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animal manure the dung and urine of cattle, horses, poultry, and other farm animals. It improves soil structure, adds organic nitrogen, and stimulates beneficial soil bacteria and fungi. aquaculture raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages chronic malnutrition deficiencies of protein and other key nutrients—which weakens them, makes them more susceptible to disease, and hinders the normal physical and mental development of children. chronic undernutrition, or hunger People who cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs suffer from chronic undernutrition, or hunger. commercial inorganic fertilizer The best way to maintain soil fertility is through soil conservation. The next best option is to restore some of the plant nutrients that have been washed, blown, or leached out of the soil, or that have been removed by repeated crop harvesting. To do this, farmers can use commercial inorganic fertilizer produced from various minerals. compost produced when microorganisms in soil break down organic matter such as leaves, crop residues, food wastes, paper, and wood in the presence of oxygen. desertification It occurs when the productive potential of soil, especially on arid or semiarid land, falls by 10% or more because of a combination of prolonged drought and human activities that reduce or degrade topsoil. famine occurs when there is a severe shortage of food in an area accompanied by mass starvation, many deaths, economic chaos, and social disruption. fishery a concentration of particular aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water. food insecurity living with chronic hunger and poor nutrition, which threatens their ability to lead healthy and productive lives. food security means that every person in a given area has daily access to

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