The Middle East has always been a destination for both tourists and entrepreneurs. One of the geostrategic success factors to the Middle East is oil fields. Oil fields in the Middle East, which stretch from the Persian Gulf around Iran and Iraq, comprise of the largest oil reserve and deposits in the world, Pollack (2011). These oil fields contain approximately two-thirds of the world’s petroleum deposits. Access to this oil by superpowers such as the United States and Western Europe has always been considered to be vital, Pollack (2011). These regions would not be economically sound as they are if they lack access to the oil that is regarded as black gold of Kuwait, Iraq, Iran and Bahrein. Western world needs for oil will increase almost by half for the next half-century, despite the nuclear power development. The other factor that makes the Middle East to be...
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...Analyzing the foreign policy of Saudi Arabia, this paper aims to show the ways in which Saudi foreign policy is unique and then go on to highlight the fact that Saudi policy is characterized by moderation and centrism. Its stance on issues pertaining to security and international relations will be demonstrated to be unique for a Middle Eastern state due a number of inter-linked issues; Saudi Arabia's geographical location as the ‘Heart of Islam', its significant oil reserves, and geo-political security issues. Having highlighted the special conditions in which Saudi foreign policy operates, it will then be argued that Saudi policy is dominated by themes of peaceful diplomacy and centrism, meaning that the Saudi approach to international affairs and security is one of pragmatic real politk rather than the more ideological approach adopted by other states in the region. In making such an argument, we will examine Saudi policy in relation to a number of key issues: the Israel-Palestine conflict and Iranian nuclear disarmament. Saudi Arabia holds a unique position in the Middle East. It is the ‘Heart of Islam' as it is home of to two of the holiest places is Islam, Mecca and Medina. Its oil reserves mean that it is the World's leading exporter of petrol. Furthermore, in the tinderbox-like atmosphere of the Middle East, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia plays a crucial role of peace-maker in the region and is the closet Middle Eastern ally of the United States. The Saudis have significant...
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...Stephanie Assamoi HUM305 Historic Legacy, Government, and Economic Systems Professor: Michael Rodriguez Located in Central Europe, Poland covers 312,685 square kilometers. Bordered on the north by the Baltic Sea, Russia and Lithuania, on the east by Belarus and Ukraine, on the south by Slovakia and the Czech Republic; and on the west by Germany, the country used to have for capital Cracow (Krakow) until it was moved to Warsaw (Warszawa) in 1611. Its population is about 38,463,689 million. Of this number, a large amount of people were different ethnic Poles. As well, in the world additional million of Poles live abroad. Because of their history, changes occurred over time in the ethnic policies. Similarly, the political and economic record of the country has experienced several dislocations throughout the time which help the country to identify its real image and build up its culture. Poland is one of those nations for whom individuals willfully gave their life for an independent and united Poland. Indeed, it is impossible to identify modern Poles’ ancestors because no one knows their origins. According to Biskupski (2000), their ancestors were living in a part of the Eurasian, and got separated from other Slavs. The history of the Polish state began in 956 C.E, when the Prince Mieszko I married a Bohemian princes, and accepted Christianity. Their son, Boleslaw became the first Polish king. The armies of King Boleslaw Chrobry reached Prague and Kiev, and expanded...
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...I disagree with the question that it was the American foreign policy that was the cause of the cold war, but instead agree with the fact that it was the difference in ideological views that was the most important factor. The American foreign policies, national interests and the personalities of the leaders all had input to the War and therefore, the War reached such extent. The Cold War was a power vacuum which was to drag the bipolar powers into, which happened to be the USA and the Soviet Union. The American foreign policy did have an impact on the Cold War however, was not the cause. This revisionist view presents America to be the cause of the Cold War. America’s main foreign policy was to secure free markets in which they saw the Soviet Union as an obstacle to achieve this. This led to tension between the two superpowers and a more aggressive War between the bipolar powers. The US also used the atomic bomb as a deliberate foreign policy to pressure the Soviet Union. Source K also holds this view that 'after the atomic bomb was created and used... it left the Soviets with but one real option: either they acquiesce in American proposals or be confronted with American power and hostility.' This led to more aggressive Soviet behaviour because by the USA not informing Stalin of such major equipment, he felt as though he could no longer trust the West. However, the Baruch plan in June 1946 proposed joint US and USSR control over the production of atomic weapons in which the...
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...hang shall be the one who sold us the rope.” ― Karl Marx 1. Introduction 1.1 Contextual Background The Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) – Maoist fired their first shots of the People's War on February 12, 1996. Their basic agenda was to establish people's republic. Misfortunately that resulted 13,000 people dead and 1,300 missing. The Maoists started their insurgence with just two old guns but succeed for armed conflict across the country and reformed Nepal’s political environment permanently. This revolution was ultimately ended when Maoist and some of the leading political party leaders signed the Comprehensive Peace...
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...“Wahhabism” and “Wahhabis” are names, often used and given to the doctrine and followers of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab, who, annoyed by practices which he claimed were bordering on kufr, launched a campaign to purify the Islamic faith. Many have compared the Wahhabi campaign to Islamic reformation and revivalist movements in various parts of the Muslim world. Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab was the founder and first modern Islamic fundamentalist and extremists allied to the Al-Saud clan who promoted an extreme version of Salafism which is a term used to describe fundamentalist islamic thought and the jihadist movement or ideology amond Salafi Muslims (Global, 2014). Wahhab made the central point of his reform movement the principle that absolutely every idea added to Islam after the third century of the Mulsim era was false and should be eliminated. Muslims, in order to be true Muslims, must adhere solely and strictly to the original beliefs set forth by Muhammad. The reason for this extremist stance, and the focus of Wahhab's reform efforts, was a number of popular practices which he believed represented a regression to pre-Islamic polytheism. These included praying to saints, making pilgrimages to tombs and special mosques, venerating trees, caves, and stones, and using votive and sacrificial offerings. These are all practices commonly and traditionally associated with religions, but they were unacceptable to Wahhab. Contemporary secular behaviors are even more anathema...
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...IMPACT OF CHINA’S EXPANSION IN EVERY SPHERE ON UNITED STATES OF AMERCA Introduction The concept of striving for hegemonic state is not a new concept or term to us; rather this notion has kept repeating itself throughout the record. In today’s practical world, great powers are searching extensively and aggressively for opportunities to attain power over others, with hegemony being their ultimate goal. In present realistic and anarchic world system, power is all that matters to selfish and domination oriented states. In a very similar way, China, which has been making success by leaps and bounds, is in time aiming to gain the position of super power, the position which in the present day is being enjoyed and exercised by the United States of America. With around 1.3billion population; estimating for one-fifth of the world’s entire population, with world’s largest armed forces, China, while contributing about 13percent to the world economy, is at present the fastest developing country across the sphere, with raw potentials to becoming a super power down the line. (China: The 21st Century Super Power, September, 2005) China, for past few decades, has been observed making substantial progress in almost every sphere, not only with an aim to improve its international front, but also to maximize its share of international power and gain a position that is desired by a few of the known competing great powers. China has been implementing and devising a mix of very optimal agendas...
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...This article was downloaded by: [Edith Cowan University] On: 31 March 2015, At: 12:08 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Development in Practice Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cdip20 Globalisation Shalmali Guttal a a Focus on the Global South, CUSRI , Chulalongkorn University , Wisit Prachuabmoh Building, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand E-mail: Published online: 18 Nov 2010. To cite this article: Shalmali Guttal (2007) Globalisation, Development in Practice, 17:4-5, 523-531, DOI: 10.1080/09614520701469492 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520701469492 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions...
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...SOCIAL INTOLERANCE IN PAKISTAN INTRO * Social intolerance is epidemic in Pakistan * Philosopher’s view of society distasteful of accepting heterogeneity of ideas * Our society wants to eliminate obnoxious elements rather than developing intellectual arguments against them * Islam and Tolerance * Our hypocrisy has turned a country into a holocaust MAIN BODY CAUSES OF SOCIAL INTOLERANCE IN PAKISTAN * Pak geo strategic position and foreign policy * Role of Islam * Madrassa myopic education * Lack of good governance and true democracy * Inadequate judicial system * Sectarian disharmony * Unethical practices of media Impacts of Social intolerance * Inter creed hostility * Tarnished country image * Threatened financial viability of country * Lack of Socio-Economic development Recommendations to instill social tolerance in Pakistan * Formal Education to all * Rejuvenate madrassa education * Induce democratic values at family level * Independent Foreign Policy that serves our national interests * Media should acknowledge its social responsibility * Address the grievances of masses * Set up a society on pluralistic philosophy Conclusion Country can get rid of this menace of social intolerance but it needs systematic overhaul Pakistan is increasingly revolutionizing into a country where dissent is repelled and disagreement is penalized...
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...CHAPTER 2 PARTY SYSTEM IN INDIA Political parties are the most significant mechanisms in a democratic government. They both express and form public opinion. They are the chief mechanism of informing and influencing the electorate. As majority party forms the government in centre, the same is valid for the state legislature. Thus, the political parties become all the most important in analyzing any kind of politics in India. As everyone is free to contest election and form organization of political behavior, different political parties have rooted their stem in Indian politics. Here we will discuss some of the national and state political parties which had a major role to play in state politics in India. The election commission of India recognizes national as well as state political parties, giving them privileges and securing their election logo. A political party shall be treated as a recognized political party in a State, if and only if either the conditions specified is, fulfilled by that party and not otherwise, that is to say- (A) That such party – Has been engaged in political activity for a continuous period of five years; and Has, at the last general election in that State to the House of the People, or, as the case may be, to the Legislative Assembly of the State, returned- Either (i) at least one member to the House of the People for every twenty-five members of that House or any fraction of that number from that State; Or (ii)...
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