...10/24/2012 Econ 2 Classical Political Economy and Rise to Dominance of Supply and Demand Theories Supply and demand describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability at each price and the desires of those with purchase power at each price. When supply and demand comes into effect, Capitalism is well expected to be presented upon the economy. That’s the only way for our economy to progress and gain wealth within our nation. In order to progress and grow as an economy Surplus in prices of goods and other products exist, may very well be listed under capitalization in some cases. Surplus means being more than or in excess of what is needed or required. Surplus was said to have originated in production in a competitive capitalist system. I found this very true to believe due to the fact that it is a major deal in society today. I take surplus today to be based solely on greed of the capitalist. America is a Capitalist country itself, seizing any opportunity it can. I’ll get to the supply and demand controversy of that later. When breaking down which one of the surplus-sharing classes during any particular historical phase were ‘progressive’ in the sense of furthering the process of accumulation and how the emerging and accentuating conflict of classes determined the dynamics of the system, I immediately began thinking about who the process of the surplus system was really progressive for. Seeing how purchase power for the higher class of society...
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... Charlottesville, Virginia was put in a state of emergency on Saturday as chaos tore through the streets with hundreds of people viciously attacking each other. There are still discussions on what cause the outbreak of violence in that town and what groups were involved but one word that keeps describing this tragic event is “terrorism.” The two main sides of the fighting were between right-wing protestors who were banned together by the ideology of white supremacy who gathered together to promote “Unite the Right” and was expected to be the largest gathering of white nationalist. Groups like neo-Nazis, Ku Klux Klan and movement leaders like Richard Spencer and David Duke were present during this rally. On the other side of the spectrum were the counter protestors who sided more left and identified as “anti-fascist.” Although it is unclear what cause the two sides to attack each other, a rally was scheduled to take place at noon on Saturday with regards to the removal of the Robert E. Lee statue located in Emancipation Park, but the violence broke out long before then. The Lee statue was approved by city council to be removed and several parks were to be renamed because they were named after confederate generals. Jason Kessler, who organized the rally at noon stated that “The statue itself is symbolic of a lot larger issue.” He claims that his protest was standing up for the preservation of American history and the interest of white people. Kessler believes that all groups should...
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...- How does one deal with office politics and backstabbing? Imagine At work there are many who side up to the that a boss and do things that please them. Most of the colleague time achievement of such people is also to showcase others shortcomings (and not their own is strengths! When you know someone is running you down slowly but surely, what can you do? Engaging to Every organization should cultivate a climate/environment where backbiting and politics cannot survive. All employees are expected illegitimate to be mature individuals who are more concerned about productivity and growth (of the organization as well as e political themselves) rather than indulge in such silly antics. Behavior this is a very common situation in offices. I have towards been through this and I can understand this situation. Having said that, I was able to come out you. What of this situation by following some basic things: steps might you. (1) Put in all your efforts to perform your JOB well. Showcase the results to the right people. (2) Talk to the person directly (if the person is reduce or receptive). In case the person is obnoxiously arrogant / not open to listening or talking. Move to eliminate. (3) In case the person is willing to talk to you...explain..."I like the way you give your behavior? Opinion and feedback on various things to the Boss...however, I was just thinking, sometimes your feedback sounds like a severe criticism and might not be constructive...can we be more - Constructive while...
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...Political Behaviour in Organizations Review the definition of organizational politics. Discuss whether an organization can be totally free of political behaviours? How could managers minimize political behaviours in their organization? (Farrell and Petersen 1982) states that Political behaviour resides in informal structures and relates to the promotion of self and group interests rather than being part of those formal roles regulated by organizational norms and goals. Both researchers went on to define Political behaviour in organizations as “those activities that are not required as part of one’s organizational role but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization.” Additionally (Robbins and Judge 2011) suggested that organizational politics focuses on the use of power to affect decision making in an organization or on individual and organizationally unsanctioned behaviours. It also includes efforts to influence the goals, criteria or processes used for decision making. (Robbins and Judge 2011) indentified two dimensions which influences political behaviours within the organization, and which plays a pivot role in the behaviours and attitudes found in the organization. These include: legitimate and illegitimate political behaviour. Legitimate political behaviour refers to the normal everyday polities which includes obstruction of organizational policies and decision through inaction or excessive...
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... ➢ Types of power ➢ Graphical Representation of power ➢ Defination Of Politics ➢ How power and politics means in corporate sector? ➢ Relate power and poltics ➢ Methodology ➢ Conclusion INTRODUCTION Power and Politics have been described as the last dirty words. People who got power but they supposed to deny and sometimes they misuse their power and they want it not to try and not look like they are seeking it, and those who are good at getting it are secretive and how they have to do so. Politic also plays an important role in corporate sector. All things should mentioned below, how they supposed to use their political work in an organization. By harassing the employees and specially the ladies for their sexual harassments. And they also made a group and create problem for other employees and also for an organization. Defination Of Power “power is a capacity that person has to influence the behavior of other persons so acts in accordance with that particular person wishes. » The potential to influence others » People have power they...
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...legitimate system of influences may become illegitimate.” (Tushman, 1977, pg. 217) Power and politics have been on the forefront of organizations for centuries, and is essential to people in positions of authority. Typically, people in position are the ones who typically have the power because it is a function that is necessary to ensure they can effectively play their role as the top or figure head. Without power the manager or department head would be a figure occupying space. In the game of power and politics management and the leader of the organization have a significant place. Contrast and Comparison of Power and Politics There is a relationship between power and politics. Whether it is directly or indirectly, political behaviors entail some kinds of power. Power can be exercised by those who are in positions and enjoy authority or influenced by other persons close...
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...Table of Contents Contents | Pages | The concept of power | 2 | Sources of power | 2 | Political strategies and tactics | 8 | What is political Behavior | 9 | What are the factors contributing to Political behavior | 9 | POLITICS: Power in action: | 11 | What are the Reality of Politics | 11 | What is Organizational Politics | 12 | What is Power? Power is the capacity to influence the behavior of others.3 The term power may be applied to individuals, groups, teams, departments, organizations, and countries. For example, a certain team within an organization might be labeled as powerful, which suggests that it has the ability to influence the behavior of individuals in other teams or departments. This influence may affect resource allocations, space assignments, goals, hiring decisions, and many other outcomes and behaviors in an organization. Definitions of power abound. German sociologist, Max Weber defined power as "the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance." Along similar lines, Emerson suggests that "The power of actor A over actor B is the amount of resistance on the part of B which can be potentially overcome by A." Power appears to involve one person changing the behavior of one or more other individuals -- particularly if that behavior would not have taken place otherwise. Contrasting Leadership and Power Leadership focuses on goal achievement. It...
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...MGT4110: Organizational Behavior Power & Politics Professor Dr. AAhad M. Osman-Gani, MBA, MA, PhD (USA) Department of Business Administration Kulliyyah of Economics & Management Sciences Power Power refers to a capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B, so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes. Power may exist but not be used. Probably the most important aspect of power is that it is a function of dependency. A person can have power over you only if he or she controls something you desire. 13-2 Power and Dependence Person B’s countervailing power over Person A Person A Person A’s control of resource valued by Person B Resource desired by person B Person B Person A’s power over Person B 10-3 Contrasting Leadership and Power • Leaders use power as a means of attaining group goals. • Leaders achieve goals, and power is a means of facilitating their achievement. 13-4 Contrasting Leadership and Power - Goal compatibility Power does not require goal compatibility, merely dependence. - The direction of influence Leadership focuses on the downward influence on one’s followers. 13-5 Five Bases of Power Formal Power: Legitimate Power Reward Power Coercive Power Personal Power: Expert Power Referent Power 13-6 Bases of Power Legitimate Agreement that people in certain roles can request certain behaviors of others Based on job descriptions and mutual agreement Legitimate power range varies across national...
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...both theories, and then proceed to answer the following question: which theory better explains the rise of nationalism? Illustrate your answer in the context of Macau, China or any one country that you are familiar with. Brief Introduction The word nationalism was created in the late 18 centuries, but it only got popular from the 1830s. It used to convey the idea of identification with a nation in which a group of people shares common ancestry in the early time, but later it began to link with patriotism and with aspirations to statehood. This concept became widely accepted by more and more people during twentieth century. Nationalism now is defined as a subjective feeling of a membership in a nation; a belief that a nation should form the state, or a belief that the identification with the nation should be above all other forms of identity. Nowadays Nationalism has set off a wave around the world. Primordialism and constructivism can be used to explain this phenomenon. We will see the key arguments of both theories. The first one is primordialism. Key arguments of two theories The emergence of the theory of primordialism was in the second half of the eighteenth centuries, in general, primordialism assumes political identity are innate and largely unchanged. It comes with when you are born or in nature way. Since the identity is with you by born, so it’s extremely difficult to choose or change it. Primordialism is an argument, which contended that political identity...
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...Studies Perspectives of Development Presentation Assignment: The Free-market Theory/The Free Enterprise Theory/Economic Liberalism Key Words: Laissez faire, Adam Smith’s ‘invisible hand’, liberalism, supply and demand, nationalization, privatization, deregulation, rational choice liberalism, neo-liberalism Between 1970 and the last decade before the millennium, there took place a remarkable and dramatic change in the attitude towards the role of the state in economic activities. According to Shutt (1998), during the late 1950 and 60’s, there developed a near consensus among economists especially those linked to the Chicago School of Thought that laissez-faire capitalism was the dominant economic system and that deviation from it was untenable and unsustainable. The argument was that in order to achieve a modicum of development all countries must dedicate themselves to establishing fully liberalized economic, political and cultural systems in which the state plays a minimal role or simply put that of an adjudicator. The rise in what came to be popularly known as the free market economy owed/s much to the failure of the economic models based on extensive state intervention (this was particularly so after the Second World War) to deliver adequate levels of prosperity or security as was signified following the fall of the Soviet Union. As will be argued in this paper using theories from Peter Berger (1985) and Hernando De Soto this apparent logic, especially as far...
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...Improving Perspectives of International Political Economy International Political Economy is a collection of aspects from economics, political science, sociology, history and some philosophy. With information coming from multiple sources there are bound to be numerous different perspectives of IPE. The three most common and well known perspectives examined will be liberalism, mercantilism and historical structuralism. Being that these are the three most accepted perspectives suggests that the majority of the views within these theories are strengths. However, with so much information, there are bound to be weaknesses and flaws found within these theories as well. There are always ways to improve on these the weaknesses and theories in general. International Political Economy deals with three main approaches: liberalism, historical structuralism and mercantilism. Each theory has its own strengths and weaknesses, but the way to improve them all is not to fix each individual weakness but to combine the strengths of all the perspectives into to create an entirely new theory. Liberalism is often described as the IPE perspective that focuses on the individual and the primacy of freedom or liberty in the book “Introduction to International Political Economy” by David Balaam and Michael Veseth. Individual freedom and capitalism are the overarching ideas found within the idea of liberalism. Capitalism is commonly referred to as a market-based economic system where free-markets...
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...KARL MARX Karl Heinrich Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, sociologist, historian, political economist, political theorist and revolutionary socialist, who developed the socio-political theory of Marxism. His ideas play a significant role in both the development of social science and also in the socialist political movement. Marx's theories about society, economics and politics, which are collectively known as Marxism, hold that all society progresses through class struggle. He was heavily critical of the current form of society, capitalism, which he called the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie", believing it to be run by the wealthy middle and upper classes purely for their own benefit, and predicted that, like previous socioeconomic systems, it would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system, socialism. Marx polemic with other thinkers often occurred through critique, and thus he has been called "the first great user of critical method in social sciences. Fundamentally, Marx assumed that human history involves transforming human nature, which encompasses both human beings and material objects. Humans recognise that they possess both actual and potential selves. Marx had a special concern with how people relate to that most fundamental resource of all, their own labour power.[120] He wrote extensively about this in terms of the problem of alienation. Refers to the separation...
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...1. Critically compare and contrast two different social movement theories. The study of social movements is a very broad subject and with every new movement paves a way for new theories to be developed. Social movements is usually defined as a group of individuals who share the same ideology and together all try to obtain different political, social and economic goals. Among the current leading social movements looked at today includes resource mobilization, collective behaviour theory, political opportunities theory and frame alignment theory. Throughout this essay I will compare and contrast the two theories which are resource mobilization and the ‘new social movements theory’. Research for resource mobilization theory was introduced during the 1970’s . Resource mobilization was a social movement based on ‘the idea that successful movements acquire resources and create advantageous exchange relationships with other groups as they achieve success in fulfilling their goals’(Constain,1992). Within the framework of this theory outlines two distinct approaches which include: ‘organizational/entrepreneurial’ model presented by McCarthy and Zald and secondly, the socio-political or ‘political/interactive’ argued more favourably by authors such as Tilly, Diani, and McAdam. On the other hand the ‘new social movements theory revolves as an attempt to define the different features of more current social movements which handle global ecology and Native rights. These type of movements...
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...hundred years disappear without a clear, rational explanation. As a result, researchers have put forth a large number of theories for the explanation of the collapse and subsequent decimation of the Mayan empire. Although it would be convenient or simple to put forth a theory concerning only one reasonable or rational factor explaining the collapse of the Mayan civilization, this would be both insufficient and impossible from a strictly theoretical standpoint. For example, Henry M. Sayre argues that by 900 A. D. (900 CE), Mayan civilization had been decimated as a result of not just one single factor, but, rather, as a result of a number of equally important factors. These factors included overpopulation and accompanying ecological degradation, political competition, and warfare (Sayre, 2012, p.392). Once again, it is essential to clearly articulate the fact that it is theoretically impossible to put forth only one single underlying factor in a theory offering a coherent explanation for the collapse of the Mayan civilization. However, one particular theory, a comprehensive theory focusing specifically upon drought as an environmental and climate factor, offers the best possible explanation for the Mayan collapse. As a fundamental environmental and climate factor, drought offers a more rational explanation than social factors such as overpopulation, political competition, and warfare. When tested and...
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...articulated by Dadabhai Naoroji. He developed ‘Drain Theory’ in 1867 in which he argued that Britain is draining the wealth of India. He published Poverty and Un-British Rule in India which is a systematic critique of British colonial rule. R.C. Dutt in his Economic History of India under Early British Rule and Economic History of India in the Victorian Age made similar arguments about the exploitative character of British rule in India. M.G. Ranade published Essays on Indian Economics in 1898. Economic critique of colonialism laid foundation for nationalist movement in India. 2) Political, Administrative and Economic Unification of the Country: British rule introduced modern bureaucracy, professional civil service, unified judiciary and a uniform civil and criminal laws in India which resulted in the political unification of the country. British colonial state also introduced modern means of transport and communication such as railways, roads, electricity and telegraph which resulted in the unification of the country. Political, administrative and economic unification of the country gave a sense of unified ‘nation’ for the people of India. 3) Western Thought and Education: The spread of western ideas and English education in the nineteenth century resulted in the formation of country wide English educated Indian middle class intellectuals. They were exposed to western ideas of nationalism and nationalist movements and political systems. 4) Role of Press and Literature: The technology...
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